0:26

Hello, and welcome to Ehestavia Kibatos

0:29

Podcast. This is part

0:32

four on the first world

0:34

war. When look

0:36

the Austrian annexation of Bosnia

0:39

in nineteen o eight. At

1:14

the beginning of the twentieth century, The

1:16

dual monarchy of Austria Hungary,

1:18

at least on the map, looked pretty impressive.

1:23

In today's terms, it stretched

1:25

from southern Poland down to the north

1:28

of Serbia and included the Czech Republic,

1:30

Slovakia, Austria, Hungary,

1:33

the southwestern corner of Ukraine, Slovenia,

1:37

and Bosnia, and the large piece of

1:39

Romania, namely, Transylvenia. It

1:42

had a population of more than fifty

1:44

million, a strong agricultural sector,

1:47

resources from iron to timber, growing

1:50

industries, a rapidly expanding

1:52

railway network and a peacetime army

1:55

of nearly forty thousand as well

1:57

as a modern navy. The

2:00

Austrian economy was growing rapidly

2:02

even in the relative

2:03

backwaters, helped by customs

2:05

union of Germany. And

2:08

German firms invested in new industries

2:10

such as electric machinery and

2:12

automobiles. The

2:15

monarchy's great capital cities

2:17

of Vienna and Budapest and the

2:19

smaller cities too, such as Prague and

2:21

Zagreb, were being modernized with

2:24

tramways, electricity and

2:26

beautifully decorated public buildings. The

2:30

most advanced region technologically

2:33

and commercially was behemia with

2:35

a high concentration of modern industry

2:37

such as the Skoda Works, which produced

2:40

some of the best guns in Europe. Vienna

2:43

also had modern industry on its outskirts

2:46

including the DiamondWorks. And

2:49

Budapest was establishing itself

2:51

as a banking center for much of Eastern

2:53

Europe. It

2:56

was also period of great cultural and

2:58

intellectual blossoming in Vienna.

3:01

Sigma Croind was found in modern

3:03

psychoanalyst's or another of

3:05

its citizens, Ludwig Wittgenstein,

3:08

was one of the most influential philosophers

3:10

of the time. At

3:12

the same time, a number of artists were trying

3:15

to make sense of a world which was rapidly changing.

3:18

The city's great musical tradition continued

3:21

as Gustaf Marla wrote several works

3:23

still popular today, but

3:25

the compositions of Arnold Schoenberg were

3:28

more groundbreaking. He

3:30

revolutionized modern classical music

3:32

with his explorations into a tonal

3:35

and dissident composition. The

3:39

art of Gustaf Klimp and the younger

3:41

painters inspired by him challenged

3:43

the accepted wisdom, the art should

3:45

be realistic. And is today

3:48

highly prized. At

3:50

the same time, Adolph Bluhs developed

3:53

new modern styles of architecture and

3:56

also the Austerian School of Economics was

3:58

having a big influence on liberal

4:00

economic thought. Austria

4:04

Hungary also faced a number of difficult

4:06

challenges. Its government debt

4:08

was climbing. Military spending

4:10

was the lowest of any of the great powers

4:12

and there was an increasing number of peasant

4:15

strikes and protests. In

4:17

some ways, the ways the politics were

4:19

similar to elsewhere in Europe. Forward

4:22

landed classes hoping to hang on to

4:24

power and influence. Liberals

4:26

demanding greater freedoms and socialist

4:29

movements wanting reform or in

4:31

some cases revolution. But

4:35

it was the question of nationalities that

4:37

dwarfed all other problems in the monarchy.

