0:00

Whether you like history or not, if you care

0:02

about bravery, wisdom, passion,

0:04

larger than life characters, and some of the

0:06

most emotionally intense moments in

0:08

human experience. You've come to the

0:10

right place. Danielle Bilelli is

0:13

a university history professor of

0:15

writer and martial artist, and he should be

0:17

your guy in a journey to the place

0:19

where history and epic collide. Let's

0:49

go, sir. He's still on fire. Hello

0:53

and welcome to episode fifty five

0:55

of History on Fire. This

0:57

is an episode that used to be Pay

1:00

Wald, but now I'm getting

1:02

to release for free. He's

1:04

the second in a five part

1:06

series about the life of sitting bull

1:08

the goose densed and wounded

1:10

knee. If you have followed

1:13

my work in the past, you know that I'm

1:15

extra passionate about got a history.

1:17

This is where I mean, I enjoy

1:19

all the topics I tackled, but

1:22

this is really where I

1:24

every last fiber of my being into

1:26

crafting these episodes. So I hope

1:28

you dig it. And while you are at

1:30

it, if you can do me a favor and tell

1:33

France, family, anybody you know,

1:35

listen to podcasts to check out

1:37

my work, that would be infinitely

1:40

appreciated. Speaking of

1:42

infinically appreciated, the way

1:45

the history of fire finances itself,

1:48

the main way I do that

1:50

is through Adrian. So if

1:52

you feel in a generous mode for

1:54

only five dollars a month, you

1:56

get to have access to a whole bunch

1:58

of bonus set pizzots, early

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releases, and all sort of

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other goodies. These

2:04

days, we cost of living going up,

2:07

five dollars a month pretty much what you

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throw at a waiter you don't like if

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you go out eating

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once a month. So it's not crazy

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money. But it is more than

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enough that if enough people

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do it, it keeps history on fire

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going, it keeps me going, and

2:24

you life my infinite thanks.

2:26

And in that regard, there are a few

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folks who have contributed a lot

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more than the minimum entry level.

2:33

So I wanna give a shout out to Mark

2:35

Chang, shimi Maksam, Jesus

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Renteria, Joffrey Tolev

2:40

Son and Charza Corso. Thank

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you. Thank you. Thank you for supporting the show.

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You wanna join this brave band of heroes,

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you can go to patreon dot com

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forward slash history on fire again

2:52

that's patreon dot com forward

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slash history on fire. Last

2:57

thing I 2 tell you before we get going with this

2:59

episode, you may have heard me in the past

3:01

and now in a Japanese

3:03

tour that I would do visiting the

3:06

sites of several bathtels that were

3:08

crucial in Japanese history. That

3:11

tour is still on top, but

3:13

has been pushed a year. So

3:15

rather than being April twenty

3:17

twenty three is likely going to be April

3:20

twenty twenty four. So if you are interested,

3:22

you can search geek nation tours

3:25

and just Google classic summarize,

3:28

so geek nation towards classic summarize,

3:30

and you'll find all the info you need.

3:32

Having said all this, Let's

3:34

get rolling with this episode. Today,

3:37

we continue our tale of

3:39

the life of one of the most renowned American

3:42

Indian leaders of the nineteenth entry,

3:45

the Home Papalakota sitting bull.

3:48

If you didn't catch part one of the series,

3:51

probably a good idea to start with

3:53

that one because we took sitting

3:55

bull's life from eighteen thirty,

3:58

eighteen thirty one roughly when he was born.

4:01

To about the late eighteen sixties

4:03

and today we're gonna pick it

4:05

up from there. Following

4:08

the signing of the eighteen sixty eight for Laramie

4:11

treaty. Some Lakota

4:13

may have been forgiven. If

4:15

they had indulging the notion that they

4:17

won the war with the United States for

4:19

good. After

4:21

all, the US government had sued for peace

4:24

abandon many of its faults in the middle

4:27

of La Cotta Country, and

4:29

offered extremely favorable conditions

4:31

in the treaty. You know, not only

4:34

would the La Cote end up having

4:36

title to an enormous chunk of land,

4:39

but they would also There was

4:41

also a requirement that for any of this

4:43

land to be legally sold to the US,

4:45

seventy five percent of the entire

4:47

La Cotta population would have to agree to

4:49

a land sale. So this was given

4:52

a lot of guarantees that

4:54

they would get to keep their land. But

4:57

of course, victory was an illusion. The

4:59

invention of repeating rifles.

5:02

At this time, would make professional buffalo

5:05

hunters much denser than

5:07

they had ever been. On

5:10

top of that, features were

5:12

appearing in the wall of Lakota resistance.

