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visit botoxcosmetic.com. That's botoxcosmetic.com. College

1:12

campuses have erupted over the war

1:14

in the Middle East. Jewish and

1:17

Palestinian students, along with their supporters,

1:19

are protesting and angry. We

1:23

went to listen to them and see

1:25

if anyone had an idea about how

1:27

to lower the temperature. We

1:29

were surprised by what we found. This

1:35

machine can create nearly the

1:37

coldest conditions in the universe

1:39

at about 460 degrees below

1:42

zero. In that

1:44

environment, a radically new kind

1:46

of computer may change civilization

1:48

as we know it. We're

1:51

looking at a race, between China, between

1:54

IBM, Google, Microsoft, Honeywell, because

1:56

the nation or company that

1:58

does this... will

2:00

rule the world economy. I'm

2:06

only your favorite woman of all time.

2:09

Barbie! Who was

2:11

responsible for turning an 11 and a

2:13

half inch plastic doll into the highest

2:15

grossing movie of the year? The

2:19

woman Margot Robbie, Barbie herself, chose

2:21

to write and direct it. Greta

2:23

Gerwig. You know, you might as

2:25

well take those big swings. I

2:27

mean, literally the worst thing that can

2:30

happen is it's terrible, nobody likes it,

2:32

and it bankrupts the studio. I'm

2:37

Leslie Stahl. I'm Bill

2:39

Whitaker. I'm Anderson Cooper. I'm

2:41

Sharon Alfonsi. I'm John Wertheim.

2:43

I'm Cecilia Vega. I'm

2:45

Scott Pelli. Those stories and

2:47

more tonight on 60 Minutes. I'm

2:56

Carrie Mulligan. The host of I

2:58

Hear Fear, a new anthology series

3:00

of terror. You and I know that

3:02

the best scary stories are the ones we

3:04

tell each other in the dark. So turn

3:06

off your lights and close your eyes. Follow

3:09

I Hear Fear on the Wondery app or

3:11

wherever you get your podcasts. Hi,

3:15

it's me, the Grand Fouvah of

3:17

Bahumbug, the OG Green Grum, the

3:19

Grinch. From Wondery, Tis the

3:22

Grinch holiday talk show is a pathetic

3:24

attempt by the people of Whoville to

3:26

use my situation as a teachable moment.

3:29

So join me, the Grinch, along

3:31

with Cindy Lou Who, and of

3:33

course my dad Matt, every

3:36

week for this complete waste of time. Listen

3:39

as I launch a campaign against Christmas

3:41

cheer, grilling celebrity guests like chestnuts on

3:43

an open fire. They'll try to get

3:45

my heart to grow a few sizes,

3:47

but it's not gonna work, honey. Your

3:49

family will love the show. As you

3:51

know, I'm famously great with kids. Follow

3:54

Tis the Grinch holiday talk show on the Wondery

3:56

app or wherever you get your podcasts. talk

4:00

so early in Adfry, right now, by joining

4:02

angry people. On

4:10

Tuesday, the presidents of Harvard,

4:12

the University of Pennsylvania, and

4:15

MIT will testify before Congress

4:17

about anti-Semitism on college campuses

4:19

that exploded after Hamas's bloody

4:21

attack on Israeli civilians October

4:24

7 and Israel's bombardment

4:26

of Gaza that's led to more than

4:28

15,000 deaths, according

4:30

to the Hamas-run Gaza Health

4:32

Ministry. It'll be the

4:35

first time these leaders will be questioned

4:37

about what's happening on their campuses where

4:40

raw emotions have revealed

4:42

Islamophobia and anti-Semitism alike.

4:45

Columbia University in New York

4:47

City has experienced this chaos

4:49

on campus like no other.

4:57

We went to see a rally in

4:59

support of Palestinians on the campus of

5:01

Columbia University. This was five

5:03

weeks after the Hamas terror attack on

5:06

Israel. Campus

5:10

gates were locked. Entrances

5:13

were guarded by the NYPD.

5:18

We witnessed a sea of phones held

5:20

high in solidarity with the people of

5:23

Gaza and the West Bank. Passions

5:25

were high as well. The

5:32

following afternoon, another

5:37

pro-Palestinian rally, this one

5:39

outside the gates. We

5:43

saw posters of Israelis kidnapped

5:45

by Hamas being defaced, while

5:51

later on campus we observed this

5:53

vigil in support of Israel. Normally

5:58

students at Columbia are encouraged

6:00

to be open to ideas and

6:03

debate, but these are not normal

6:05

times. When we visited, police

6:08

were guarding Hillel, a center for Jewish

6:10

life on campus. How do

6:12

you feel on campus? Do you feel safe? The

6:15

short answer is no. We

6:17

met third-year student Eden Yaddagar

6:19

at Hillel. She's the head

6:21

of students supporting Israel at

6:23

Columbia. She told us students

6:26

on all sides of the

6:28

issue feel unease on campus.

6:30

It's tense. It's hostile. There have

6:32

been days where I've had to walk through

6:35

not one but two protests on campus in

6:37

order to get to my classes. Another

6:39

student, David, asked that we not use

6:41

his last name for safety concerns. I

6:44

was leaving the library late at night

6:46

and I had a sorrow

6:48

David visibly out, just like this, and

6:51

somebody came up to me and said, y'all do that at

6:53

you. Yes,

6:56

at me. And I don't know if I can say

6:58

this on TV, but he goes, f*** the Jews, f***

7:00

the Jews a few times. Our

7:02

university is directly complicit in this

7:04

violence with its rhetoric and its

7:06

investment. Maryam Alwan is

7:09

one of the leaders of Students

7:11

for Justice in Palestine, or SJP.

