0:00

You're listening to Brains On. We're

0:02

serious about being curious. Brains

0:05

On is supported in part by a grant

0:08

from the National Science Foundation.

0:12

Ooh, my package is here. Hi,

0:15

I'm Molly. Got a honker of a box for

0:17

you. Just going to roll it in. Whoa.

0:20

Ugh. Ugh. Yah. Here

0:23

we go. Yeesh. Molly,

0:25

what'd you order? 300

0:28

bags of cement? No, but I did

0:30

order 25 insects fossilized

0:32

in prehistoric amber. Yikes.

0:35

Those must have been some big bugs. OK,

0:37

well, have fun with them. Ooh,

0:40

hey, Molly. Did Penelope's jungle gym get

0:42

here? Oh, hey, Sandin.

0:45

Hey, Penelope. I mean, maybe a jungle

0:47

gym would make more sense in a

0:49

box this big. Radical. Let's

0:51

bust it open. Ready,

0:54

set, wreck it. I

0:57

got one side open. OK, calm down. We

0:59

don't want to drink anything. We just got to

1:01

pull it out. Come on, Molly.

1:04

On three. One, two,

1:06

three. Ugh. Hold

1:11

up. This is definitely not

1:13

what I ordered. It's all metal

1:15

and, like, has solar panels on

1:18

it. Sandin,

1:22

it just made a sound. What

1:24

is it? Hey, Molly. Hey, Sandin. Nice

1:27

satellite. Wait, Mark.

1:29

Did you say satellite? You're

1:39

listening to Brains On from APM

1:41

Studios. I'm your host, Molly Bloom.

1:43

And today, I'm here with our

1:45

two fabulous co-hosts, sisters Tessa and

1:47

Fallon from Hartford, Connecticut. Hi, Tessa

1:49

and Fallon. Hi, Molly. Hey, Molly.

1:52

Today, we're talking about satellites. A

1:54

satellite is any kind of object in

1:56

space that circles around something bigger than

1:59

itself. The moon is a satellite

2:01

because it travels around the Earth. And the

2:03

Earth is a satellite because it goes around

2:05

the sun. But the kind of satellites we're

2:07

focusing on today are human-made

2:10

satellites. They're like

2:12

robots in space, circling the Earth,

2:14

doing different jobs for us humans

2:16

below. Tessa and Fallon, you

2:19

sent us a question about satellites. Yeah,

2:21

we wanted to know how they work.

2:24

So what made you curious about satellites

2:26

in the first place? Well,

2:28

we were driving in the car. I

2:31

forget where we were going. But I

2:33

noticed my mom's GPS and how

2:36

it could detect how fast she was

2:38

going on her phone. So

2:40

I wanted to know how satellites were connected

2:42

to that. That's a great observation.

2:46

So what do you think

2:48

is the coolest thing about satellites based on what

2:50

you know at this point? Probably there's

2:52

a bunch of them in space. Yeah.

2:55

Excellent. So if you could

2:57

go to space, would you want to? Yeah.

3:01

Maybe. I'm not scared of

3:03

it. It's just kind of like being

3:05

that far from the Earth kind of

3:07

scares me. But yeah.

3:10

So Tessa, what about space makes you

3:12

excited about potentially visiting? Probably

3:15

just like seeing all the planets. So

3:17

which planets or places in space would

3:19

you want to visit? The

3:21

moon. Oh, yeah. What would

3:24

you do on the moon? Jump around. Yeah.

3:26

Yeah. I know that like lower

3:29

gravity looks so fun to be in.

3:32

Do you like going on like

3:34

trampolines and stuff? Yeah. So

3:36

it'd be like the moon is trampolines, but like times

3:38

a thousand. Yeah. So

3:40

cool. So Tessa and

3:43

Fallon, these are great questions. And you are

3:45

not the only ones with questions about satellites.