5:15

The US had taken a hard heat. Trying

5:18

to break that very wall. But

5:21

commitment to resistance was growing

5:23

weaker in the face of success. Former

5:27

war leaders like Red Cloud, felt

5:30

that they had already received the best deal

5:32

that they could get from the US government. So

5:35

they agreed to settle our reservations in

5:37

exchange for government supplies. City

5:41

Board was completely disgusted with this.

5:44

Resisting for Rima not been a tool

5:46

to negotiate for gold and chains

5:49

rather than plain ones. The

5:51

whole point of resisting to him had been to

5:53

remain free and independent, not

5:56

just gain a little advantage. In

5:59

Istanbul's view, red cloud, and those

6:01

Lakota leaders like him. I've

6:04

been too quick to negotiate away

6:06

Lakota Fredon's 13T at a

6:08

time. Now

6:10

in Fairness Tour, Red Cloud

6:12

and his friends, they adapted

6:15

the way they did because they felt that they

6:17

were taking the right steps for when

6:19

the old way of life, you

6:21

know, the old way of leaving off the bison

6:23

would come to an end. So

6:26

the reality is that the spider successes,

6:29

the lakota were a bit stuck

6:31

between the rock and the hard place. You

6:33

know, accept that the end of the old way

6:35

of life is coming and make

6:38

many compromises to prepare for

6:40

it. Which is really not an

6:42

ideal choice or

6:44

trying to hold on to a good life for

6:46

as long as possible with

6:48

the very high likelihood that

6:51

it will come to an end and

6:53

sooner rather than later. And

6:56

the reason for why I keep saying it

6:58

will come to an end is because the

7:00

demographic reality of the Bison population

7:03

is what we're going to see was fairly

7:05

dramatic, you know, after professional battle

7:07

hunters came 2 the great planes, the whole

7:09

things started changing quick. To

7:12

the end result of this was a political

7:15

split among the Lakota. Some

7:17

followed Red Cloud on reservations Others

7:21

remain free riding with sitting

7:23

bull and crazy horse and so on.

7:26

Others yet choose a middle path. Spend

7:29

the harsh winters on the reservations and

7:31

then split to follow the old life

7:33

in spring and summer. To

7:37

deal with these unprecedented

7:39

challenges of having

7:42

to interact with the American government, the

7:45

the three Humpapapapapapar Broqui tradition

7:47

and created an office of chief for

7:49

the whole tribe. They

7:52

already had four of what the Lakota referred

7:54

was the short wearers, which were

7:56

leaders in charge of using their powers.

8:00

For the welfare of the tribe and

8:02

they wore special shirts as sort

8:04

of a badge of office. But

8:07

in some way, like modern politicians, three

8:09

of these guys had had several scandals,

8:11

you know, ran in an envelope at Elope

8:13

with another man's wife. Red

8:16

horn and top all his colleagues record

8:19

by Elopein, not with

8:21

one, but with two wives of a fellow

8:23

tribesmen. And loud

8:25

voice hulk and stabbed another

8:27

one pop over a private dispute. So

8:30

out of the four only sitting

8:32

bull's ankle four orange was still okay.

8:36

So at the eighteen sixty nine council

8:38

with three of these other guys not

8:41

really eligible for anything because they clearly

8:43

had to meet good leaders. You

8:45

know, at this council where not

8:47

just don't pop up, but other La Cotta, like,

8:50

Criss yours from the Oglala, for example,

8:52

were present and many others. Four

8:55

horns announced its intention

8:57

to step down and instead

9:00

nominated sitting bull to be

9:02

chief for all the no reservation bands.

9:06

So in some way, he would become

9:08

the main leader of all the free

9:10

la carte. And there really was

9:12

no precedent for such an office.

9:15

But then again, there was also no precedent

9:17

for the kind of challenges the lakota were

9:20

facing. Know,

9:22

most of them love sitting bull because

9:24

he embodied everything they look for

9:26

in a leader. He he

9:28

approved his bravery on the battle field

9:30

time and time again, both in

9:32

inter tribal warfare and

9:34

in fighting against the Americans. He

9:37

was renowned for his generosity and charisma,

9:41

and he was uncompromising in

9:43

his devotion to protect in the Lakota

9:46

way of life. In the face

9:48

of American expansion. Of

9:51

course, while the

9:53

conflict with the Americans was the biggest

9:55

Texas substantial threat to the Lakota. This

9:59

didn't mean that at this time, inter

10:01

tribal warfare stopped. Which

10:04

may puzzle some modern observers,

10:06

you know. People looking

10:08

at these events in modern times sometimes

10:11

wonder why The

10:13

different plane's 2 didn't

10:15

all join forces to fight the United

10:17

States, which was the one

10:19

power that was determined to take all

10:22

of their lands and their ways of life, regardless

10:24

of whether they were La Cote or Croix,

10:27

Blackfitter, Shaioni, Cheyenne

10:29

or Comanche. Kind

10:31

of didn't matter. You know, the US

10:33

had them had

10:36

them in their sights, all of them.