7:14

She told us she has faced

7:16

repercussions for speaking out publicly. You

7:19

said you've been avoiding campus? Yeah,

7:21

I don't know if I'm

7:23

going to graduate anymore. I

7:25

haven't really been going to a lot of my classes.

7:27

Other pro-Palestinian student protesters have

7:30

had their names and faces

7:32

paraded outside campus on a

7:34

digital billboard. Alwan's

7:36

group, the SJP, was suspended

7:38

from campus for holding unauthorized

7:40

rallies. It's been very scary.

7:43

What makes it scary? There

7:45

have been a lot of death threats. There have been

7:47

professors at the school who have been calling

7:49

us terrorists. She says

7:51

the university has made things worse.

7:54

So they close all the gates, they bring

7:56

hordes of NYPD, and then they make all of

7:58

the students of color feel unsaid. Navigating

8:00

these past couple of months on campus has

8:03

been a challenge, to say the least. Colombia's

8:06

new president, Minoush Shafik, has largely

8:08

been absent from the turmoil. This

8:11

past Thursday, she opened a panel discussion

8:13

on the crisis, and protesters tried to

8:15

shut it down. In

8:19

her few cautious statements to the

8:21

campus, she's managed to offend both

8:24

sides by not condemning Hamas by

8:26

name, or the killing of thousands

8:28

of Palestinians. The university just

8:30

thinks this will just quiet down. But

8:33

we've been there before. Hatred

8:35

doesn't disappear. Shai

8:37

Davidai is an assistant professor of management

8:39

at the Columbia Business School, who grew

8:41

up in Israel. He

8:44

says he was shocked to his core by

8:46

the Hamas atrocities on October 7, and

8:49

then by what he saw as the

8:51

university's failure to condemn the perpetrators by

8:53

name. Why do you think that

8:55

is? I think it's a

8:57

mixture of cowardice, and

9:01

part of it is callousness. Davidai's

9:03

frustration erupted two weeks after

9:05

the attack in a video

9:08

that went viral. President

9:10

Minoush Shafik of

9:13

Columbia University, you are

9:15

a coward! What

9:17

can the university do at this

9:20

time? If you support Hamas, you

9:22

should not be allowed to be an organization on campus.

9:25

Universities, colleges, are

9:28

supposed to be bastions of

9:31

free speech. Is this

9:33

not a free speech issue?

9:35

So is a student

9:37

organization celebrating a lynching of

9:40

an African-American male free

9:42

speech? I'm not

9:44

asking for restrictions of free speech.

9:46

I'm asking for equal treatment. That's

9:49

it. You have spoken out.

9:52

Have you been reprimanded in any way

9:54

by the university? I have not

9:56

done anything wrong. I'm only

9:59

saying... what thousands

10:01

of Jewish and Israeli faculty,

10:04

staff and students are

10:07

feeling. We

10:10

met another leader who has emerged on

10:12

campus. Mohsen Madawi is

10:14

co-president of Columbia's Palestinian Students'

10:16

Union. When the SJP and

10:18

another group, Jewish Voices for

10:20

Peace, were suspended last month,

10:23

Madawi stepped up to lead

10:25

a diverse, growing coalition of

10:27

more than 80 campus

10:29

groups. We come here and

10:32

we stand tall to

10:34

raise our voices. He

10:36

called the university's response one-sided.

10:40

When the president sent the email,

10:42

she did not acknowledge the Palestinian

10:44

side at

10:46

all. You know that Jewish

10:48

students and faculty on

10:51

campus say pretty

10:53

much the exact same thing. There

10:55

is a difference, a

10:57

huge difference. The

10:59

bro-Israel sign wants the

11:02

administration to silence us, not

11:04

giving us space to mourn or

11:06

protest the killing of civilians and

11:09

the destruction of Gaza. It's a

11:11

genocide for us. Madawi

11:13

grew up in a refugee camp

11:15

in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, like

11:18

his father and grandfather before him.

11:21

He told us his childhood was

11:23

defined by an early encounter with

11:25

Israeli troops during the second Intifada

11:27

in 2002. And

11:30

I had my best friend with me, Hammeda,

11:33

and suddenly I see an Israeli

11:36

soldier pointing the rifle at

11:38

us and he shot my friend in

11:40

his chest. You were how old? I

11:43

was 10 years old. And I

11:45

still remember when we put

11:47

him in the grave. I

11:50

held him and I shook

11:52

him and said, Hammeda, wake

11:54

up, wake up. He

11:57

didn't wake up. And they

11:59

told me, them I promise, I promise

12:02

I will revenge. Twenty-one

12:04

years later, he says his revenge

12:07

is showing the world the human

12:09

face of Palestinians. At

12:12

Colombia, he's reached out to

12:14

rabbis and Hillel, but the

12:16

Hamas terror attack aroused old

12:18

feelings. When somebody is hurting

12:20

you, when

12:22

you see this person is being punched

12:24

in the face, and

12:26

this feeling, it

12:28

is you now feel my pain.

