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Leadership of the Matriarch

Leadership of the Matriarch

Released Friday, 29th March 2024
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Leadership of the Matriarch

Leadership of the Matriarch

Leadership of the Matriarch

Leadership of the Matriarch

Friday, 29th March 2024
Good episode? Give it some love!
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Episode Transcript

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0:04

Hi, I'm rich swartz butt'ss

0:06

World. I'm Marco went.

0:08

Welcome to Amazing Wildlife, where we explore

0:10

unique stories of wildlife from around the world and

0:12

uncover fascinating animal facts. This

0:15

podcast is a production of iHeartRadio's Ruby

0:17

Studio and San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance

0:19

in international nonprofit conservation organization

0:22

which oversees the San Diego Zoo and Safari

0:24

Park.

0:26

Marco.

0:27

In our last episode, we learned about the impacts

0:29

of wildlife trafficking and heard our friend Kim

0:31

tell us all about the many things the female

0:34

king Klober endured before ending up with the San

0:36

Diego Zoo.

0:36

Yeah, you know that's right.

0:38

I know it can be kind of a hard story to hear,

0:40

but really happy she's safe

0:42

now and hopefully finds him mate soon.

0:44

And hopefully she likes that new mate, right.

0:47

I know that was something I found interesting when

0:49

Kim was talking to us about it. Mate selection

0:52

isn't just a male and female crossing

0:54

paths, and you know that's it.

0:56

I mean similar to.

0:57

Humans, right, I mean, many species show us that both

0:59

mates have to be mutually

1:01

interested in each.

1:02

Other exactly exactly, And she said that the female

1:05

could reject him for reasons that we don't even know.

1:07

But often a female animal of any species

1:09

is looking for the best match to make sure her

1:12

offspring will do well.

1:13

And that's a great spot to introduce today's

1:15

topic.

1:16

Yes, it is, Marco, it is indeed, because today

1:18

we are diving into female leadership in

1:20

the animal.

1:21

Kingdom, but not just the obvious

1:23

who's in charge of leadership?

1:24

Right?

1:24

I mean today we're also talking about

1:26

the behaviors and actions of a

1:29

single female that can influence

1:31

an entire family of animals.

1:33

That's right.

1:33

We're talking about lions, gorillas, elephants,

1:36

miracas, lemurs, and even killer whales

1:38

today killer whales

1:40

too. Yes, because we happen to have someone

1:42

with us who has had a career full of working

1:44

with all sorts of wildlife from all over the world,

1:47

even the killer whale.

1:52

I am Christy Burdis, Vice President of

1:54

Wildlife Care at the San Diego

1:56

Zoosafari Park.

1:57

Christy, you came all the way to us

2:00

for this interview instead of us going to Safari Park. But

2:02

real quick, before you get into all the cool things

2:04

about female animals, what.

2:07

Exactly VP of what?

2:09

Vice President of Wildlife Care at

2:12

the Safari Park.

2:13

So what does that mean? That

2:15

sounds very important. I know what you do,

2:17

but I want.

2:17

You to tell to audio it's a very important role.

2:19

I gotta say. So, we're really soaked that you're here taking

2:21

the time we talk to us.

2:22

Chriss, Well, thank you so much. I think

2:24

every role in our organization is extremely

2:27

important. But I feel very

2:29

honored to lead our wildlife care

2:31

department at the Safari Park. So

2:33

we have over two hundred wildlifecare specialists

2:36

that take care of over

2:38

three thousand animals that represent

2:40

over three hundred species.

2:42

Wow.

2:43

So just just a little bit of responsibility on

2:45

your shoulder, just.

2:48

A little bit.

2:49

What I love about our responsibility

2:51

is that no day is the same,

2:53

every day is a little bit different. And

2:56

of course the conservation work that

2:58

our organization does so incredibly

3:01

important. But also the opportunity

3:03

to connect with our guests to share the conservation

3:06

work that we do, and of course the

3:08

ability to come into our park to visit

3:11

areas of our park that represent places

3:13

all around the world that our guests could

3:15

potentially never have the opportunity

3:17

to go to and see the animals

3:20

that we have in our park. I think is just

3:23

an amazing opportunity.

3:24

No, it really is.

3:25

It really is.