10:39

And after all ethnically unculturally, the

10:42

plane strides shared a whole lot, you know,

10:44

certainly more than they shared with white Americans.

10:47

So the ideas of them creating an

10:50

alliance to fight a common enemy

10:52

seems quite reasonable on the surface.

10:56

But of course, that's much easier said than

10:58

done. People don't

11:00

usually go from murdering

11:02

each other on a regular basis and

11:04

considering each other's their number one

11:07

enemy 2 becoming

11:09

best friends overnight. In

11:11

ethical, how awkward? The

11:14

dialogue would be. Hey,

11:17

guys. I know we killed and scalped your

11:19

family last year, but don't you

11:21

just want to forget about it, become

11:23

BFFs and find us

11:25

pesky pale people 2. I

11:29

mean, in theory, it makes sense, but

11:31

human emotions make such a purely

11:33

rational course of action next to Impossible.

11:36

And so inter tribal warfare continued

11:39

as always. You know, today

11:41

relationships between some of those

11:43

traditional enemies like the Cruise and the La

11:46

Cote are fairly friendly. In

11:48

a defendant of sitting bull, for example,

11:50

Ernie La Pointe tells of a meeting with

11:52

the cross in recent times in which

11:55

He addressed these people's former enemies

11:57

by saying, we need peace

11:59

through unity. We should have healing

12:02

with each other as tribes. We

12:04

don't need these thousand years of hitting

12:06

each other. It's time for

12:08

us to get together and unite

12:11

to fight the biggest battle that is before

12:13

us. Which is saving the air

12:15

and the water for future generations.

12:20

And while that make perfect sense.

12:22

That's definitely not the way things were

12:24

playing out in the eighteen hundreds. It's

12:27

nice to hear that that may be happening today,

12:30

but definitely not bad. Plan. So

12:33

somewhere around eighteen sixty nine,

12:35

eighteen seventy or so, Just

12:38

to tell you one story, 2 Kota boys

12:41

were in Eastern Montana, Hampton Buffalo.

12:44

When they were surprised by about thirty

12:46

crow warriors. Clearly,

12:50

the math of that encounter left

12:53

few hoops for the Lakota boys and

12:55

one of them in fact was promptly killed.

12:58

The other one, however, was wounded, but

13:00

miraculously survived the encounter and

13:03

raised back to the Lakota Camp. His

13:06

survival was probably due to the fact that

13:08

he had a horse while the cows were

13:11

almost stolen food except for just couple

13:13

of other horses. Now,

13:16

this was strange. It was kind of rare for

13:18

inter tribal fighting to break out in

13:20

winter. Usually, the war

13:22

season didn't begin until after

13:24

the snows had melted. But

13:26

this chance encounter between the two

13:28

tribes and the resulting murder left

13:31

very few options. When

13:34

the surviving boy reached the Lakota Camp.

13:37

Sitting bull quickly organized a group of

13:39

about a hundred warriors to go

13:41

pay a visit to the cross. But

13:45

just because they were in a hurry, didn't

13:47

mean that sitting bull would overlook

13:50

the proper ceremony. Before getting

13:52

started. And

13:54

so he pulled out his pipe and

13:56

prayed as he smocked. Promising

13:59

the spirits he would make flash

14:01

offerings if the revenge expedition

14:03

was successful. And

14:06

I'll actually just go to my self, I was

14:08

about to move forward without addressing

14:12

the idea of flash offerings just

14:14

because I've been around like auto traditions

14:16

and have to take certain things for

14:18

granted. They realize

14:20

I should probably explain. What

14:23

I mean by Flashoff in the physical act

14:25

of a Flashoff furnaces usually

14:27

performed by lifting a little bit of

14:29

skin, typically about the size

14:31

of a mattress head usually

14:34

for a one shoulder and

14:36

cutting it off with a knife. This

14:39

small piece of flesh is then wrapped in

14:41

cloth and offer to the spirits.