3:47

We also got this question from Maxwell. My

3:50

name is Maxwell and I'm from President

3:52

Hidin, the Philippines. My question

3:54

is, how do you solve machines

3:56

with data? Luckily and

3:58

somewhat inexcusable. We have

4:01

a satellite with us today to help us find

4:03

the answers. Oh,

4:08

Meat Moop! You're really

4:10

too much! Meat Moop? Oh,

4:12

that's the satellite's name. Can't you

4:14

tell? Oh,

4:17

I know! That's what I told them,

4:19

Meat Moop! Anyway, you

4:22

might not realize it, but satellites are very

4:24

likely a part of your daily life. Yeah,

4:27

we know satellites make GPS possible. GPS

4:30

stands for Global Positioning System. GPS is a

4:32

tool owned and created by the United States,

4:34

and it's made up of 24 satellites

4:37

in the sky that can tell us where we are

4:39

on Earth, how to get someplace else, and

4:41

how long it might take to get there at any given moment.

4:44

We have a whole episode about how GPS works.

4:47

We've linked to it in the show notes. Why

4:51

thanks, Meat Moop! Meat

4:53

Moop loves that episode. Thank

4:56

you, Meat Moop! Satellites

4:58

are also used to track the weather, and

5:00

some satellites can even take detailed photos of

5:02

outer space. So, there

5:04

are lots of different kinds of satellites. Meat Moop

5:07

here is a special kind of communication

5:09

satellite. When it gets to

5:11

space, it'll be working with a group

5:13

of other small satellites to help people

5:15

in remote places use the internet, text,

5:17

and make phone calls. So useful, Meat

5:19

Moop! Yeah, and I had no

5:22

idea satellites could be so big. Yeah, I'd

5:24

say Meat Moop is about the size of

5:26

a picnic table. And around 500 pounds! Whoa,

5:29

whoa, whoa, whoa, what? We just moved a

5:31

500-pound satellite? Dang,

5:34

those powerlifting classes are finally

5:36

paying off. High five, broski!

5:38

Up top, Deuterino! Anyway,

5:42

some satellites are even bigger than Meat Moop.

5:44

They can be as big as a pickup truck. Others

5:47

can be as small as a Rubik's Cube. But

5:50

no matter what size they are, all satellites have

5:52

to be able to deal with what it's like

5:54

in space. Good point. I

5:56

know space can be really cold, but

5:58

sunlight can be super hot. So

6:01

satellites have temperature control systems to

6:03

deal with extreme temperatures, and

6:05

most of them run on energy from the sun. See

6:08

these solar panels on Meat Moop? Yeah. They're

6:12

all folded up right now. But

6:15

once Meat Moop makes it up into space, they'll

6:17

unfold like the wings of a butterfly,

6:20

and these shiny wings will collect energy from

6:22

the sun's rays and then store it up

6:25

in batteries. So the sun is like Meat

6:27

Moop's food. Yep. Meat

6:29

Moop also has thrusters, which are like jets.

6:32

Oh yeah, thrusters help satellites move

6:34

around in space. Without

6:36

thrusters, Meat Moop would be at risk

6:38

of having a bad attitude. Um,

6:41

rude. Meat Moop is literally right

6:43

there, Mark. Oh, oh no.

6:45

I don't mean the bad attitude as

6:47

in cheeky or bad-mannered or impudent. For

6:50

satellites, attitude means the direction they're

6:52

pointed in, and it's important

6:54

for them to have the right attitude. You

6:56

know, to be pointed in the right direction,

6:59

so they can send and receive information like they're

7:01

supposed to. Oh,

7:04

I know, buddy. You're like a beam

7:06

of sunlight wrapped in a snuggle. There's

7:09

not a rude bolt in your satellite

7:11

body. Wait, but how do

7:13

satellites send and receive information? Well,

7:16

you see this big disk with an antenna in the

7:19

middle of it? Yeah. It

7:21

looks like the satellite dish on our friend's house. Exactly.

7:24

The spaceship and space have dishes and antennae

7:26

on them just like that, so they

7:28

can talk to similar ones down on Earth. But

7:31

how do they send those messages? Good question.

7:34

Radio waves. Satellites

7:36

communicate using the same invisible waves that

7:38

radios use to send out music and

7:40

talk shows. Radio waves

7:42

are amazing because they can hold a ton

7:45

of information, and get this, they

7:47

travel at the speed of light. So

7:50

super fast. Whoa.