3:26

And I think to go into

3:28

why you're here for us today, Not

3:31

only is it all the cool stuff we do for

3:33

conservation, our audience knows amazing

3:35

wildlife. Audience knows we do great

3:37

conservation work, and they know we know a lot

3:39

about animals. But having you here at the table right now

3:41

for us and for our audience is an opportunity

3:43

to learn a lot that maybe goes

3:46

unnoticed about animals and animal behavior.

3:49

So I'm really excited that you're here, honestly,

3:51

because this is gonna be really cool conversation.

3:53

It's probably one of my favorite things

3:55

to talk about is behavior,

3:58

and especially about female.

4:00

There you go, and that's a great segue.

4:02

Yeah, me too, one hundred percent.

4:03

This is great, especially for me in particular thinking

4:05

about the fluidity of gender rules and wildlife

4:08

as well. It's not the typical

4:10

patriarchy that you see in other situations.

4:12

It's a lot more going on in wildlife. And you

4:14

have some pretty wicked examples

4:16

that you were just kind of hinting at earlier in a conversation.

4:18

Can you speak a little bit about them?

4:20

Sure, you know, I've worked in the zoological

4:23

world for over three decades now,

4:25

and I just have always been fascinated

4:28

with animal behavior, and

4:30

so it's really really interesting. You

4:32

know, we are talking a few minutes ago about

4:36

matriarchal societies and patriarchal

4:38

societies, and I just find it fascinating

4:41

that with matriarchal societies,

4:44

I think sometimes we think about dominance

4:46

or aggression, and I don't necessarily

4:48

think that that's the case. I think that

4:51

it's more about leadership and influence,

4:53

and when we really look at it, it really

4:56

comes down to behavior. And

4:58

so what is the purpose of matriarchal

5:00

behavior and looking at it from

5:03

a physiological standpoint,

5:05

like why are females

5:07

engaging in those behaviors and what is

5:10

the purpose? And the purpose is

5:12

all about survival. It's all about survival

5:14

for the individual, but more importantly,

5:17

it's usually about survival for the

5:19

family.

5:20

Right Yeah, And actually I was just thinking, guys, for all

5:22

the little kids that are listening right now, when you're talking about

5:24

matriarchal like, what do you mean exactly when we're talking

5:26

about.

5:26

That matriarchal is about the female,

5:29

the female's role in the group or

5:31

the family.

5:32

Oh awesome, thank you.

5:33

Yes, I think we're going to have a really I

5:35

know we're going to really clear up the conversation, but

5:37

I don't want to jump to gund I appreciate what you just did, Marco.

5:40

Is we want to bring our audience into this conversation too.

5:42

Yeah, we've all been working with wildlife for a very

5:44

long time. We know all these terms, and so to

5:46

set the stage for our audience, I

5:48

want to point out what I think a lot of the general

5:51

public already knows, which is lions or great example,

5:53

you know, the big king of the jungle, he's got the main the

5:55

souse guy right, or this big silver

5:58

back gorilla. And we look at those when the

6:00

male lions in charge of the pride, and silver

6:02

back is in charge of the troop of gorillas.

6:05

But we start to break this down a little bit.

6:07

Yes, those boys do.

6:09

Protect the family, but

6:11

it's the females making the decisions for

6:13

lions, for example, right when to hunt,

6:15

where to hunt. They teach the younger females how

6:17

to hunt. The pride moves because

6:20

the females are deciding Okay, these other animals we're

6:22

hunting or migrating, so we're going to go as well.

6:24

So yeah, the boy does protect.

6:26

The big male lion does protect, But it's the females

6:28

that are making the big calls underneath

6:31

the surface, you know, really making the movers and shakers.

6:33

And we see similar stuff with the gorillas as well.

6:35

It's those females deciding on where the proper

6:37

food is for the troop, where they should

6:40

go, taking care of the young, and then teaching the young as they

6:42

come up, where the proper places

6:44

are to eat, When is this food right versus not

6:46

right? So we start to look at it that way.

6:48

Even with the groups of animals that are considered.

6:51

Male dominated or male lead.

6:53

There's really a lot more the females

6:55

are doing for that species than

6:57

sometimes we give.

6:58

Them credit for family at least for Maka as

7:00

an example. And you know, we always make the joke it's the

7:03

father, he's the one running the roofs, but we always making these like

7:06

no, really, it's ma who

7:08

is in control of all of it. But to your point,

7:10

right, the rhino, the elephant, the line and we

7:12

were saying are excellent examples of that.

7:14

But there's much more going on the complexities.