14:44

The idea being that by willingly embracing

14:48

suffering and shedding blood, The

14:51

person may give strength to their prayers

14:54

and induce the spirits to

14:56

listen. Still very much

14:58

done in modern times. There's

15:00

a story, for example, there's a great book about

15:02

black auto culture called the lame

15:04

deer seeker of visions.

15:07

And in which the main

15:10

character in the tale, this is the autobiography

15:12

of this guy John Fire, lame d o,

15:15

By the way, it's one of the funniest human

15:17

being ever. I mean, some of his stories

15:19

are absolutely hilarious.

15:21

This one is not a hilarious person. Side, but it's

15:23

still interesting. There's he tells

15:26

of the

15:27

the first time he went out on a vision

15:29

cast as a teenager, you know, where he

15:31

would go out and spend, days

15:34

alone in the wilderness, fasting and

15:36

praying the spirits for a

15:38

vision. And he

15:40

said that he was understandably

15:43

little scared to go through this.

15:46

He had never

15:46

been alone, like, really

15:49

alone. Like he was in the wilderness

15:51

like that. And so he tells

15:53

a story that his grandma before

15:56

he would go on a vision cast his grandma

15:59

just with a kitchen knife, she

16:01

had started lifting little bits of flesh

16:03

from her arms, cut them off, wrap

16:05

them in

16:05

cloth. And for

16:09

Linde, you're seeing his grandma go

16:11

through that just to

16:13

pray for his success. Just to pray that

16:15

he would have a good vision

16:16

quest. They removed all fear

16:19

from him. Because he felt like if

16:21

my grandma is willing to do something

16:23

that intends, oh,

16:25

what am I gonna be whining about? Oh, poor

16:27

me. I'm gonna be alone. It's like, you

16:29

know, so this is an example

16:32

of like pretty powerful

16:34

story regarding flash offerings in modern

16:36

times. So

16:39

big shout out to Linde

16:41

or Secret of Vision Greatable if you guys 2

16:43

check it out. But back to our

16:45

story, so sitting bull pledge

16:47

shedding blood if the spirits

16:49

could help out in making the raids

16:51

successful. With this

16:54

promise sealed by

16:56

ceremonial smoking the pipe, sitting

16:59

bull and these warriors were on their way.

17:03

The surviving boy must have not been wounded

17:05

too badly because he was able to lead the

17:07

war party to the spot where the crew

17:09

had ambushed them. The

17:12

hour was late. But despite

17:14

the darkness and extreme cold,

17:17

the Wakota arrived at the murder

17:19

scene and picked up

17:21

the tracks the crews had left in the deep

17:23

snow. This

17:25

was bad news for the crews since the Lakota

17:28

had horses, while most of the crews were

17:30

on foot. Their only

17:32

hope was to hide their tracks because

17:34

they would definitely not be able to out

17:36

ran their poursours. Realizing

17:39

2 the lakota were on their tail, the

17:41

crews pick the spot to make their

17:43

stand and got ready for

17:45

battle. At

17:48

2 found the cross waiting for

17:50

them, having taken position behind

17:53

the rocky promontory. It was a smart

17:55

choice, you know, they took the high ground

17:57

and were protected by rocks. They

18:00

were outnumbered heavily, but

18:02

they were going to sell their lives the early.

18:06

Both sides were mainly armed with bows

18:08

and arrows, you know, fewer those with

18:10

guns. And

18:12

just to make sure that the few Krog guns

18:14

wouldn't take too many Lakota lives,

18:16

jump in bull. Sitting bull's

18:19

younger adopted brother, if

18:21

you you may remember him

18:23

from part one of the story. That

18:25

was a very important tale about

18:27

his adoption and his relationship

18:30

with sitting bull. In any case,

18:32

jumping bull volunteered for a tough

18:34

job. Taking one for the team.

18:37

What he did was to ride at full

18:39

speed close to the cross

18:41

position. Offering

18:43

himself as a target with the simultaneous

18:46

goal of trying to avoid their bullets while

18:49

making them use Apple their ammo. Once

18:53

this was done, the Lakota charge. And

18:56

after that, brutal, up

18:59

close and personal hand to hand combatant

19:01

sued. The crow's foot

19:04

bravely and managed to make sure

19:06

that fourteen lakota, including

19:08

one of sitting bull's ankles, would never

19:10

return to their villages. But

19:13

in terminal at Cotai killed all thirty

19:15

something of them. 2

19:17

bull counted three cubes and

19:19

took several scouts. But

19:22

since one of his uncles was among the

19:24

dead Lakota, he cut his ear in

19:26

mourning. Another

19:29

meaningful moment in the

19:31

life of sitting bull that took place around

19:33

this time had to

19:35

do with a young man named Ephreim

19:37

Grouard. Guardo

19:40

was the son of a more and more missionary, and

19:42

the Polishian woman, he this

19:44

missionary had met in Hawaii in the

19:46

eighteen forties. If

19:49

you recall the story of jumping bull from

19:51

part one of this series, sitting bull had

19:53

already once adopted a younger brother.