4:40

In an age of rising nationalism and

4:43

belief in the principle of self determination, the

4:45

empire was always bound to face enormous

4:48

pressures The Osklik

4:50

agreement reached with Hungary in eighteen

4:52

sixty seven to form a joint monarchy,

4:55

provided much needed stability in

4:57

the short term but over time created

4:59

a number of problems, particularly how

5:02

to balance the rights of various national

5:04

groups. In

5:06

one way or another, nationalism affected

5:08

every crisis which fell the monarchy

5:11

in a decade leading up to the first

5:13

world war not helped by very

5:15

contrasting styles of government in

5:17

Vienna and Budapest. The

5:24

Austrian half of the monarchy was more

5:26

progressive and had parliament elected

5:29

after nineteen o seven by universal Mayo

5:31

suffrage. In Hungary

5:33

by contrast, the franchise was

5:35

restricted to about six percent of

5:37

the population. The

5:40

Austroen half was responsible for

5:42

Bohemia, which had a very mixed

5:44

population of about two fifths, German

5:47

and three fifths check. The

5:51

checks were profoundly disappointed by the eighteen

5:54

seventy six Osklik agreement, which

5:56

had formed Oskar Hungary and they

5:58

wanted to be recognized as equals,

6:01

they would have preferred a federal state.

6:06

One main focus of disagreement between

6:08

the Czechs and Germans was the issue of

6:10

language in the administration and

6:12

in scores. The

6:14

other was that of eco representation, which

6:17

was achieved in nineteen o five

6:19

as a result of a register of nationalities

6:22

assuring a broadly equitable distribution

6:26

of seats between Czechs and

6:28

Germans. A

6:31

similar approach was then adopted in the province

6:33

of Greece where the local Polish

6:36

and Ukrainian populations were in conflict.

6:38

And legally clashed over educational and

6:41

electoral issues. Here,

6:43

the polls far from a suppressed

6:45

nationality were themselves the

6:47

ruling class. The Ottenians

6:50

belong to the same ethnic group as

6:52

the Ukrainians in Russia. But were

6:54

separated from them by their adherence

6:57

to the hybrid Latin Greek

6:59

Unionate Church. Another

7:03

significant national grouping within the Austrian

7:05

half of the monarchy were the Slovens

7:08

who were spread across several provinces south

7:10

of Austria in and around the

7:12

Julian Alps range of mountains.

7:15

In general, they were loyal to the Habsburg dynasty

7:18

and favored autonomy within the

7:20

empire. The

7:24

main national group living within the Hungarian

7:26

half with the Magyars who

7:29

numbering nearly ten million constituted

7:31

forty eight percent of the total population.

7:34

They dominated their parliament, for example,

7:37

in nineteen ten occupying 405

7:39

seats to the Romanian five

7:41

and Slovakia three seats. They

7:44

also dominated both the business

7:47

and professional worlds and implemented a

7:49

strong policy of forced Maguire

7:51

supremacy. Right?

7:54

John Mason is aimed

7:56

not at the extension or expulsion of non

7:58

Magyars, but at their assimilation.

8:01

In other words, if they accepted the Magna

8:03

language and culture, they would be treated

8:05

as equals. Those who obtained

8:08

their Slovak Romanian Croatian or

8:10

euthenian identity were fiercely

8:12

repressed. What

8:15

in the Austrian half of Empire Authorities

8:18

no longer tried to impose a common

8:20

German culture. In Hungary,

8:22

the process of macularization gathered

8:25

apace. So that by the early twentieth

8:27

century, the two halves stood radically

8:29

at odds with each other in their

8:31

internal national policies. Hungary's

8:35

refusal to change the policy of

8:37

maximization in spite of protests

8:39

from Vienna proved to be a block

8:41

to general reform of the Jewel Monarchy.

8:45

Austria and German budgets had to

8:47

be approved by both parliament and

8:49

distrust between the two sides led

8:51

the Hungarians into the habit of

8:53

slashing or vetoing army members

8:56

that would expand or modernize the

8:58

regular army. The

9:03

credits had secured their own agreement with

9:05

the Hungarians in eighteen sixty eight,

9:07

an extremely diluted version of

9:09

the housewife, which was supposed to guarantee

9:12

the Croats and Autonomous Administration

9:15

as well as control over the education system

9:17

and courts. In

9:20

reality, the Hungarians paid little attention

9:23

to Croatian aspirations or rights.

9:26

They also failed to support Croatian

9:28

aspirations for the building of a

9:30

railway network into Dameshia.