7:16

There's those social dynamics, right behavior wise you were

7:18

talking about, right, freend there's so much

7:20

more nuance that the females of the species

7:23

are adding to the survival of that particular.

7:25

Animal, right.

7:26

And again, I think it's really about looking at

7:28

those different behaviors and what is the purpose of

7:30

those behaviors. And you know, Ricky,

7:32

you just mentioned about gorillas

7:35

and we put these behaviors

7:38

in boxes and what we see traditionally

7:40

from male and female, what their roles are.

7:42

And I wanted to share a little story because

7:45

I think Winston, our silver back at

7:47

the Safari Park, is such a great example

7:49

of you know, what we know of a traditional

7:52

silver back is very dominant.

7:54

They display aggressive behaviors. I

7:57

would say he's not a typical silver

7:59

back, and you know, he has a troop

8:01

of females that he leads. And

8:04

one of the wildlife care specialists said

8:06

to me one day, you know Winston

8:09

is the best in all of us,

8:12

Yes, And I said, wow, I think

8:14

Winston has something to teach all of humanity.

8:17

He is just such a great representative

8:20

for the human race. And the reason why I

8:22

say that is he leads

8:25

through respect, he leads through care

8:27

and kindness. He definitely

8:30

make sure that the troupe

8:32

the females are all behaving

8:35

and when they are a little unrest

8:38

you know, he makes sure that he balances the

8:40

females out. He's very

8:42

tolerant. He lets the

8:44

little ones, you know, get away with a lot.

8:47

But he just he's Yeah, he's not the typical

8:50

male behavior that you see. And so

8:52

that's what I just I love to watch the

8:54

behavior and see, you know, he doesn't

8:56

have to display those behaviors, right,

8:59

and so I wouldn't describe him as

9:01

a typical silver back aggressive

9:04

behaviors. He displays behavior

9:06

that is needed for his troop.

9:08

Yeah, that's great, you guys.

9:09

It makes me think even bonobo, right, and whatever

9:12

closest cousins. I mean, I'm always

9:14

so fascinated with that topic of that societal

9:17

difference between chimpanzees and bonism. We

9:19

all know, but it's based on a female structure,

9:21

relationships, tactile touching,

9:23

cuddling.

9:24

Sharing food.

9:25

Yeah, the food sharing between them is like the big social

9:28

direction.

9:29

To your point, you know, attributing those animal

9:31

behaviors to our own human behaviors.

9:33

But we could learn a lot from bonobo or a gorilla,

9:35

you.

9:36

Know that respect, yes, and the bonobos,

9:38

the females coming together, yes, and

9:40

working together are far more

9:42

greater against one male than

9:45

say, chimps working against each other

9:47

through using aggression. I mean, you can

9:49

do a lot more through working together through

9:51

influence and positivity than you

9:54

can through violence.

9:55

I am loving this trend of guys talk about

9:57

girl power exactly.

9:58

And I want to jump back to what you said about Winston not

10:00

being the typical. I love the fact that wildlife

10:03

always shows us there's always an exception to

10:05

whatever rule. Whatever you might think

10:07

about any species, there's always going to be one of them out

10:09

there that's like.

10:10

Well, or we could do it this way. I

10:12

love that about Winston.

10:13

You were brought up to earlier, the matriarchal

10:16

stuff. And one thing I'm really excited about to Christy

10:19

is that you're bringing to the table something we don't normally get

10:21

to talk about is killer whales.

10:22

We'll get to them in a second, though.

10:23

I want to ease into that because we

10:25

did mention the term matriarchal. And although

10:27

we talked about and referenced the gorillas and

10:30

the lions, but the dominant males, the

10:32

matriarchals that we do know a lot of people

10:34

in general public knows that elephants are matriarchal.

10:37

It's the female that leads the way, does all the stuff.

10:39

You know, it's her offspring that tend to fall in place,

10:41

or her sisters, whatever it may be. But

10:44

then a lot of people may not know Meerkats

10:46

and lemurs are also matriarchal with one

10:48

female in charge.

10:50

She does mate selection her boy.

10:52

Her male partner only gets

10:54

his status because she has selected him.

10:57

And it's just an interesting thing that there are a lot more

10:59

species out there than are matriarchal

11:01

or female led. Then the average

11:04

person might know about.

11:06

Yeah, one hundred percent. You know, I'm gonna bring a bird up,

11:08

you guys, I'm gonna do it.

11:09

Yeah, I'm gonna do it. Right now, let's talk about

11:11

a cast to where you love life. I'll give you the shortest version.