19:56

And in eighteen sixty nine, sitting bull

19:58

tried something similar but with

20:01

much less success. The

20:03

Goulart's family had arrived in California in

20:06

eighteen fifty two, but the following year they

20:08

choose to return to Hawaii. Aphreim

20:11

on the other end stayed behind and

20:13

was adopted by a Mormon family.

20:16

For unknown reasons, he took his brother's

20:18

Frank's name left the Mormons

20:21

and became a mail carrier in Montana.

20:25

The La Porta were its fond of mail

20:27

carriers as they were of anyone

20:29

else crossing their lands and invited.

20:32

So in eighteen sixty nine, Sabla Cartam

20:35

Busch Grouard. But

20:37

much like he had done in case of jumping balls,

20:39

sitting balls stepped in to

20:41

save him and adopt him. This

20:44

was no smooth process either, you know.

20:46

He and his friends and to keep a close

20:48

eye on their ward for over a year.

20:51

Because other dakota were less than

20:53

enthusiastic at the prospect of adopting

20:55

this guy into their tribe and

20:57

considered murder a much

20:59

preferable alternative. So

21:02

considering how far he went to save

21:04

his life and

21:07

vouch for him, Sitting

21:10

bull took it badly, when four

21:12

years later, Grouard stabbing

21:14

me in the back by splitting without explanations.

21:18

And joining a different Wakata band,

21:20

the Oblala. And even wars,

21:22

you know, is when Grouard and

21:24

ended up actively working against the

21:26

Lakota by taking up a job with the army

21:28

as a scout. Before

21:32

proceeding further, let me warn you.

21:34

We are now entering overlap

21:36

territory. Most of

21:38

the next events I'm going to discuss, those

21:41

taking place between eighteen seventy two

21:43

and eighteen seventy seven. I

21:45

have discussed them at length in

21:47

both the crazier series and especially

21:49

the war for the Black Hill series. Now,

21:53

obviously, I have to mention them in

21:55

order to properly tell about sitting

21:57

both life, but I'm going to

21:59

go much faster than I normally

22:01

would if I were tackling

22:03

these topics for the first

22:05

time. So for those of

22:07

you listening to this, you never heard those

22:09

other Lakota serious, you may want

22:11

to head there once you're done with

22:13

this one. In order

22:15

to get a deep dive treatment about

22:17

these topics, So with

22:20

this warning in mind, let me at least

22:22

briefly touch on these quite meaningful

22:24

events. The

22:26

eighteen sixty eight for Laramie treaty had

22:29

provided a temporary break in

22:31

the open hostility between the United

22:33

States and the Lakota. This

22:35

was in line with president Grant's

22:37

so called peace policy, which

22:39

advocated trying to avoid war with

22:42

the tribes at all coasts. The

22:45

main reason for the shift in policy had to

22:47

do with the civil war costing so

22:49

much money. The grant

22:52

wasn't thrilled with spending money

22:54

he didn't have in Indian

22:56

wars that weren't going very well.

23:00

But already around eighteen seventy two,

23:03

The peace policy was beginning to

23:05

give signs of crumbling. The

23:08

specific reason that placed the Lakota

23:10

in the US on a collision course had

23:13

to do with Congress' desire to

23:15

create a transcontinental railroad,

23:18

cutting right through the Lakota hunting

23:20

grounds. As

23:22

General Sherman had said in a speech to

23:25

congress, the railroad

23:27

is a national enterprise. And

23:29

we are forced to protect the man during

23:31

its survey and construction through

23:34

probably the most warlike nation

23:36

of Indians on this continent. Will

23:38

fight for every foot of the line.

23:42

Hermann was one of those guys in the Grant

23:44

Administration who was not

23:46

that happy with the peace policy. So

23:50

he was just ecstatic

23:52

to begin testing the limits of grant's

23:55

commitment to peace. Through

23:57

a perfectly justifiable excuse

23:59

such as building the railroad in Lakota

24:01

County. The idea

24:03

was that this would antagonize the tribes

24:05

so that they would fight back. And

24:08

if a big enough incident could be created,

24:10

then the grant administration may

24:12

choose to abandon this. And

24:15

give the military free reign to go

24:17

after the tribes again. The

24:19

Sherman willingly put it.