9:34

The crowds proposed to Vienna, the

9:36

same rights as Hungary, and a kind

9:38

of Triadist as opposed to dualist

9:41

system, but the Hungarian vetoed

9:43

any such arrangement. Ultimately,

9:47

all sides were dissatisfied with the Jewish

9:49

system. The Austroans resented

9:52

the Hungarian's disproportionate weight in

9:54

the monarchy. Or the Hungarians constantly

9:57

pushed for more autonomy and resisted

9:59

any changes that would reduce their own

10:01

weight. And

10:05

virtually, all other national groups

10:07

detested the arrangement because

10:09

it unfairly excluded them. The

10:14

repeated failure of Franz Yersuf to stand

10:16

up to the Hungarians and to protect the

10:18

minority national groups including

10:21

the traditionally Habsburg low kraps

10:23

against Magyar abuse was deeply

10:26

resented. Still, the

10:28

old, riskred emperor, who'd been on

10:30

the throne back in eighteen forty eight,

10:32

symbolized authority. Legitimacy

10:35

and the links among the people of the

10:37

empire in a way that the vast majority

10:39

of his subjects suspected

10:41

despite whatever grievances they

10:43

may have had about the regime.

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12:28

During his long reign, emperor, transgressive,

12:31

suffered a number of personal tragedies. His

12:34

brother, Maximilian, who became Emperor

12:36

of Mexico, was executed by

12:38

a firing squad in Mexico. His

12:42

wife, Elizabeth, known affectionately as

12:45

CC, was stabbed to death by an

12:47

Italian anarchist in eighteen ninety

12:49

eight. Their marriage had produced

12:51

one son, the crown prince Rudolph.

12:55

He

12:55

was highly intelligent, but emotionally troubled

12:58

increasingly Moross as the years

13:00

went on. He chased against

13:02

his father's stern traditionalism and

13:04

became excluded from most leadership

13:07

roles. He seems

13:09

to have contracted Gondivir and

13:11

in eighteen eighty nine, shot one of

13:13

his various mistresses and then himself.

13:18

The royal family tried to cover up the

13:20

scandal, and Francesca remained

13:22

stoic at the shocking loss of his only

13:24

son and successor. But

13:26

writes Benjamin Curtis in his book on the

13:28

Habsburgs. Quote. The

13:30

succession of treasuries is one reason

13:33

why frontiers have took on an order

13:35

of such an impasseive drone, working

13:37

hard on behalf of Monarchy, while

13:39

retreating into an infeeding aloofness.

13:43

Endpoints. The emperor,

13:45

however, was unable to come up with a solution,

13:48

which satisfied the various nationalities

13:51

in his empire. The

13:54

long running check and maggie art crises

13:56

were particularly disabling, both

13:59

were manageable within the empire. What

14:02

proved fatal to the monarchy were

14:04

nationality crises extending

14:06

beyond its borders. Specifically,

14:09

on its southern flank, where lived an

14:11

assortment of southern slavs, Serbs,

14:14

Croats, and slavings. Since

14:20

Serbia's independence from the Ottoman Empire,

14:22

its orders had been close to Vienna.

14:25

That changed in nineteen oh three when its

14:28

king Alexander Obinovich was

14:30

murdered by a strongly nationalist conspiracy

14:33

within the Serbian army known as the

14:35

Blackhand. They

14:37

had the implicit support of many leading

14:39

figures projected strongly to

14:41

the king's close ties with Austria Hungary.

14:45

Alexander was also unpopular for

14:47

Kosovo in an authoritarian manner,

14:50

closed newspapers and disregarded election

14:52

results. Elsewhere in

14:54

Berggued are the members of the conspiracy, shot

14:57

dead members of the cabinet, including the

14:59

prime minister. The

15:02

new king, Peter Kala

15:04

Gheorghevich, was much more overtly

15:07

nationalistic and anti Habsburg

15:09

than his predecessor. From

15:11

now on, Serbia remained profoundly

15:13

hostile to the Habsburg state

15:16

and aim to undermine its hold

15:18

on Bosnia and Herzogovina. Furthermore,

15:21

Serbia came to be viewed as an alternative power

15:24

center for the monarchy's southern Slavs

15:27

as Vietnam had been for Italy. There

15:30

were actually far more South Slows

15:32

in the monarchy, seven million, including

15:35

two point one million Serbs than

15:37

they were in Serbia two point six.