12:32

But this Hamas attack wasn't a

12:34

punch in the face. This

12:36

was a horrible

12:39

terror attack. I did not say

12:42

that I justify what Hamas has done.

12:45

I said I can empathize. To

12:47

empathize is to understand the root

12:50

cause and to not look at

12:52

any event or situation in

12:54

a vacuum. This is

12:56

for me the path moving

12:59

forward. The search for a way

13:01

forward took us more than 200 miles

13:03

north to another ivy, Dartmouth.

13:07

What has been the reaction here on

13:09

the Dartmouth campus? Thankfully, the

13:11

reaction here has been, I think,

13:14

a lot better than what

13:16

I hear has been happening on other campuses.

13:19

Ezeidim Seshair is a senior lecturer

13:21

in the Middle Eastern Studies program

13:23

and a former Egyptian diplomat. We

13:27

have protests and vigils

13:29

and so on. And

13:31

overall, they have been very

13:34

decent and civil. Visiting

13:37

professor Bernard Avishai is an

13:39

American-Israeli journalist who lives in

13:41

Jerusalem half the year. How

13:44

many campuses, when a tragedy like

13:47

this strikes, the

13:50

first thing that the head of Middle

13:52

Eastern Studies and the first thing that

13:54

Jewish studies do is immediately communicate with

13:56

one another and say we have to

13:58

do something about this together? other. The

14:01

department heads drew on a

14:03

seven-year relationship and organized campus

14:05

forums about the crisis. They

14:08

served as a kind of pressure

14:10

valve for the students to vent,

14:12

lament, and ask tough questions. Why

14:15

don't you say you're hesitant to condemn Hamas

14:17

because you don't want to imply one side

14:19

is worse than the other. We

14:22

certainly condemn Hamas. Hundreds

14:24

of students attended in person. More

14:27

than 2,000 watched online. So

14:30

is this type of collaboration

14:32

on a topic unusual or

14:35

usual? It was there

14:38

in the DNA already

14:41

because you can't do this at the last minute. You

14:43

have to start doing it years

14:46

before the crisis strikes. Abishai

14:49

and Fashir have been co-teaching a

14:51

course called Politics of Israel and

14:54

Palestine for two years. We

14:57

spoke with Yasmin Abwali,

14:59

Sami Loffman, Jackson Yassin,

15:01

and Faisal Azizi. They

15:04

told us they took the class to

15:06

challenge their beliefs. You know,

15:08

Palestine Israel has

15:11

so much media and propaganda

15:13

and misinformation surrounding it. I think it's

15:15

really valuable to think through why you

15:17

believe what you believe and find the

15:19

weak points and see where things maybe

15:21

should change. It allows you to have

15:23

much more meaningful conversations with others. Is

15:25

that sort of central to your

15:28

message? It is. Yes. You

15:30

know, if you want to hate Israel, there are

15:32

millions of people who hate Israel. You can

15:34

just join that line. If you

15:36

want to blame the Palestinians, you know, there are millions

15:39

of people who do that. If you want to be

15:41

morally indignant, go right ahead.

15:43

But it doesn't concern us. What you

15:46

need to know from me is a

15:48

method of learning and thinking, identifying

15:50

biases. That's what I can help you

15:52

with. It's easy to

15:54

see the differences between Dartmouth

15:56

and Columbia. Dartmouth is one-sixth

15:58

the size. bucolic and

16:01

less diverse, but they

16:03

could easily have looked very similar after

16:05

October 7. The

16:07

campus grew tense when the

16:09

administration had two protesters critical

16:11

of Israel arrested for trespassing.

16:14

I think the potential for temperature is to

16:16

rise as high as they did that other

16:18

schools is just as

16:20

valid at Dartmouth as it is at Harvard or Columbia.

16:23

But Dartmouth president Sian Bylock urged

16:26

the faculty to make this a

16:28

teachable moment. We have this incredible

16:30

privilege of having that space of

16:32

learning and growth and

16:34

that is much more valuable than

16:38

one more violent protest or any of that

16:40

stuff that we have seen in other places.

16:46

Back on Columbia's New York City

16:48

campus, we couldn't help notice the

16:51

two sides that seem so far

16:53

apart are united by one thing.

16:56

It's clearly that we are both in

16:58

extreme pain. The truth

17:01

of the matter is there are two

17:03

people that are not going

17:05

anywhere, Palestinians and the Israeli

17:08

Jews. What I

17:10

hear are two sides talking

17:13

past each other. Yes. How

17:16

do you get past that? I'm inviting

17:18

them to come and look at my wants. The

17:21

pain that I lived and my people are

17:23

living is real and I want them

17:26

to feel it. This is

17:28

what we all are trying to do. Can

17:30

you feel me? Can you see me? Can you hear

17:33

me? And

17:35

it's painful. Listen

17:43

to the 48 Hours podcast for

17:46

shocking murder cases and

17:48

compelling real life dramas

17:50

from one of televisions most

17:52

watched true crime shows. Go

17:56

behind the scenes of each episode

17:58

with award-winning CBS news. news

18:00

correspondents and producers in

18:03

Postmortem, a weekly deep dive.

