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loss. We're

1:40

live. Welcome everybody to another

1:42

episode of Dr. Matt and Dr. Mike's

1:44

A to Z of the human body

1:46

where we take your favorite anatomy and

1:48

physiology textbook, go to the index, and

1:50

we're taking every single term word by

1:52

word, term by term, and doing a

1:54

podcast episode on it. This

1:56

is our... This

1:58

is a silly endeavor. Yeah, it's

2:01

taken longer than we thought. We're on the letter

2:03

A, but we're nearly at the end. Today's term

2:05

is, or terms, anatomical

2:07

position, planes and directional terms.

2:09

So it's three separate terms

2:13

technically, but you're going to combine it as one.

2:15

Well, yeah, because this

2:17

is an important set of

2:19

concepts that every medical student,

2:22

nursing student, health student, biology student, whatever it

2:24

may be, needs to understand

2:26

at the very beginning of

2:28

their biology subject. Or at

2:30

least their anatomy. Human anatomy.

2:33

Human anatomy. Yeah, I'd agree with that. I'll

2:35

jump straight into it, Matt. Go. All right. The

2:38

anatomical position. What

2:41

do you know about that? If I

2:43

said to you, Matt, stand in the anatomical position, what

2:45

would you do? I would stand

2:47

facing you, so my belly would be

2:49

facing towards you. Okay. How about I

2:51

explain it? Because I just don't like

2:53

wearing any of this again. All

2:56

right, keep going. Come on. I would

2:58

be wearing... Cut

3:01

off jeans. Have

3:03

you seen Borat? Okay. I'll explain

3:05

it, I think. The anatomical

3:08

position is feet shoulder-width

3:10

apart, arms by your

3:12

side, palms facing forward. The term we

3:14

use is anterior, which I'll define shortly.

3:17

And eyes and face

3:19

facing forward. That's basically

3:21

it. Can your eyes not face forward? Yeah,

3:23

eyes could face upwards. Okay. Smart

3:26

ass. Your face is

3:28

facing forward and your eyes are looking forward.

3:31

That's the anatomical position. Now, the

3:33

reason why we have an anatomical

3:35

position is when we describe

3:38

somebody or some part

3:40

of their body, we describe it

3:43

relevant to that. That's

3:46

the reference of the anatomical position. Because

3:48

I might say that, and I'll get

3:51

there in a second, that you

3:53

could say, oh, where is the elbow?

3:57

And you could say, oh, it's below the

3:59

shoulder. Yeah. then if I were to raise my

4:01

arm up, oh, now the elbow's

4:03

above the shoulder. Now, if somebody's

4:05

not looking at an individual, how do they

4:07

know if it's above or below? While

4:10

we always will refer to, regardless of where

4:12

the arm is, you'll refer it to the

4:14

anatomical position. Yeah, or the thumb to the

4:16

pinky. Yeah, it's another good one.

4:18

Could have you, if your hand was rotated the

4:20

other way around so the thumbs were pointing inwards,

4:23

then it would change immediately to

4:25

lateral. Yes. Just haven't used those

4:27

terms yet. But firstly,

4:29

when you talk about the body, you

4:31

can talk about the planes of

4:33

the body. So it helps

4:36

you to identify the orientation

4:38

of the body or orientation of structures

4:41

relevant to the body. So for

4:43

example, you can have a sagittal plane. So

4:45

that is if you were to imagine cutting the body

4:48

down the middle and separating it into left and

4:50

right halves. So if you had a samurai sword,

4:53

I'll stand in face with you. Have you been

4:55

watching Shogun on Disney? That

4:57

was the worst season finale of any show

4:59

I've ever watched. Really? Yeah, go on.

5:02

So how would you slice me in

5:04

half if you were doing it in

5:06

a sagittal plane? Oh, so not by preference.

5:10

I would go straight down the middle. Straight

5:13

down the middle. I'll chop you between

5:15

the eyes, straight down the middle,

5:17

all the way down to the groin, unfortunately,

5:19

Matt, I'm sorry. And you'll be separated into

5:21

left and right equal halves. That's called mid-

5:23

That's mid-sagittal. Mid-sagittal. But a sagittal plane is

5:25

just in that plane? Yes. In

5:27

any kind of part. It doesn't

5:29

have to be right in the middle. Great explanation.

