Rebels who survived the vicious fighting that killed about one of seven Mexicans in the first decade of the Mexican Revolution increasingly turned their attention to creating a more equitable society for their countrymen. They initiated major campaigns for land redistribution, worker rights, public health, and elementary education. They wanted to achieve a uniform national culture. During the 1920s, these leaders formulated revolutionary programs utilizing for the first time the mass media. In general, they intended to create a Mestizo society and culture, by which they meant to include ethnic groups and their traditions in a hybrid nationality. This blend of both people and culture required bringing together the indigenous, Spanish-origin, and Afro-Mexican peoples into what the Minister of Public Education José Vasconcelos called the Cosmic Race. The programs drew on anthropological formulations to incorporate Indians and at the same time to document their disappearing cultures through the creation of Mexican folktypes. Vasconcelos looked to provide all Mexicans an education that included the standard western traditions of literature, music, and dance, but ironically the ultimate expression of the revolutionary programs’ success became ubiquitous calendar girls. . .