24:22

The railroad stood out I quote,

24:25

bring the Indian problem to a

24:27

final solution. When

24:30

I say that the railroad, was

24:32

a perfect excuse. It's because

24:34

it worked on multiple levels. It

24:37

would connect the country from

24:39

coast to coast which was something that hardly

24:41

anyone would be against, well, anyone

24:44

except natives. Also,

24:48

the fact that the railroads were masters

24:51

in or rather 2 people running

24:53

the railroads were masters in the corruption

24:55

on business. And they had already

24:57

secured plenty of political support

25:00

by bribing congressmen with shares

25:02

in their company. And sometimes

25:04

we just straight up cash. So

25:08

the point of this is that there will be a lot of

25:10

part, both at a popular level and at

25:13

political level for pushing the railroads.

25:16

Sitting bull along with crazy hovers and the

25:18

other who led the Zoakota bands who

25:20

prefer 2 free life 2

25:22

settle no reservations, took

25:25

notice of the movements by the surveyors

25:28

for the northern Pacific railroad. When

25:31

in eighteen seventy two, the army showed

25:33

up in Montana along

25:35

with railroad surveyors. About

25:37

a thousand Lakota warriors along with

25:39

their Shay and allies pay them

25:42

a visit. When

25:44

a few warriors rode close to the soldiers

25:46

trying to draw their fire, and

25:48

one of them was killed. Sitting

25:51

bull invited them to stop, saying that their

25:53

risk was awarded in this case. The

25:56

soldiers were too well positioned and

25:58

there was no way to break the stalemate without

26:00

taking major casualties. One

26:03

of these warriors didn't appreciate sitting

26:06

bulls chastising him. Invoice

26:09

the comment loud enough for many people

26:11

to hear. It's supposed to

26:13

have said something like the great

26:15

warrior sitting ball, perhaps

26:18

as forgotten what it takes to be brave.

26:20

It is said that we teach blood

26:23

upsets a man's armor. It

26:27

was definitely through that sitting ball

26:30

by now in his early 40s. Was

26:33

not as reckless as he had been as young

26:35

man. Lately,

26:37

his mother, named her

26:39

holy door, have been

26:41

begging him to be more careful and

26:43

to take less risks in battle. Since

26:46

many people depend on him, you know, ourselves,

26:49

city more sisters, his

26:51

two wives, several kids. And

26:55

so for the most part, city more than agreed

26:57

with her. But he was definitely

27:00

not going to let anyone question his

27:02

bravery like this warrior had

27:04

done. So without saying a

27:06

word, he picked up his pipe, and

27:09

started walking toward the soldiers. You

27:12

know, everybody was watching, like, what

27:14

is it doing? You know, probably both on the soldier

27:16

side and on the kota side where paired

27:19

by this behavior. By

27:21

the time he was halfway between the Lakota

27:23

and the army, only quarter of

27:25

a mile away from the soldiers' guns.

27:28

He sat down to smoke. Now,

27:31

obviously, the soldiers began pouring

27:33

fire in his direction. And

27:36

as the bull let's race dust close

27:38

to him. Sitting bull called

27:40

out to the Lakota warrior saying,

27:42

whoever wishes to smoke with me,

27:44

can. This

27:47

was to put those who were questioning his bravery

27:49

back in line. Since

27:51

what sitting bull was doing was too

27:53

much of a risk given for them. City

27:57

bull's nephew, named White Bull,

27:59

along with another lakota and a couple

28:01

of national warriors took the bait,

28:04

ran up to sit with him and smoke the

28:06

pipe. Red Bull

28:08

would later tell that sitting bull adapted as

28:10

relaxed as one could be smoking

28:13

peacefully and later cleaning

28:15

his pipes slowly and deliberately.

28:18

Ignoring the bullets flying around

28:20

him. His four companions

28:22

on the other hand were in a hurry to put an

28:24

end to this display of toughness by

28:27

smoking and heading back as

28:29

fast as they could. By

28:32

the time sitting bull returned among the lakota,

28:35

He said there would be no more fighting for the

28:37

day. And this

28:39

time, no one there to object. In

28:42

terms of casualties, these had

28:44

hardly even been a battle, you know, a couple

28:47

of lakota and one soldier. But

28:49

this taste of battle had been enough to

28:51

convince the engineers for the northern

28:53

Pacific Railroad to abandon their plans

28:56

for this season. They

28:58

were gonna be back in the full launch summer in

29:00

eighteen seventy three, escorted

29:02

by nonetheless, the

29:05

newborn famous George Armstrongcaster and

29:07

the soldiers. And yet

29:10

again, the army and the Wakota worked evenly

29:12

matched. So this resulted in another

29:14

inconclusive engagement or

29:17

rather when I say inconclusive, Maybe

29:20

it was inconclusive from a military point

29:22

of view, but on a larger

29:24

scale, the Lakota determination

29:27

to fight the railroad expansion. Would

29:30

definitely have an impact. Investors

29:33

in the railroad who had been promised

29:36

quick returns became

29:38

edgy, when they realized that building

29:40

the railroad in the face of Lakota position

29:42

would be much harder than anticipated.