5:31

So if I were to go down the middle

5:33

and separate left and right, that's sagittal. Even

5:36

if I don't go immediately down the middle, I

5:38

could go a little bit to the left or

5:40

a little bit to the right, which is called

5:42

parasagittal. It's still separating into left and right. Like

5:44

if you just lop my arm off. That's

5:46

still a sagittal plane. Yes, exactly. The

5:49

term sagittal, remember

5:51

Sagittarius? Yeah, one of my

5:53

favorite stars ones. This is the dawning of

5:55

the age- Oh, damn it, that's Aquarius. Ha

5:58

ha ha ha ha. And I just

6:00

showed people that I know all the lyrics to the

6:03

musical Hair. Um, oh I thought

6:05

it was Forrest Gump, anyway. No, that

6:07

song is taken from the musical Hair and

6:10

put into the Forrest Gump soundtrack and movie.

6:12

Great soundtrack, Forrest Gump. It is good. Can't

6:14

get it on Apple iTunes, which is sad.

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Sagittarius, what is

7:25

the Sagittarius astrological

7:27

sign? Of

7:30

course you don't know. A bull? No,

7:33

it's like a half man, half horse with an

7:35

arrow, shooting an arrow. But basically it's referring to

7:37

an arrow. Because

7:39

it's a plane with strings in? Well,

7:42

because if you have a look

7:44

at the Sagittarius Sutra, where

7:46

does that go? Yeah, in that plane. Yeah, in that

7:48

plane. And the back of it looks

7:51

like the back of an arrow. If everyone Googles it. Oh,

7:53

yeah, yeah, yeah. Because the Sagittal Sutra, which

7:55

is part of the skull bones fusing together

7:58

right down the middle, If

8:00

you look at the back of it, it

8:02

separates into two so that you've then got

8:04

the occipital anyway, but that's national Coronal is

8:07

frontal plane So this is if I were

8:09

to take that samurai sword and say Matt

8:11

stand on it to your side And

8:13

I would have chopped you into front and back

8:16

halves or front and back pieces what we

8:18

call anterior imposterior pieces

8:20

That's called ventral dorsal. So it's got

8:22

a coronal plane sometimes term the frontal

8:25

plane and then you've got transverse or

8:27

horizontal My head off. Yeah,

8:29

so that's just chopping to Separate

8:31

upper and lower portions so it could be at

8:34

the head. It could be at the waist It

8:36

could be at the knees sometimes that's called cross

8:38

sectional or cross sectional So transverse

8:40

horizontal or cross sectional and the final

8:42

ones oblique. That's we followed to do

8:44

an actual samurai cut which is On

8:48

an angle diagonal. Yeah, that's the oblique

8:51

Section. Yeah, so this is important a lot

8:53

of time with imaging right when you do MRIs

8:56

or CT You mean all of these ones

8:58

not just oblique? No, no Yes, sorry all

9:00

of these are important when it comes to imaging

9:02

because if you have an MRI Have

9:05

a look it'll say whether it's sagittal coronal

9:07

Whatever transverse whatever Monday and it sort

9:10

of gives you your orientation of what

9:12

you're looking at, correct All right. So

9:14

that is the planes. We've done the

9:16

anatomical position. We've done the planes now

9:18

We need to do the directional terms.

9:21

There are heaps, but there's probably ten of the most

9:23

important directional terms You need to know the

9:25

first is Superior me to

9:27

you No, no, no, no, no,

9:30

no, no, no. Sorry Your

9:32

thinking of like a Boss

9:34

and subordinate sort of like a Boston

9:37

employee, which is by no means this

9:39

relationship that you and I have Is

9:42

that worth even though where you know, we both do

9:44

this together I would say that

9:47

I would be your superior in

9:49

most cases Okay, not by height

9:52

I suppose but anyway superior means

9:54

toward the head. That's

9:56

what superior means But that

9:58

makes sense because if you think about superior in

10:00

the workplace, they're above you. So

10:02

basically in the hierarchy. So superior

10:05

is above. But this is only

10:07

related to the torso.