11:13

I mean, this female way bigger than the male,

11:15

six foot tallways over one hundred pounds. Her

11:17

territory encompasses a variety of

11:20

different males in that territory. When it's

11:22

breeding season, that male is going to try to call this

11:24

female over. Now, he's got to think about consent.

11:26

And we talked about this in the first episode of The Cobra

11:29

Reading the Behavior Right Friend, Reading the behavior

11:31

right, gets the green light from the

11:33

female, so they copulight.

11:35

She drops those eggs.

11:36

And she is done, and she

11:38

moves off and she's a career girl.

11:40

She's got things to do. She moves off another

11:42

male, right, and all that structure. Yeah, he raises

11:45

the babies.

11:46

So I just love that.

11:47

Different nuance of behavior with wildlife

11:49

from a mammal to a bird, and

11:52

even our marine wildlife as well. Right,

11:54

and you're referencing the killer whale also, all these

11:56

interesting dynamics that females playing

11:58

these roles.

11:59

Absolutely, it's amazing how

12:01

animals came to be the way

12:03

they are, right, Yeah, right,

12:08

they know a lot more than we do.

12:10

Yes, well with that.

12:12

Then, the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance

12:14

has been doing a lot of work with

12:16

our partners, the National Ocean and Atmospheric

12:18

Administration or NOAH, and together

12:20

we're working to make sure there's the proper

12:22

health for the killer whales out there, using

12:25

new technology to be able to gain samples that

12:27

otherwise just even five ten years ago, we

12:29

couldn't imagine doing this work. But with drones

12:31

now not only can capture this information,

12:33

we can do real time studies on

12:36

it to make sure these animals are healthy. With that,

12:38

you have a vast knowledge of killer whales as well.

12:40

Speaking on this topic of matriarchal

12:42

and dominancy versus leadership, let's

12:45

have no pun intend to dive into killer whales.

12:50

I heard it coming and I.

12:52

Didn't mean good one. Rick Well,

12:54

I'm absolutely thrilled that the San Diego

12:56

Zoo Wildlife Alliance is partnering with

12:58

this really and work with the Southern

13:01

resident pod. They are an endangered

13:03

group and this is really important

13:05

work. I have been very passionate

13:08

about this work, and they are an incredible

13:10

species to learn from. They're a matriarchal

13:13

society, and I think one of

13:15

the things that's just so fascinating about

13:17

the species is that I would

13:19

ask people when they would look at killer whales,

13:22

like who do you think is the most dominant animal?

13:24

And they would always always say,

13:27

oh, that large male, you know, that

13:29

ten thousand pound male, he's in charge.

13:32

And I said, no, it's actually her

13:34

right there, the little, you know, five thousand

13:37

pound female, and yeah, they

13:39

thought, wow, there's no way. So

13:41

it's very interesting, and all the animals

13:43

that we've been talking about today, it's very different, very

13:45

variable, which again I love the diversity,

13:48

right that different animals,

13:50

different females. Some of them are larger, you

13:52

know hyena, the females are larger

13:54

than the males. Yeah, you just talked about the

13:57

cassereat. The females are very large. But another

14:00

species, like the kailer wheels, the females tend

14:02

to be smaller in size.

14:03

So I don't know that that's incredible and

14:06

be an apex predator, you guys. By

14:08

that, I mean like they're the top of the food chain everyone

14:11

in case you're wondering, right, and to that point,

14:13

right, it's female based and they're the top

14:15

predator in the ocean.

14:16

Are you kidding me?

14:17

Yeah, it's all about attitude. Yes,

14:20

So you know, they're incredible species.

14:22

And also what's really really interesting

14:25

about them is that they live in pods.

14:28

The females that obviously grow

14:30

up with the other females. They're learning those behaviors.

14:32

So in my work with them, you

14:35

would have the dominant, the matriarch, and

14:38

you would have her offspring, who is

14:40

maybe one thousand pounds

14:42

a little calf be displaying you

14:45

know, these matriarchal behaviors because

14:47

she had mom there to back her up. So

14:49

you'd see this ten thousand pounds bull and

14:52

this little tiny baby displaying

14:54

dominance over this giant bowl. It was

14:57

just it was really interesting

14:59

to watch that dynamic. And

15:01

of course he would respect the calf because

15:03

he knew Mom was right around

15:06

the corner. And they know to respect because that's

15:08

the matriarchs offspring.