18:06

Listen to 48 hours wherever

18:08

you get your podcasts. I'm

18:12

CBS News correspondent Major Garrett, host of

18:14

the podcast, Agent of Betrayal, the double

18:17

life of Robert Hanson. During the Cold

18:19

War, FBI agent Robert Hanson created classified

18:21

secrets to the Kremlin exchange for cash

18:23

and jewels. In the podcast, you'll hear

18:26

from Hanson's closest friends, family members, victims

18:28

and colleagues for the most comprehensive telling

18:30

of who Robert Hanson really was. Binge

18:33

the entire series now, Agent of Betrayal,

18:35

the double life of Robert Hanson is

18:37

available on the Wondery app, Amazon Music,

18:39

or wherever you get your podcasts. Artificial

18:44

intelligence is the magic of the

18:46

moment, but this is

18:48

a story about what's

18:50

next, something incomprehensible. Tomorrow,

18:54

IBM will announce and advance

18:56

in an entirely new kind

18:58

of computing, one that

19:00

may solve problems in minutes that

19:03

would take today's supercomputers

19:05

millions of years. That's

19:09

the difference in quantum computing,

19:11

a technology being developed at

19:13

IBM, Google, and others. It's

19:17

named for quantum physics, which describes

19:19

the forces of the subatomic realm.

19:22

The science is deep and we can't

19:24

scratch the surface, but we

19:26

hope to explain enough so that

19:29

you won't be blindsided by a

19:31

breakthrough that could transform

19:34

civilization. The

19:38

quantum computer pushes the

19:40

limits of knowledge, new

19:42

science, new engineering, all

19:45

leading to this processor that

19:48

computes with the atomic forces

19:50

that created the universe. I

19:53

think this moment it feels to us

19:55

like the pioneers on the 1940s

19:58

and 50s that were building the first digit. computers.

20:01

Dario Gil is something of a

20:03

quantum crusader. Spanish-born with

20:05

a PhD in electrical engineering,

20:07

Gil is head of research

20:10

at IBM. How much

20:12

faster is this than save

20:14

the world's best supercomputer today?

20:16

We are now in a

20:19

stage where we can do

20:21

certain calculations with these systems

20:24

that would take the biggest

20:26

supercomputers in the world to

20:29

be able to do some similar calculation. But

20:31

the beauty of it is

20:33

that we see that we're going

20:36

to continue to expand that capability

20:39

such that not even a million or

20:41

a billion of those supercomputers connected

20:44

together could do the calculations of

20:46

these future machines. So

20:50

we've come a long way and

20:52

the most exciting part is that we have

20:54

a roadmap and a journey right now where

20:57

that is going to continue to increase at

20:59

a rate that is going to

21:01

be shocking. I'm not sure the world is prepared for

21:03

this change. Definitely not. To

21:07

understand the change go back to 1947 and

21:09

the invention of a switch

21:13

called a transistor. A transistor,

21:16

a new name. Computers have

21:19

processed information on transistors ever

21:21

since, getting faster as

21:23

more transistors were squeezed onto

21:25

a chip, billions of

21:28

them today. But

21:30

it takes that many because

21:32

each transistor holds information in only

21:34

two states. It's either on or

21:37

it's off like a coin,

21:39

heads or tails. Transistors ever

21:42

since getting faster as more

21:45

transistors were squeezed onto a chip,

21:48

billions of them today. But it

21:51

takes that many because

21:53

each transistor holds information in only

21:55

two states. It's either on or

21:57

it's off like a coin. heads

22:01

or tails. Quantum

22:03

abandons transistors and encodes

22:06

information on electrons that

22:08

behave like this

22:10

coin we created with animation.

22:13

Electrons behave in a way so

22:15

that they are heads and tails

22:17

and everything in between. You've gone

22:20

from handling one bit of information

22:22

at a time on a transistor

22:24

to exponentially more data.

22:28

You can see that there is fantastic

22:30

amount of information stored when you can

22:33

look at all possible angles not just

22:35

up or down. Physicist

22:37

Michio Kaku of the

22:39

City University of New

22:41

York already calls today's

22:43

computers classical. He

22:46

uses a maze to explain

22:48

quantum's difference. Let's

22:50

look at a classical computer

22:52

calculating how a mouse navigates

22:54

a maze. It is painful.

22:57

One by one it has to

22:59

map every single left turn, right

23:01

turn, left turn, right turn before

23:04

it finds the goal. Now a

23:06

quantum computer scans all possible routes

23:08

simultaneously. This is amazing. How many

23:11

turns are there? Hundreds of possible

23:13

turns, right? Quantum computers do

23:15

it all at once. Kaku's

23:19

book titled Quantum Supremacy

23:21

explains the stakes. We're

23:23

looking at a race. A race

23:26

between China, between IBM,

23:29

Google, Microsoft, Honeywell.

23:32

All the big boys are in this race

23:34

to create a workable, operationally

23:36

efficient quantum computer because

23:39

the nation or company that does this will

23:42

rule the world economy.

23:46

But a reliable, general-purpose quantum

23:48

computer is a tough climb

23:50

yet. Maybe that's

23:52

why this wall is in the

23:55

lobby of Google's Quantum Lab in

23:57

California. Here we got

23:59

an inside look, starting with

24:02

a microscope's view of

24:04

what replaces the transistor. This right

24:06

here is one qubit and this

24:08

is another qubit. This is a

24:11

five qubit chain. Those

24:13

crosses at the bottom are

24:15

qubits, short for quantum bits.

24:18

They hold the electrons and act

24:20

like artificial atoms. Unlike

24:23

transistors, each additional qubit

24:25

doubles the computer's power.