7:52

Okay. So satellites can do

7:54

lots of different jobs, come in all

7:56

different sizes, are powered by the sun,

7:58

communicate using radio waves. and sometimes

8:01

need attitude adjustments. When

8:03

I need an attitude adjustment, I give myself a

8:05

timeout and grab my knitting needles for

8:07

some therapeutic scarf making. But

8:10

firing thrusters sounds pretty fun too. I should

8:12

try that next time. Who

8:14

could that be? Hey, uh,

8:16

so sorry to bother you again, folks. It's

8:18

me, the delivery guy who was here

8:20

like 10 minutes ago. Well, I just

8:22

got a call from Explains on Headquarters.

8:25

Explains on Headquarters? Yeah, they manage a

8:27

fleet of communication satellites. Sounds like they

8:29

got your package of 25 ancient insects

8:32

trapped in fossilized amber. So

8:34

I'm wondering if I might have left their package

8:36

here by mistake. It was about the size of

8:38

a picnic table and made a lot of meep-booping

8:40

noises. I think you did. Oh, thank

8:42

goodness. I'll get that packaged up and out of your hair.

8:45

Wait, let me say goodbye first.

8:48

Meep, moo, meep,

8:51

moo, meep, meep, moo.

9:00

I literally have no idea what they said. Yeah,

9:03

but it was so beautiful. Oh,

9:05

man, that was really lovely. You seem to have

9:07

a way with machines. I'm

9:10

wondering if there's a chance you could speak to my carburetor. My

9:12

delivery truck has been acting up lately, and I would

9:14

love if you could have a word with it. Well,

9:16

as a matter of fact, I do think I might

9:18

be able to help. It just

9:20

so happens I'm semi-fluent and carburetor.

9:23

Thanks to that year abroad, I spent studying inside the

9:25

engine of a 1988 Ford Fiesta. Show

9:29

me the way, good sir. I'll help you

9:31

carry Meep Moo out. Okay, on

9:33

three. One, two, three. Oh, yeah.

9:37

Five hundred pounds. Excuse

9:39

me. I'm in the air. Oh,

9:41

look at me. I'm

9:44

glad Meep Moo is going to find its way home, and

9:47

here's something that's going to find its way into

9:49

your ears. That segue was a

9:51

stretch, Molly. Yes, it was. Now,

9:53

get ready for the... You

10:00

guys ready? Yeah. Awesome.

10:04

Here it is. What

10:12

do we

10:15

think? Let's

10:30

start with Salan. Okay,

10:33

so I think that like maybe

10:36

it's a car on the highway, but it's

10:39

like one of those like big trucks

10:41

that's like zooming past one of the other cars.

10:44

Nice. Tessa, what do you think? Maybe

10:47

like a train that's like starting slow

10:49

and starting to go like really fast.

10:51

Mmm, both very good guesses. So we're

10:54

thinking transportation is involved, so it's big,

10:57

moving. Do you want to hear it

10:59

again? Cheers. Any

11:23

new thoughts? No, I'm sticking with my

11:25

first answer. Maybe it could

11:27

be like a roller coaster going very fast,

11:29

but I don't know. Okay,

11:31

we're still thinking something is moving. Yeah. Okay,

11:34

so we will hear it again, guess

11:36

again, and hear the answer after the

11:38

credits. So stick around. Hi

11:43

Brains on Besties. We are

11:45

working on an episode all

11:47

about UFOs or unidentified flying

11:49

objects. They're mysterious. They're curious,

11:52

but are they real? Imagine

11:54

some aliens showed up at your front

11:56

door and wanted to know more about

11:58

planet Earth. Where would you

12:01

take them? To your local library?

12:03

the art museums, Maybe to your

12:05

neighbors tree house? As and found,

12:07

Where would you take the aliens?

12:09

Let's start with Tessa. Ah, Maybe

12:12

teach them how to play sports book

12:14

with slight soccer. basketball excellence. What if

12:16

they didn't have the proper limbs like

12:18

one of their like a blob doesn't

12:20

they would like to play anyway? Maybe

12:22

a with it when unconventional way it'll.

12:25

Be. And really good goalie or near the.

12:29

Or if is, what about you? Where was it Could be in the and.

12:32

Couples already going. To space And to

12:34

send them with her. Like

12:37

a space. Me: I don't.