15:09

I can hear somebody in our audience asking me, how

15:13

does it work that a smaller female

15:15

can be dominant over a larger male

15:17

or bull?

15:18

As you said, so what is it?

15:19

Because I believe in general,

15:21

you go to the safari park, the tallest

15:23

male giraffe is the one in charge, you know, the big

15:26

bowl of the water buffalo is the one that's.

15:28

Leaving the group.

15:29

You know, we always think it's the big one who

15:31

creates that dominant space because of their sheer

15:33

size.

15:34

But the dynamic is very different here.

15:36

So can you expand on that?

15:37

For us, It's all about behavior, right. You

15:39

see different ways that they swim, the

15:41

way they use their tail, they use their

15:43

teeth to rake one another. So

15:46

you watch the behavior of them and you'll see

15:48

animals move away from one another. You

15:50

just see them display certain dominance behavior.

15:53

So we would sometimes

15:55

say, like not that they can hear you, but

15:57

say, like, do you realize how big you are? And

16:00

you know they know it's it's a respect

16:02

they know that. Okay, I'm

16:04

going to respect that small animal because

16:07

they have to.

16:08

Yeah, I know it's a bit anthropomorphic

16:10

or putting human behaviors onto it, but it

16:13

almost sounds like you're saying it's about the attitude.

16:15

Yes, the attitude backs up the behavior

16:17

or vice versa.

16:18

Well, but I'm imagining the

16:20

classic honey badger facing off

16:22

with the lion and lion backing off.

16:24

Yeah, huge compared to the honey badger. But it's attitude.

16:27

So I almost feel is that a fair that's a great

16:29

comparison.

16:30

Absolutely, Even the value of that makes me think

16:32

of the culture of that pod, right, They're

16:35

preserving these essential tools

16:37

for hunting. I'm a huge predator fan, so that's

16:39

where my brain is going to Behaviorally, these

16:41

trades have to be taught to the next generation.

16:43

So it's valuable for the young

16:46

orca or kill a whale my apologies,

16:48

to learn from the dominant female and

16:50

get those traits to pass it on to the future

16:52

of that pod.

16:52

Right, that's right.

16:54

Well with that too, though, what Marko was just saying

16:56

about the learning from the

16:58

mother. Yes, we see that elephants

17:00

too, and a lot of studies have been done that if we lose

17:03

the matriarch to proaching

17:05

and the other older females, that the herd

17:07

kind of loses its history. It loses

17:09

like where's my migratory pattern? Where are the feeding

17:11

stops and the watering holes? Is that something

17:13

we would see in killer whales as well, if

17:16

the dominant or matriarchal female were

17:18

to be lost in that pod, if her

17:20

information hadn't been transferred down to her young

17:22

yet, is it possible that.

17:23

Pod loses its opportunities to rely

17:25

on the history.

17:26

Of her knowledge.

17:27

You know, I think it's different. It depends on

17:29

which pod you're speaking of, because you have two

17:31

different types of killer whales, and

17:33

also killer wells are found in every ocean of the world,

17:36

so it would be very dependent on what

17:38

group of killer wells that you were talking about.

17:40

Because the Southern resionent pod they

17:42

are mainly salmon eaters,

17:44

so yes, they are looking

17:46

for that salmon, which is a huge

17:49

issue for them, right because they're not only

17:51

looking for salmon which is not accessible

17:53

to them, but also the salmon is filled with toxins,

17:56

which is another issue that they're

17:58

dealing with. But you know, a lot of

18:00

people think that we were talking earlier

18:02

about killer well and the reason why they got their name

18:05

is that their killer of other whales, but

18:07

not all killer whales prey on dolphins

18:09

and whales. The Southern resident pods

18:12

they mainly prey on fish,

18:14

but the transient whales are whales

18:17

that move along our coasts. In fact,

18:19

I'm seeing a lot of information

18:21

on social media of killer wells moving

18:24

from Mexico up through California,

18:26

which has been amazing for people who live in

18:28

California because we don't normally

18:30

see killer wells along our coast. But

18:32

they are moving because they're trying to find food

18:35

sources. And the transient wells are the ones

18:37

that are preying on dolphins,

18:39

sea lions, and seals, so different

18:42

areas that those killer wells live in are

18:44

looking for those animals, so they're

18:47

not relying on a matriarch to go

18:49

and find they are literally they're

18:51

literally moving just trying to find

18:54

any food source. But

18:56

Southern resident pods, yes they

18:59

live in certain areas, they don't

19:01

leave those areas, but they move

19:03

around different areas and look for the salmon,

19:05

So yes, I think there could potentially

19:08

be an issue if they lost their matriarch

19:10

too soon.