24:28

It's exponential. So

24:30

while 20 transistors are 20

24:32

times more powerful than one,

24:34

20 qubits are

24:37

a million times more powerful than

24:39

one. So this

24:42

gets positioned right here on the

24:44

fridge. Karina Chow, Chief

24:46

Operating Officer of Google's lab,

24:48

showed us the processor that

24:50

holds the qubits. Much

24:52

of that above chills the

24:55

qubits to what physicists

24:57

call near absolute zero.

25:00

Near absolute zero, I understand,

25:02

is about 460 degrees below

25:04

zero Fahrenheit. So that's about

25:06

as cold as anything can get. Yes, almost

25:08

as cold as possible. That

25:11

temperature inside a sealed computer is

25:13

one of the coldest places in

25:16

the universe. The

25:18

deep freeze eliminates electrical

25:20

resistance and isolates the

25:22

qubits from outside vibrations

25:25

so they can be controlled with

25:27

an electromagnetic field. The

25:30

qubits must vibrate in

25:32

unison, but that's

25:34

a tough trick called coherence.

25:36

Once you've achieved coherence of

25:38

the qubits, how

25:40

easy is that to maintain? It's

25:43

really hard. Coherence is

25:45

very challenging. Coherence

25:48

is fleeting. In all

25:50

similar machines, coherence breaks

25:52

down constantly, creating errors.

25:55

We're making about one error in

25:57

every hundred or so steps. Ultimately,

26:00

we think we're going to need about one

26:02

error in every million or so steps.

26:04

That would probably be identified

26:06

as one of the biggest barriers. Mitigating

26:10

those errors and extending coherence

26:12

time while scaling up to

26:14

larger machines are the

26:17

challenges facing German-American scientist Hartmut

26:19

Nevin, who founded Google's lab

26:21

and its casual style in

26:23

2012. Can

26:26

the problems that are in the

26:29

way of quantum computing be solved?

26:31

I should confess my subtitle here

26:33

is Chief Optimist. After

26:36

having said this, I would say

26:38

at this point we don't need any

26:40

more fundamental breakthroughs. We need little improvements

26:42

here and there. We have all the

26:45

pieces together. We just need to integrate

26:47

them well to build larger and larger

26:49

systems. And you think that all of

26:51

this will be integrated into a system

26:53

in what period of time? Yeah,

26:55

we often say we want to

26:57

do it by the end of the decade so that

26:59

we can use this Kennedy quote and get it done

27:02

by the end of the decade. The end of this

27:04

decade? Yes. Five or six years. Yes.

27:07

That's about the timeline Dario Gil

27:09

predicts and the IBM

27:11

research director told us something

27:13

surprising. There are problems

27:16

that classical computers can never solve.

27:18

Can never solve. And I think

27:20

this is an important point because

27:22

we're accustomed to say, computers get

27:24

better. Actually, there are

27:26

many, many problems that

27:28

are so complex that

27:31

we can make that statement that actually

27:34

classical computers will never be able to solve

27:36

that problem. Not now, not a

27:38

hundred years from now, not a thousand years from now.

27:41

You actually require a different

27:44

way to represent information and

27:46

process information. That's what

27:48

quantum gives you. IBM could

27:50

give us answers to impossible

27:53

problems in physics, chemistry, engineering

27:56

and medicine, which is

27:58

why IBM and Cleveland have

28:01

installed one of the first quantum computers

28:03

to leave the lab for the real

28:05

world. It takes time.

28:07

It takes way too much time to

28:11

find the solutions we need. We

28:13

sat down with Dario Gill

28:15

and Dr. Serpil Erzroom, Chief

28:17

Research Officer at Cleveland Clinic.

28:20

She told us, health care

28:23

would be transformed if quantum

28:25

computers can model the behavior

28:27

of proteins, the molecules that

28:30

regulate all life. Proteins

28:32

change shape to change function

28:34

in ways too complex to

28:37

follow. And when they get

28:39

it wrong, that causes disease. It

28:42

takes on many shapes, many,

28:44

many shapes, depending upon what it's doing

28:46

and where it is and which

28:48

other protein it's with. I

28:50

need to understand the shape it's in when

28:53

it's doing an interaction or a

28:55

function that I don't want it to

28:57

do for that patient. Cancer,

29:00

autoimmunity, it's a problem.

29:03

We are limited completely by

29:05

the computational ability to

29:08

look at the structure in real time

29:11

for any even one molecule. Cleveland

29:14

Clinic is so proud of its quantum computer

29:16

they set it up in a lobby. Behind

29:19

the glass, that shiny silver

29:21

cylinder encloses the kind of

29:23

cooling system and processor you

29:26

saw earlier. Quantum

29:28

is not solving the protein problem

29:30

yet. This is more

29:32

of a trial run to

29:34

introduce researchers to quantum's potential.

29:37

The people using this machine, are

29:39

they having to learn an entirely

29:41

different way to communicate with a

29:43

computer? I think that's what's

29:45

really nice, that you actually just use a

29:48

regular laptop and you write

29:50

a program, very much like

29:52

you would write a traditional program. But

29:54

when you click go

29:56

and run, it just happens to run on a

29:58

very different kind of machine. of computer. There

30:02

are a half dozen competing designs in

30:04

the race. China named Quantum

30:06

a top national priority and the

30:08

U.S. government is spending nearly a

30:10

billion dollars a year on research.

