The challenge of technology is that it does not standstill. Security institutions have had to adapt to everything from the moat to the printing press to the machine gun to the tank to the nuclear bomb. While nation-states have yet to initiate declared hostilities through cyberspace, adversaries flourish in the “gray space” below the level of outright conflict and appear undeterred in pursuing their goals. Foreign governments and non-state actors hack electric grid; they spread propaganda; they conduct targeted influence operations to foment mistrust. What new technologies are coming down the line to threaten our security, and how should our security institutions adapt? In this episode Jonathan and DJ talk to two of the world’s leading thinkers on the proliferation of online weapons – Richard Danzig, author, former Secretary of the Navy in the Clinton administration and Senior Fellow at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, and Kara Frederick, writer and Associate Fellow at the Center for a New American Security and a former intelligence professional and Facebook threat analyst. Additional ReadingRichard Fontaine and Kara Frederick, “The Autocrat’s New Toolkit,” Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2019, https://www.cnas.org/publications/commentary/the-autocrats-new-tool-kitRichard Danzig, Technology Roulette: Managing Loss of Control as Many Militaries Pursue Technological Superiority (2018) https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/technology-rouletteRichard Danzig, Surviving on a Diet of Poisoned Fruit: Reducing the National Security Risks of America’s Cyber Dependencies, Center for a New American Security (2014), https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/surviving-on-a-diet-of-poisoned-fruit-reducing-the-national-security-risks-of-americas-cyber-dependencies