12:42

And if they were like no please

12:44

please please salant they take us somewhere

12:46

where would you take them? I'd probably

12:48

just like let them in my house

12:50

and just let them play animal, make

12:52

yourself comfortable like here's a couch Cs

12:54

to the T These can we say

12:56

some things could be a good way

12:58

to learn about a lot different kinds

13:00

of people. Probably the to try to

13:02

get some snacks. And

13:05

put. On

13:07

probably the food that like

13:09

as soon as he ah

13:11

snacks or dehydrated stuff isn't

13:13

that makes sense for listeners

13:16

and we want to hear

13:18

from you future since to

13:20

stay there you would kick

13:22

a group. Of alien visitors and

13:24

send it as a brains on.org.

13:26

First contact while you're there. It'd

13:28

send us mystery, some signs and

13:30

question. Still like this on my.

13:34

View on our ears

13:36

again as brains on.or.

13:49

Something here Bassi babies about money can

13:51

be so hard. In fact, you probably

13:53

don't even know where to start. So

13:55

that's where the newest version of the

13:57

million bazillion Academy sets them. Or even.

14:00

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and you'll get a new lesson each week that

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today at marketplace.org/academy. You're

14:57

listening to brains on. I'm Tessa and

14:59

I'm Fallon. And I'm Molly. Today we're

15:02

talking about satellites, our little robot friends

15:04

in space. They help humans do all

15:06

sorts of cool things, like help us

15:09

find our way via GPS, collect information

15:11

about the weather, and take

15:13

pictures of the stars and distinct

15:15

galaxies. Since satellites have become so

15:18

helpful to humans, we've sent a

15:20

lot of them up into space.

15:22

Over 8,000 to be exact. That's

15:24

a lot of satellites. And there

15:26

are more satellites being sent up into

15:28

space all the time. In

15:30

fact, one of our neighbors is getting a

15:32

little worried about it. Hello,

15:35

it's me, your neighbor,

15:38

the moon. You know, I

15:40

hate to be a past, but no,

15:44

wait, let me start over. Let's

15:47

do one of those compliment sandwiches.

15:51

Earth, your landscaping

15:53

is exquisite. Snow

15:56

capped mountains, green

15:58

forest, deep Blue Ocean.

16:01

So pretty I could

16:03

stare at them all day.

16:05

And I do, because

16:07

as your moon, I am

16:10

literally locked in orbit

16:12

around you. But not aesthetically

16:14

pleasing. All this space

16:16

junk. Scuse

16:20

me. I generally don't

16:22

lose my temper. For.

16:24

A long time. It was

16:26

just you and me for

16:28

the last oh, seventy years

16:30

or so. It's that, and

16:32

crowd and only a little

16:34

satellite zipping around. I can

16:36

hardly see that gorgeous landscape

16:38

I referenced earlier in my

16:41

previous compliment. I know, I

16:43

now. They're helpful. They can

16:45

send and receive messages over

16:47

very long distances through the

16:49

vacuum of space using radio

16:51

wave. Well, I be that

16:53

I am. As a moon

16:55

and I control the times in

16:57

the ocean. Sorry,

17:00

maybe I'm a little jealous,

17:03

but I'm also worried. Guess

17:05

what happens when the satellites

17:07

stop working? They stay

17:10

up here. They become

17:12

space junk. Literal. Jumped.

17:14

In space. Guess human didn't

17:16

have enough landfill they needed

17:18

to make garbage. Up here

17:21

to space. Should be

17:23

clean and pristine but little

17:25

I know I'm just said

17:28

gray hunk of rock and

17:30

you're a multi layered planet

17:32

with living breathing life forms

17:34

and cool stuff like tiger

17:37

water and various kinds of

17:39

cheese. Okay, compliments sandwich complete.

17:41

Thanks for listening Earth! You

17:44

really are a great. Friend

17:46

was feminine. Well.

17:53

That was quite the mooney monologue. Tessa

17:55

and Fallon, what do you think about

17:57

having all these satellites orbiting earth? I'd.

18:00

Say that it's a

18:02

little weird, but because they're like supposed

18:04

to be there, it's not as like

18:06

creepy. Yeah. Mm-hmm. One

18:08

of the interesting things is that there isn't

18:10

one group in charge of keeping track of

18:12

all of these satellites. There's no

18:14

mayor of space to watch over the satellites.