30:14

The first change comes next

30:16

year, when the U.S.

30:18

publishes new standards for encryption

30:21

because Quantum is expected one

30:23

day to break the codes

30:26

that lock everything from national

30:28

secrets to credit cards. Tomorrow

30:32

IBM will unveil its Quantum

30:34

System 2 with three

30:36

times the qubit says the machine you

30:38

saw in Cleveland. This

30:42

past August we saw System

30:45

2 under construction. It's

30:47

a machine unlike anything we've ever built.

30:50

And this is it? This is it. IBM's

30:52

Dario Gil told us System

30:54

2 has the room to

30:56

expand to thousands of qubits.

30:59

What are the chances that this is one

31:01

of those things that's going to

31:04

be ready in five years and

31:06

always will be? We don't see an

31:08

obstacle right now that will prevent us

31:10

from building systems that will have tens

31:12

of thousands and even a hundred thousand

31:15

qubits working with each other. So we

31:17

are highly confident that we will get

31:19

there. Of all the

31:21

amazing things we heard, it

31:23

was physicist Michio Kaku who led

31:26

us down the path to the

31:28

biggest idea of all. He

31:30

said we were walking through

31:32

a quantum computer. Processing

31:35

information with subatomic particles

31:38

is how the universe works. You

31:40

know when I look at the night sky I see

31:43

stars, I look at the flowers, the trees, I realize

31:45

that it's all quantum. The splendor of

31:47

the universe itself, the language of the

31:50

universe is the language of the quantum.

31:53

Learning that language may bring

31:56

more than inconceivable speed. Reverse

31:59

engineering. nature's computer

32:02

could be a window on

32:04

creation itself. For

32:18

years, Hollywood has relied on towering

32:20

action heroes to get people to

32:22

the movies, but this summer

32:24

it was an eleven and a

32:26

half inch doll complete with plastic

32:29

accessories and a permanently tanned sidekick

32:31

that dominated the box office. Barbie

32:34

brought in more than a billion

32:36

dollars worldwide, the highest-grossing movie

32:38

of the year. The

32:41

brains behind the out-of-the-box blockbuster

32:43

is an equally unique filmmaker,

32:45

Greta Gerwig. Gerwig is

32:47

best known for her work as an

32:50

actor, director, and screenwriter on smaller independent

32:52

films. Bankrolled by Warner

32:54

Brothers and blessed by toymaker Mattel,

32:57

Greta Gerwig told us Barbie was a

32:59

dream job and one she feared just

33:01

might end her career. On

33:06

a pastel-colored soundstage just outside

33:08

of London, no one seemed

33:10

to be having more fun on the set of Barbie

33:13

than director Greta Gerwig. Gerwig

33:16

has a way of making things look

33:18

like child's play, but making

33:20

Barbie was not. The film's $100

33:23

million production budget was dwarfed only

33:26

by the size of its marketing

33:28

budget, a reported $150 million. There

33:30

is like a moment where you're

33:33

like, wow, I'm way out

33:35

there. Because this doesn't work. It

33:38

will be very public. It

33:41

will be an extremely public one. You

33:44

know, you might as well take those big swings.

33:46

I mean literally the worst

33:48

thing that can happen is it's

33:50

terrible, nobody likes it, and bankrupts

33:53

the studio. That would be

33:55

bad. Of course, of course. But like

33:57

how bad? You know, as bad as

33:59

not making? Maybe? Maybe not. Definitely

34:02

not. Barbie

34:07

smashed box office records to

34:09

become Warner Bros. highest grossing

34:11

film of all time. It

34:14

wasn't a sure bet. Greta

34:16

Gerwig, like Barbie's permanently arched

34:19

feet, pulled off an almost

34:21

impossible balancing act. I'm

34:23

only your favorite woman of all time. Barbie!

34:27

You've been giving voice to the

34:29

iconic doll and her fiercest critics.

34:32

You've been making women feel bad about themselves since

34:34

you were invented. You're writing

34:36

a movie for people that love Barbie.

34:38

You're writing a movie for people who

34:40

maybe don't love Barbie. It

34:43

feels like a hornet's nest. Yeah, there were

34:45

lots of questions about like, should

34:47

we be saying this or

34:49

walking into this stuff? But

34:52

my feeling was, people already know it's

34:54

a hornet's nest. We cannot

34:56

make something that pretends to be

34:58

other than that. Can you control

35:00

your hair? It was Barbie herself,

35:02

actress Margot Robbie, who brought Gerwig

35:05

into the fold. Barbie, day one.

35:07

Robbie bought the rights to make a

35:10

Barbie movie and asked Gerwig to write

35:12

it. She agreed and

35:14

signed up her partner in work and

35:16

life, filmmaker Noah Bondak, but neglected to

35:18

tell him. He learned about it

35:20

from a headline. I think I

35:22

said, apparently we're writing a movie called

35:25

Barbie. I said,

35:27

oh, whoops. I

35:30

couldn't even found it. Well,

35:32

I mean, his issue was that there was no character

35:34

and there was no story. I don't mind that so

35:36

much. You did. You told me

35:38

there's no character and there's no story. Wait,

35:40

isn't Barbie a character? No. She

35:43

doesn't have like a personality or like a... And

35:45

then when I found out we were doing it, sort of

35:47

actively trying to get us out of it. Did you actually

35:49

try to get out of it? I made some calls. It

35:52

didn't work? No. Because

35:56

Greta was persistent and Greta saw something. I

35:58

did. Greta, what was it? You

36:00

know, Barbie's been around since 1959, and everyone

36:02

knows who she is, and everyone

36:07

has an opinion, and she's run the

36:09

gamut of being ahead of time, behind

36:11

time. She's a hero, she's a villain.