29:46

And whatever uncertainty the

29:49

investors were now feeling was

29:51

compounded by a major recession that

29:54

hit the American economy in eighteen seventy

29:56

three. So the combination

29:58

of these factors effectively put an

30:00

end to the northern Pacifica

30:02

railroad plants for expansion, at least

30:04

for the time being. With

30:07

immediate threats to its homeland temporarily

30:09

fading into the background. Istanbul

30:12

moved to strengthen the ties among the tribes

30:15

resisting American expansion. The

30:17

Cheyenne, for example, were closely

30:19

aligned to La Cotta bands like the Minacorn

30:22

João Gueguala, but I've

30:24

had very little interaction with you

30:26

in papa. The subdivision of Nalakota

30:28

that sitting board belong to. So

30:31

2 fix this sitting board organized the

30:33

sandals, with Yuglala, the

30:35

Minacondro, a bunch of other Lakota

30:37

bands as well as the Cheyenne. Other

30:40

diplomatic moves didn't pan

30:42

out quite as well as this one.

30:45

Enough encounters with the army and convince

30:48

sitting bull of the wisdom

30:50

of the concept of not bringing

30:52

Boy and arrows to a gunfight. Or

30:55

rather, Boy and arrows could work extremely well

30:58

along with guns, but not so much

31:00

on their own. So in an effort

31:02

to acquire guns, sitting bullet established

31:04

some trade contacts with the Red River

31:07

Mette. The French

31:09

doorbelli, by the way, was used in North America

31:11

to refer to those folks of mix,

31:14

French, and native origins. Usually,

31:17

the children of French foreign traders

31:19

and native women. Because

31:22

of the prevalence of intermaria, just part

31:24

of the fort trade in Southern Canada

31:26

and Northern US. The

31:28

numbers of methi were

31:30

so large that they organized some of their

31:32

own communities. Their

31:35

culture from their cuisine

31:37

to their music 2 through their

31:39

religious practices was a real

31:41

tripping mix of European and native.

31:45

Among them, catholicism went

31:47

hand in hand with buffalo hunting

31:49

and believing Shamanic practices. And

31:53

so it was to the Mercedes City Bullhorn

31:55

to trade buffer heights in exchange for

31:57

gains. Unfortunately,

32:00

however, one aspect of European culture

32:03

that was rather important

32:05

among the many was we which

32:08

they peddled with Gusto among

32:11

their trade goods. And

32:14

the problem was that the introduction of whiskey

32:16

to a culture like the lakotas that

32:18

wasn't familiar with it regularly

32:20

led to violence and drunken bros.

32:24

And if this wasn't enough to create tension,

32:26

the Metik always to hand by zoning

32:28

what the Lakota considered their hunting

32:31

grounds didn't help either. In

32:33

eighteen seventy three in particular, city

32:35

boost band ran into some three hundred

32:38

methi traveling in Wagons and

32:40

hunting bison on La Cotta land. The

32:43

La Porta were quite upset with what

32:45

they perceived to be an invasion of their land,

32:48

so they had a battle You know,

32:50

the methi made the classic circle

32:52

with the wagons and knighted the way.

32:55

The lakota were able to knight most

32:57

of the methi horses, but a few

32:59

of them were killed. So

33:02

this battle was somewhat inconclusive and

33:04

it showed the limits of the Lakota fighting

33:06

style. Against a well

33:08

armed disciplined enemy. But

33:11

bigger problems were on the horizon. The

33:14

discovery of gold in the Black Hills in eighteen

33:16

seventy four had led to an invasion

33:18

of minors in what the Lakota considered

33:21

their most sacred lands. The

33:24

government had made token efforts to live

33:26

up to the terms of the Fort Laramie treaty

33:28

and prevent minors from entering

33:30

the hills, but A,

33:33

they weren't very effective at it. And

33:35

B was not a popular move. So

33:37

the grant administration decided to

33:40

switch course and proposed to buy the

33:42

black hills. Some

33:45

of the chiefs went settle on reservations

33:47

for a while and the grown dependent on the

33:49

US government were willing to entertain

33:51

that discussion. But

33:53

sitting bull and these followers consider leaders

33:56

like Red Cloud and spot that they lack a

33:58

bunch of sellout. As

34:00

home depot stated when messengers had

34:02

arrived in fighting all the Lakota to attend

34:05

negotiations. All

34:07

those that are in favor of selling their land

34:09

from their children, let them

34:11

go. 2 sitting

34:13

bull, crazy horse, and

34:16

others of like mind want nothing

34:18

to do with entering a discussion regarding

34:21

selling the black hills. Something

34:23

that they consider downright sacriagious.

