As the sociologist Max Weber observed, the fates of human beings are not equal. People differ in their states of health, wealth, and social status. Those who are advantaged tend to view their position as legitimate and deserving, while those who are disadvantaged are often seen as being at fault for their condition, regardless of the reason. As Weber says, “That the purely accidental causes may be ever so obvious makes no difference.” As Yale philosophy professor Jason Stanley writes in his book How Fascism Works , the history of liberal citizenship—of equality under the law—has generally been one of expansion, gradually encompassing people of all races, religions, and genders. This is true, too, of political philosophy. Influenced, for example, by theorists of disability, philosophers have expanded the notion of human dignity to include those who cannot, under most circumstances, employ their capacity for political judgment. In the 21 st century, most liberal thinkers have included a