36:15

Together they created their version

36:17

of Barbie Land, a feminist

36:19

utopia where every woman is

36:21

Barbie. Hi Barbie. Hi Barbie. Hi

36:24

Barbie. Hi Barbie. Hi Ken.

36:27

And every Ken is just an accessory. It's

36:29

Barbie's dream house, it's not Ken's dream house,

36:31

right? Ha ha, right as always. But

36:34

an existential crisis in Barbie Land...

36:36

You guys are everything about dying? ...sends

36:39

Barbie and Ken into

36:42

the real world. I feel what can only

36:44

be described as admired, but

36:47

not huggled. And

36:49

there's no undertone of violence. Not very

36:51

much has an undertone of violence. Ken

36:54

wanders off. Not worried about

36:56

it, not now Margaret, let's shake

36:58

on this. Discovers patriarchy, and likes

37:00

it. There were

37:02

people who came out after this and said,

37:04

oh this movie is anti man. The movie

37:06

is meant to be a big hearted thing,

37:08

even though it's poking fun at everyone, but

37:10

I had this thing, but

37:13

this is, but I've planned this in

37:15

my head, I'll just

37:17

say it. But I thought,

37:19

well, this is not

37:21

man-hating anymore than

37:24

Aristophanes Lissestrata was

37:26

man-hating. Which does not

37:28

sound like a sick burn when you

37:31

say it out loud like that. Yeah,

37:33

I'll teach him. Gerwig invoked a Greek

37:35

playwright to defend Barbie. We

37:37

noticed her mind seems to percolate with

37:39

literary references. Bambak's take on

37:42

the Barbie backlash was simpler. I

37:44

felt men could take it. I mean, come on.

37:48

I mean, this sounds so silly to say out loud,

37:50

but I love Ken, we love Ken. We

37:52

also take Ken's position quite seriously.

37:54

Absolutely. I think he has

37:56

no identity outside of

37:59

her. Gerwig and Bompack

38:01

lived in New York and wrote

38:03

the screenplay at home during the

38:05

pandemic. Were you entertaining each other?

38:07

Yes. Yeah, I mean it kind of

38:10

kept us sane. It's only you on

38:12

the Malibu beach! Or the

38:14

insanity went into the movie. They

38:16

told us the final cut, which at

38:18

times looks like a COVID fever dream,

38:21

is very close to the script they submitted

38:23

to Mattel. The toy

38:25

maker, they say, was surprisingly

38:27

hands-off, but had notes. One

38:30

of the notes was on page 112,

38:32

does a Mattel executive have to be

38:34

shot? I

38:37

got shot! And I felt like that was exciting.

38:39

We knew we were on to something. We

38:42

felt like we might as well go for broke.

38:44

They're already not making movies. You thought them might

38:46

not ever get made? Yeah, oh no, we thought

38:48

them might never get made. And

38:51

she says she never dreamed she'd be the

38:53

one who ended up directing it. Greta

38:55

Gerwig grew up in Sacramento and fell

38:58

in love with community theater in

39:00

grade school. She took up dancing

39:02

then acting. Did you know you would end up

39:04

in New York? I wanted

39:06

to be in New York, but I just didn't

39:08

know that it was possible.

39:11

I mean, it felt extremely

39:13

far away and expensive. She

39:16

attended Barnard College, performed in school

39:18

productions, then fell in with a

39:21

group of low-budget filmmakers before setting

39:23

her sights on a wider audience.

39:25

I remember I walked into a

39:27

casting director's office. It was sort

39:29

of the heyday of like, just

39:32

a certain look on network television, which

39:35

I was never very good at doing. I

39:38

don't know why, but I was wearing overall. I remember

39:40

they... A bold choice. She looked

39:42

up and she goes, you must

39:44

be very talented. She

39:48

landed roles in more than a dozen

39:50

movies, some she helped write. Then

39:53

Greta Gerwig made the biggest leap of

39:55

her career, from indie darling

39:57

to breakout director with Lady Bird.

40:01

Great, that was great. Let's party. Gerwig

40:03

wrote the coming-of-age story about the

40:06

complicated relationship between a mother and

40:08

daughter. You should just go to

40:10

City College. You know, with your work ethic, just go to

40:12

City College and then to jail and then back to City

40:14

College and then maybe you'd learn to pull yourself off and

40:17

not expect everybody to get in. The

40:20

scene where she jumps out of the

40:22

car, what was

40:24

your direction? I want you to, without even

40:26

thinking about it, just hurl yourself out of

40:28

the... I want it to be almost

40:31

like you've acted before you've thought through completely

40:33

what the result of this is going to

40:35

be. Yes! Gerwig's

40:38

fearless approach earned the

40:40

then 34-year-old two Oscar

40:42

nominations. Two

40:44

years later, she got a third nomination for

40:47

her 2019 adaptation of Little

40:49

Women. I'm so sick of people

40:51

saying that love is just all

40:53

a woman, except for I'm so

40:55

sick of it. Then

40:57

came Barbie, with

41:00

a budget more than 10 times that

41:02

of Lady Bird. Last

41:06

month, at a theater in New York,

41:08

Gerwig showed us some of the old

41:10

musicals that inspired her, including

41:13

1957's Funny Face. Look

41:17

at the way they're standing. That's

41:19

not humans, like those are

41:21

dancers. That's what I wanted all the Barbies

41:23

and Ken's to look like. Barbie

41:26

has that technicolor soundstage look

41:28

because Gerwig convinced the studio

41:30

to build one, complete with a painted

41:33

sky and backdram, to give the movie

41:35

a 2D effect. Basically, the

41:37

foreground is... that's on a treadmill, so

41:40

that's going like this to create movement.