10:09

Yes. Not the arms or legs.

10:12

Correct. Inferior means away

10:14

from the head or below. Anterior

10:17

means toward the front of

10:19

the body. Posterior means

10:21

towards the back. Ventral

10:24

means towards the belly and

10:27

dorsal means towards

10:29

the back. So in actual fact posterior

10:32

means behind and dorsal means towards the back.

10:34

And you can think about this. Because you

10:36

can use those terms. Well I guess you

10:38

can use those terms. Well they're interchangeable for

10:40

us right. Because on bipedal

10:42

animals anterior which is

10:44

towards the front is the same as ventral

10:46

which is towards the belly. But if

10:49

you think of a dog who's on all fours anterior

10:51

towards the front is their snout.

10:53

But ventral which is

10:55

their belly is towards the ground. Same

10:59

with different with posterior versus dorsal. Think

11:01

of dorsal fin on a fish. It's

11:03

on its back but it doesn't necessarily

11:05

mean it's behind. So posterior

11:08

means behind. Then you got medial which

11:10

means towards the midline of the body.

11:13

So anything towards that midline you say

11:15

medial. Anything away from the midline you

11:17

call lateral. So for

11:19

example your arm is

11:22

lateral to your nose. Or

11:25

you can say your arm is lateral to your nipple.

11:28

Or for your nipples. Multiple

11:30

three to four. Proximal

11:33

means closer to the point of

11:35

attachment. So for

11:37

your arm the proximal portion

11:39

is going to be the joint. The shoulder joint.

11:42

For your leg it's going to be the hip joint.

11:44

Distal means away from that joint. But it can also

11:46

be in reference to tubes.

11:49

Oh good point like the intestines.

11:51

Intestines, blood vessels, nerves. Yeah so

11:53

if for example so then

11:56

you might ask them what is the side of

11:58

attachment you could just... say for example the

12:01

distal esophagus is a part of the

12:03

esophagus furthest away from the entering. Yep.

12:07

Right? So the distal esophagus is the part closest

12:09

to the stomach and furthest away from the

12:11

mouth. Yep. If

12:13

you were to use proximal distal with limbs,

12:16

you could say that the elbow is distal to

12:18

the shoulder. You could say the

12:20

wrist is distal to the elbow. Yep. Or

12:23

you could say the elbow, am I boring you? No.

12:26

Or you could say the elbow is proximal to the wrist. It

12:28

doesn't mean the elbow is closest to the wrist when

12:31

I say the elbow is proximal to the wrist. By

12:34

saying that, I'm saying the elbow is closest to

12:36

the side of attachment compared to the wrist. Correct.

12:38

When I say the elbow is proximal to the wrist. Then

12:41

you've got superficial, which

12:44

means closer to the surface of the body and

12:46

then deep, which is more to internal. And

12:50

they, they, my friend, are

12:52

the major. That's all of them? Well, look, it's

12:54

not all of them, but it's most of them.

12:57

Cephalic cordal. Yeah. Okay. Explain

13:00

it. Cephalic towards head or neck.

13:02

Yep. Caudal

13:04

towards tail. Okay.

13:06

So usually used in reference

13:09

to spinal cord,

13:11

central nervous system. Right. And

13:14

embryology. Definitely that. Yeah. Any

13:16

others you can think of? I

13:19

think that's most of them. Some

13:21

people say planter. Yeah. Sometimes

13:23

use the term planter commonly, which

13:25

would be in what? Oh, like

13:28

the planter service of your hand

13:32

or bottom surface. Yeah. Or the probably

13:34

planter would be what you walk

13:36

on for your foot. Yeah. Opposed

13:38

to dorsal being the top part of your foot.

13:43

Exactly. Any others you can think

13:45

of? There's not really any clinical application

13:47

here. No, there's not. But it's important to

13:49

understand these terms. So

13:52

I thought they'd really taught, you

13:54

know, week one of an anatomy

13:57

subject. And they're not usually the 327th. episode

14:00

of a podcast. Okay.

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