18:17

And there aren't any traffic lights or stop

18:19

signs in space. Everybody's kind of doing

18:21

whatever it is that they want, and there's no

18:23

common set of rules that

18:25

are being followed, and that's the

18:27

risk. That's Dr.

18:29

Morbajah. He's a professor at the

18:32

University of Texas at Austin and

18:34

studies how objects like satellites move

18:36

in space. You can

18:38

picture all the satellites in orbit

18:40

like a three-lane highway from Earth,

18:42

with some circling closer to Earth,

18:44

while others are further out. And

18:47

they're all zooming super fast. With

18:51

so many satellites in space at once,

18:53

it means there's a bigger chance they'll

18:55

crash. Exactly.

18:58

And when these satellites collide,

19:00

it creates stuff called space debris or

19:03

space jump. And so it's

19:05

everything from dead satellites to

19:08

pieces of solar panels that

19:10

break off. Sometimes the

19:12

satellites collide with each other

19:14

and become smaller pieces, fragments, nuts,

19:17

bolts. So everything from flecks

19:20

of paint that chip

19:22

off to entire satellites comprise

19:24

what is space debris. And

19:27

all of this space debris and junk

19:29

can interfere with other satellites. It

19:32

might even affect how some of

19:34

them work, which can mess up

19:36

communications, internet, GPS, you name it.

19:39

Depending on where they're orbiting, satellites can

19:41

last up to a few years to

19:43

hundreds of years in space. Right

19:45

now, every satellite is single use. As

19:48

soon as that satellite stops working,

19:51

it's garbage. Satellites that

19:54

orbit closer to Earth do eventually get

19:56

pulled back down by gravity. As

19:58

they fall, most of their... parts actually burn

20:00

up in the Earth's atmosphere. Right.

20:03

Because they fall super fast, the

20:05

air in front of them gets

20:07

squished together. And that air

20:09

gets hot, hot enough to burn up

20:12

the satellite. We

20:14

don't know yet how all of this burning

20:16

space trash might affect our environment here on

20:18

Earth. In the past, when humans

20:20

have filled up the environment with trash, it

20:23

hasn't been good. So people

20:25

are working on space-tank solutions.

20:27

Some scientists, like Dr. Jha, they are

20:29

designing satellites you could reuse or recycle

20:31

could help. Or sending less

20:33

satellites into the atmosphere in the first place.

20:36

Meanwhile, other researchers are brainstorming ways we

20:38

could use technology to help clean up

20:41

space junk, and using big

20:43

magnets, harpoons,

20:47

or even robotic arms to help grab

20:49

space junk out of orbit. Since

20:53

humans rely on satellites, it's our job to

20:55

figure out how to keep space clean and

20:57

safe. Satellites

21:04

are special machines that circle the Earth

21:06

and do specific jobs. Some

21:08

track the weather. Others help us

21:10

navigate the planet. Satellites are solar

21:12

powered and have temperature control systems to

21:14

help them survive the extreme hot and cold

21:16

of space. They also have little jobs

21:18

called thrusters to help them point in the

21:21

right direction. Humans have sent a lot of

21:23

satellites into space, and it's becoming a problem.

21:26

Many satellites have become space junk. But scientists

21:28

are trying to figure out how to clean

21:30

up that space mess. That's it

21:32

for this episode of Brain Harn. This

21:34

episode was written by Rosie DePont

21:37

and Ruby Guthrie. We had production

21:39

help from Molly Bloom, Anna Goldfield,

21:41

Anna Wegel, Nico Gonzalez-Wistler, Mark Sanchez,

21:43

and Adan Loldislasse. Our editors are

21:45

Sandin Totten and Jayla Farzon. We

21:47

had engineering help from Alex Simpson

21:50

and Bill Ahern, with sound design

21:52

by Rachel Brief. Beth Perlman

21:54

is our executive producer. The executives in

21:56

charge of APM Studio are K Special

22:00

thanks to Andy Doucette and Amy

22:02

and Mike Zimmels. BrainZon is a

22:05

non-profit public radio program. There are

22:07

lots of ways to support the show.