19:11

That brings up another point.

19:12

There's so many different behaviors

19:14

seen in different residential areas of

19:16

these killer whales. You said they're in all oceans, but you

19:18

know, these behave this way, these behave that way, and

19:21

it's so fascinating.

19:22

The more we learn about these species,

19:24

the more we get to talk to people like.

19:25

You, Christian, the more it's like, oh, but wait a minute, what about

19:27

that?

19:27

There's just like question after questions, So I really appreciate

19:30

the information you're bringing to us.

19:31

And it's just one of those things where I'm

19:34

hopeful.

19:34

That this episode's an opportunity for people to

19:36

look at animal behavior and

19:39

instead of just going down the classic oh

19:41

that's the dominant male or that's whatever, is

19:43

to question like what am I seeing? Why is

19:45

this behavior happening? And the other part of

19:47

it too. It's sometimes the one in charge isn't even

19:50

the matrix. Sometimes decisions are made by

19:52

the secondary or whomever, you

19:54

know, So there's that layer two.

19:56

Yeah, I think that's one of the biggest mistakes

19:58

we can make is that we think that the

20:01

most submissive animal is

20:04

oftentimes is not the most submissive

20:06

animal. Oftentimes it's the next

20:08

animal in charge.

20:10

It's the animal that the most dominant animals

20:12

trying to keep at bay from taking

20:15

over. So you have to have more

20:17

observations and more understanding

20:19

of what's going on and why are animals

20:21

engaging in that behavior, which

20:24

then can tie into the human behavior.

20:25

Right.

20:26

Behavior is a function of consequence,

20:28

and so the more that you can observe

20:31

and try and understand. There are no bad

20:33

people, there are no bad animals.

20:36

It's all about behavior and trying to understand

20:38

why someone's doing something, why are they engaging

20:41

in that. I think we'll tell you

20:44

what you need to fix and what you need to offer.

20:46

Yeah, one hundred percent. So much we can learn from wildlife.

20:49

Thanks so much.

20:50

For making our brains work now I have

20:52

so many more questions.

20:53

Yes, so this is really really great friend.

20:55

Yeah, thank you so much for you. Really appreciate your time.

20:58

I loved it anytime.

21:01

What a great conversation with Christy.

21:03

Oh, I know, I mean she's amazing

21:06

and you know so much great insight into

21:08

leadership versus dominancy in the animal

21:10

kingdom, and I love how she reminded

21:12

all of us that it's the observation of

21:15

behavior that really gives us the information

21:17

we need to better understand wildlife

21:19

exactly.

21:20

And although there is a lot more out there

21:22

when it comes to how different species interact with

21:24

each other, or who leads the group troop

21:26

h I've heard or flock, I think it's fair

21:28

to say we learned a lot.

21:30

Today, and not just about the matriarchical leadership,

21:32

but also how these leadership positions

21:34

can be passed down from mother to daughter

21:37

instead of leadership just being taken by brute

21:40

force. It's something that is taught by

21:42

the elders and learned by the next generation.

21:44

Well here we are only episode two in this

21:46

season, and already you and I are both fascinated

21:48

by what our guests are bringing to each episode.

21:51

That is one hundred percent true, friend,

21:53

and our next episode promise is to be just

21:55

as interesting.

21:57

What a perfect segue a lead in if you will,

21:59

to wrapping up this episode, and we want to remind

22:01

everyone to subscribe and tune into our

22:03

next episode, in which we learn more about the

22:05

ongoing efforts of butterfly conservation

22:07

and how you can help protect these

22:09

amazing pollinators.

22:14

Al Marco Wentz.

22:15

And I'm Rich Schwartz. Thanks for listening.

22:19

For more information about the San Diego Zoo and

22:21

San Diego Zoo Safari Park, go to SDZWA

22:24

dot org. Amazing Wildlife is a

22:26

production of iHeartRadio. Our supervising

22:29

producers are Nikia Swinton and Dylan

22:31

Fagan, and our sound designers are Sierra

22:33

Spreing and Matt Russell. For more

22:35

shows from iHeartRadio, check out the iHeartRadio

22:38

app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you

22:40

listen to your favorite shows.

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