41:42

And then the lines on the road

41:44

are being pulled by a person behind

41:46

it, and it's about showing

41:48

the work. I wanted to

41:51

see that it was authentically artificial,

41:53

really fake. It's about kids, it's

41:55

about playing with toys. The

41:57

language of play has to be part of

41:59

it. We

42:04

shot this whole thing in one day. No.

42:07

Yeah, we shot it one day. We had one day to

42:09

get it. And they were like, if you really want this

42:11

dream ballet, you're gonna get one day. Well,

42:13

it takes for her to be

42:16

in the Andy hands. And

42:19

I'm like, why? I

42:22

used to hear in the theater today, it's still amazing to

42:24

you. Yeah. I mean, honestly, the

42:26

whole movie when I watched it, I still can't believe

42:28

anybody let me do this. I'm

42:30

just having some brewski beers at my

42:32

mojo dojo costa house. Gerwig says they

42:34

wrote the role of Ken specifically

42:37

for Ryan Gosling. Did

42:39

you know him? No. No. I

42:42

never met him. I mean, you wrote his name Ryan in

42:44

the script. Yes, it's in Ken Ryan Gosling. It was his

42:47

full name. Every author, yeah, we just put

42:49

his full name in the whole time. Did

42:51

he instantly say like, yes, I'm Ken. I

42:53

basically was like, listen, we've seen the future.

42:56

You're in it. And you're Ken. Hang

42:59

around with Greta Gerwig long enough and a pattern

43:02

emerges. I'm going to see how I get people

43:04

to do this. She

43:06

has a way of coaxing people out of their

43:08

comfort zone at a dance

43:10

studio in Midtown Manhattan. Why don't you

43:12

just come try it, though? Just come

43:14

try it. One. One.

43:17

Gerwig directed me to join her as she

43:19

got back into the swing of one of

43:21

her first loves, tap dancing.

43:24

Para zet, o para zet, o

43:26

para zet, o stan. This is

43:28

actually a Prusian moment.

43:32

Hang around with Greta Gerwig long enough and a

43:34

pattern emerges. I'm going to see how I get

43:36

people to do this. She

43:39

has a way of coaxing people out of their

43:41

comfort zone at a dance

43:43

studio in Midtown Manhattan. Why don't

43:45

you just come try it, though? Just come try

43:47

it. One. Two. Two.

43:51

One. Gerwig directed me to join her

43:53

as she got back into the swing of one of her first

43:55

loves, tap dancing. Para

43:57

zet, o para zet, o para

43:59

zet. This is actually a

44:01

Prusian moment. A

44:05

Prusian moment during something called a

44:07

paradiddle. The only thing to

44:09

do was step aside. One

44:12

more time, one more time. Why does the timing, my timing off? Do you

44:14

want to do it again? We'll just do it again. You're

44:16

a bit of a perfectionist? I

44:18

guess so, yes. But you're like

44:21

another take, another take, another take. Yeah.

44:24

Yeah, of course, yeah. I'm not good

44:26

enough. On

44:29

the set of Barbie, Gerwig directed nearly

44:31

50 takes of this

44:33

scene with America Ferreira, who plays

44:35

a Mattel assistant and mother. It

44:38

is literally impossible to be a woman.

44:40

Soul-bearing monologues penned by Gerwig are

44:42

a staple of her films, the

44:44

writer's version of a guitar solo.

44:46

You're supposed to be a part

44:48

of the sisterhood, but always stand

44:51

out and always be grateful. But

44:53

never forget that the system is rigged, so find a

44:55

way to acknowledge that, but also always be grateful.

44:58

Greta will go into some monologue

45:00

mode. It's kind of almost physical.

45:03

Like she goes in and she's just like, and kind

45:05

of like doing a thing and like, you know, it's

45:07

like Joe Cocker or something. Then she hands it over

45:09

and it's great. Next,

45:13

Gerwig is taking on a big

45:16

franchise. She's directing and writing two

45:18

Chronicles of Narnia movies. She

45:20

confess putting her stamp on the beloved C.S.

45:23

Lewis classics is giving her nightmares. Yeah, whenever

45:25

I'm stuck, I go for walks. She's used

45:27

to most of the time. Can you get

45:29

stuck? That's all I get. Well, I do.

45:31

I only get stuck. That's all I do.

45:34

That's why I'm always going on walks. Whatever

45:37

she's doing, it's paying off. Greta

45:40

Gerwig is the first woman to

45:42

solo direct a billion dollar movie,

45:44

an idea that once seemed as

45:46

far fetched as Barbie in

45:49

Birkenstock. from

46:00

Israel about the rescue of a family

46:03

at a kibbutz during the Hamas invasion

46:05

and massacre.