22:09

Head to brainzon.org. While

22:11

you're there, you can send us in your

22:13

mystery sounds, questions, and johns. You can also

22:16

subscribe to our Smarty Path. Add

22:18

free episodes and bonus stuff just for you.

22:21

Okay. Helen. Tessa, ready

22:24

to hear that mystery sound again? Yes. Okay,

22:27

here it is. Okay,

22:34

what do

22:36

we think?

22:54

I still think it's some sort of

22:56

like really big truck

22:59

on the highway, but also maybe like some

23:01

sort of really loud fan. Yeah, I was

23:03

thinking a fan too. Okay,

23:06

should we hear the answer? Yes.

23:09

Alright, here's the answer. Hi,

23:11

Sophie. I've heard Luxie to Kentucky and

23:13

that's how you heard

23:15

what was the Singing Bridge over

23:18

the Kentucky River. So

23:20

that's the Singing Bridge over

23:22

the Kentucky River. Oh.

23:26

But that's cars driving over it. Oh, so

23:28

we were pretty close. Yeah, you were really

23:30

close. Yeah, so when cars drive over it,

23:32

it makes that sound. Oh, that's really, that's

23:35

interesting. Yes, they call it the Singing Bridge.

23:52

Now it's time for the Brains Honor Roll.

23:54

These are the kids who keep this show

23:56

going with their questions, ideas, mystery sounds, drawings,

23:58

and high fives. Eloise

24:01

and Archie from Berwyn, Pennsylvania. Eli from

24:03

Framingham, Massachusetts. Parker from Manahawk in New

24:05

Jersey. Cezanne from Missoula, Montana. Sunny from

24:07

Petaluma, California. Ada and Gabay from Toronto.

24:09

Tavia and Thatcher from Taylor, Texas. Herschel

24:12

from Rhinebeth, New York. Finn from Brooklyn,

24:14

New York. Aria from Connecticut. Oli and

24:16

Esme from Portland, Oregon. Morgan from New

24:18

York City. Loeweek and Gaelle from Larchmont,

24:21

New York. Bennett from Richland Center, Wisconsin.

24:23

Ioni from Massachusetts. Claire and Mia from

24:25

San Antonio, Texas. Willow from Minneapolis. Louis

24:27

from Voorhees, New Jersey. Cal from Missoula,

24:30

Montana. Jack from Massachusetts. Kay from

24:32

Beaverton, Oregon. Gracie Joe from Occo,

24:34

North Carolina. Yo-Yo and Joe from

24:36

Occo, New Zealand. Sawyer from Cincinnati.

24:38

Baxter from Falmas, Maine. Victoria from

24:40

Atlanta. Jolene from Westminster, Maryland. Rahava

24:42

from Claymont, Delaware. Will from Cosgov,

24:45

Minnesota. Margarita from Elco, New Market,

24:47

Minnesota. April from Philadelphia. Mia from

24:49

Akron, Ohio. Cade and Calvin from

24:51

Templeton, California. Charlotte from Royal Oak,

24:53

Michigan. Kingsley, Tendai and Dashill from

24:55

Sailing, Michigan. Monishka from Irving, Texas.

24:57

Seva from Toronto. Henry, Emma and

25:00

Louis from Minneapolis. William and Josh

25:02

from Phoenix. Ella from Perlin, Texas.

25:04

Nora from Falls Church, Virginia. Jiwoo

25:06

and Sun Woo from Oakville, Ontario.

25:08

Natalie from Rochester, Minnesota. Griffin from

25:10

Brantford, Connecticut. Isabelle from New York

25:12

City. Mason from Shreveau, South Dakota.

25:14

Roxy from Lincoln, California. Annika from

25:16

Toronto. Marius from Eugene, Oregon. Declan

25:18

and Airley from Centennial, Colorado. Emily

25:21

from Redwood City, California. Luke and Haley

25:23

from Everett, Washington. Ellie and Henry from

25:25

Shreveau, Minnesota. Ian from Maplewood, Minnesota. Thierra

25:27

from Queens, New York. Anishka from San

25:30

Diego, California. Audrey from Gibbons, Canada. And

25:32

Callie and Melissa from Calhassie, Florida. We'll

25:42

be back next week with a new episode all

25:45

about why we laugh. Thanks for

25:47

listening.