15:42

The claims of Serbians over

15:44

all southern slavs greated on

15:47

the sensibilities of many creations who

15:49

saw themselves as a separate people. But

15:52

the incontinence of the Hungarians against

15:55

giving them their rights and the Austrians failure

15:57

intervene persuaded many courts of

15:59

the joint South Slavic cause

16:01

and that they would be better off outside the

16:04

empire. Tensions

16:07

escalated further between Serbia and

16:09

Austria in late nineteen o five

16:12

when the Serbians announced a customs

16:14

union with Bulgaria. The

16:16

Hungarians encouraged the government in Vienna

16:19

to ban livestock imports from

16:21

Serbia, triggering what became

16:23

known as the pig war. They

16:26

used pretext of holding the spread of disease

16:28

as a means of protecting the industry from

16:31

cheaper Serbian meat. At

16:33

the same time, Serbian announced its

16:35

intention of re equipping its artillery

16:38

with heavy guns purchased from

16:40

France. The

16:42

Austro Hungarian policy, however, backfired

16:45

as the Serbian simply found new markets.

16:49

The foreign minister Invena resigned

16:51

and was replaced by count Arendal

16:54

who admitted the failure of the policy. Count

16:58

Arendal believed in a more active

17:01

foreign policy in order to reinvigorate

17:03

the monarchy's status abroad and

17:06

to decrease its growing dependence on

17:08

Germany. At home, he

17:10

argued, an assertion of HubSpot power

17:12

would also be a rallying point for

17:14

the monarchy's

17:15

peoples, strengthening hubSpot

17:17

clarity and identity. For

17:19

this reason, he said about plan to formally

17:22

annex Bosnia and Herzegovina, which

17:24

since eighteen seventy eight, had been

17:27

administered by Vienna that

17:29

still remained under nominal

17:31

ottoman suitability. Since

17:36

the Austrians took over the running of Bosnia,

17:38

they had been extremely energetic in their

17:40

efforts to develop the province's economy.

17:44

A railway was built from the Croatian

17:46

border to Sarajevo at great cost,

17:49

and they also set about improving the

17:51

road network. There was a military

17:53

purpose to these investments, but they

17:55

were also part of a huge drive for economic

17:57

improvements. Forestry and

18:00

coal mining were strongly developed. Other

18:02

minerals such as copper, chrome and iron

18:04

ore were also extracted. Iron

18:08

and steelworks were built and several

18:10

chemical factories too. The

18:14

viennese government also worked hard to develop

18:16

the province's agriculture. Some

18:18

of the peasants were resistant to change.

18:21

One of the most controversial predecessors was

18:23

the encouragement of settlers. The

18:26

arrival of colonists, the majority's

18:28

loves, but also some Germans, was

18:30

Rylett by the local population. The

18:34

triggering for the decision of count

18:36

Arendo to annex Bosnia in

18:38

nineteen o eight was the Young Turks

18:41

Revolution described in the previous

18:43

podcast as rumors circulated that

18:45

the new Ottoman voters were planning elections

18:48

throughout the empire, including in Bosnia

18:50

and Herzegovina, which could be used

18:52

to bring back the territories under

18:54

their control. He

18:57

was keen to resuscitate a ten year

18:59

old understanding with Russia to preserve

19:01

the status quo and so attempted to

19:03

make a deal with the Russian foreign minister,

19:06

Alexander Is Voski. In

19:10

return for accepting former HubSpot

19:12

authority over Bosnia, Hertz Govina,

19:15

hardly upload any great power he claimed,

19:17

as Austria Hungary had already ruled the region

19:19

for three decades, it was agreed

19:22

that the Russians would receive Habsburg support

19:24

for their long held aspiration of

19:26

greater access to the Turkish straits,

19:29

which would allow their warships to pass

19:31

from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. The

19:35

Russians were interested in cooperation that

19:37

Vienna announced the annexation on

19:39

the fifth of October nineteen o eight

19:41

before consent had been given from the great

19:44

powers or before Evotzky

19:46

had time to prepare the Russian government. His

19:49

votesky was left empty handed and humiliated

19:52

precipitating his departure as foreign

19:54

minister. The

19:57

consequences of the annexation of Bosnia

19:59

and the clumsy diplomacy around it

20:02

were disastrous for Austria Hungary. The

20:05

Russians saw the annexation as an attack

20:07

on their Serbian Lot of Brothers,

20:09

and so the attempt that showing up the Austro

20:12

Russian detente ended up destroying

20:14

it. Relations between

20:16

the Austrian and Russian empires never

20:18

recovered from this setback with significant

20:20

implications for the constellation of alliances

20:23

entering the first world war. Count

20:29

Avento, at this assume that a forceful

20:31

Austrian policy in the Balkans would deter

20:33

Russia, intimidate their grade

20:36

and help persuade the seven suppliers within

20:38

the empire to stop agitating for

20:40

their own separate kingdom. Instead,

20:42

just the opposite happened amidst

20:45

the wave of Slav nationalism, The governments

20:47

of Serbia and Montenegro were furious

20:49

about the annexation and mobilized their

20:52

armies. In response,

20:54

the Habsburg sent forces to its southeastern

20:56

frontier, resulting in an armed

20:59

standoff which lasted over the winter

21:01

and into the following spring. That

21:06

took place a six month diplomatic crisis,

21:08

which almost led to General War.

21:11

Finally, in March nineteen oh nine,

21:13

Germany threatened the Russians that it would support

21:16

Austria Hungary's right to use force

21:18

in the Balkans forcing Saint

21:20

Petersburg to accept the annexation. Entagonism

21:25

continued however. Russians had been

21:27

publicly comminacted and served

21:29

nationalists were even more bitter

21:31

than before. Austria

21:35

Hungary's prestige also suffered for

21:37

it only been able to force through the annexation

21:40

with German intervention, making

21:42

it appear as a satellite of its more

21:44

powerful ally. The

21:48

Serbian press launched daily attacks on

21:50

the Habsburgs and the Serbian government encouraged

21:53

the formation of patriotic societies

21:56

like Nawatnia Oblana,

21:58

which counted two hundred twenty branches

22:00

in Serbia and Bosnia, Herzegovina. In

22:06

the year nineteen o nine, the Austrian

22:09

foreign ministry brought a lawsuit

22:11

against fifty three Croats, accusing

22:13

them of treasonous ties to Belgrade.

22:16

The case collapsed when the evidence presented

22:18

turned out to be fake, an embarrassing

22:20

failure for the Austrian government, which only

22:23

served to ratchet up tensions with

22:25

their southern Slavic population. Though

22:29

the Balkans instability continued,

22:32

with the viscous conflict igniting in

22:34

a number of places. In

22:36

nineteen ten, the border up onto Negron,

22:39

Nicoda, Petrovich took advantage

22:41

of Ottoman weakness to declare himself

22:43

king of his country. Meanwhile,

22:46

enabling Albanians rose up in a

22:48

confused but violent rebellion against

22:50

their Ottoman overlords. They

22:52

complained of being denied use of their own

22:54

language and deprived of basic education

22:57

even though they too were Muslims. What

23:03

actually lit the book and Tinder box Harbor

23:05

was a series of events which began in

23:07

North Africa. In

23:09

nineteen eleven, the sultan of Morocco

23:12

appeared for French military assistance and

23:14

putting down a rebellion. The

23:17

German Trevor, envious of the Klais

23:19

new acquisitions of France and Britain wanted

23:22

to exert their own influence in North

23:24

Africa. Kais

23:26

at Moham of Germany, Centa Gamba, to

23:29

Morocco's Atlantic port of

23:31

Aguirre in order to force away

23:33

the French. The British

23:35

intervened on the French side and forced Germany

23:38

to accept a French protectorate over Marco

23:40

in return for a transfer of territory

23:43

from the French Congo to the German

23:45

colony of Cameroon. The

23:49

Italians had ambitions of their own for

23:51

the Slice of North Africa and took

23:53

the opportunity to invade Libya.

23:56

Still in the possession of the Ottoman Empire.

23:59

The Balkan states took advantage of the apparent

24:02

weakness of the Turkish armed forces by

24:04

forming an alliance and invading

24:06

Ottoman territory. Beforehand,

24:09

though, in the next episode, until

24:11

the story of the Italian Turkish

24:14

War of nineteen eleven to

24:16

nineteen twelve.