34:27

But even though they wouldn't attend, they

34:30

and their answer in an ambiguous fashion.

34:33

Three hundred warriors arrived just

34:36

at the government commissioners who were meeting

34:38

with the reservation chiefs. They

34:41

brought toward from sitting

34:43

bull as they arrived chanting. The

34:45

Black Hills is my land and I love it.

34:48

And whoever interferes will layer

34:51

this gun. One

34:53

of them, named Lown

34:55

Horn, address,

34:58

red, cloud, and spot that they'll say

35:00

now, basically asking them,

35:02

how can you try to sell land that then

35:04

belongs to Olokoto? Even

35:06

the hunting bands, what rights do you have?

35:09

The message was clear. Any

35:12

attempt by the government to buy land

35:14

from a refugee should be the representative

35:16

told the Lakota would result

35:18

in war. And there was nothing

35:21

left to say. So

35:23

the commissioners understood they had no chance

35:25

of getting a deal signed and quickly

35:27

hit the road while they still could with

35:29

their scouts intact. By

35:33

now, the grant administration decided to

35:35

dispense with any attempt to at least make

35:37

it look like they would respect the treaty.

35:40

Because given a choice between respecting

35:42

a treaty with the lakota or it

35:45

for the sake of taking a land, reaching

35:47

gold, Well, there

35:50

are probably about seven people in

35:52

US were in favor of the former. Popular

35:55

opinion was squarely in the mighty

35:57

right camp, and Grant was

35:59

inclined to go along with it. So

36:03

General Sherman, Cheridan,

36:05

and the other war hawks would get exactly

36:08

what they wanted. In

36:10

November, Grant

36:12

met in the White House with the Secretary of

36:14

the Interior secretary of war,

36:16

generals, Sreedhar and Crook. And

36:20

basically, what happened is that The

36:24

decision that they made was that they would stop enforcing

36:26

the treaty and they would stop kicking out

36:28

2 minor center in the black hills.

36:31

They wouldn't announce it, but they would just stop

36:33

acting on it. So of course,

36:35

when the miners would realize it, even

36:38

more of them would come. Which

36:40

would provoke the Lakota and Cheyenne into

36:42

attacking to defend their lands, and

36:45

then the Grant Administration would

36:47

have at least a

36:49

lame justification for a crackdown

36:51

and not really a legal one because according

36:53

to the treaty they were in the wrong, but at least

36:55

something to say face. At

36:59

the same meeting, the issue I ultimately made

37:01

on requiring only all Lakota

37:03

to surrender on reservations on

37:05

January of eighteen seventy six. Where

37:08

we considered hostiles and the target

37:10

for war. Now

37:12

expecting the Lakota to turn them thin

37:15

by January in the middle of blizzards,

37:17

and they went into the, you know, travel

37:19

hundreds of miles was just a joke. You know,

37:21

it's just something that they did to win

37:24

knowing that they wouldn't be able to comply

37:26

so that then you would die to their excuse

37:28

for starting the war. So

37:31

as a result of this, the Army started

37:33

preparing a three pronged campaign

37:35

with general territory leading troops

37:38

from North Dakota. Carbonally

37:40

born from Montana and

37:42

general crook from Wyoming. This

37:44

was to be the largest military actions

37:46

since the civil war. Terry

37:50

quickly changed his mind about it,

37:53

or rather he was fine with the whole

37:55

operation as long as he wouldn't have to be in

37:57

the field, so he gave the

37:59

command of the Dakota column to cast

38:01

her because Terry was a big

38:03

fan of the notion of having other people

38:05

fight his wars. So

38:08

round one in the war began in

38:10

March eighteen seventy six

38:13

when soldiers under Crook

38:16

discovered camp of about one hundred

38:18

lodges of Cheyenne, Oglala, and Minacondro

38:20

2 the border of Wyoming and Montana.

38:23

This would be a particularly painful event

38:26

for sitting bull because

38:28

his former adopted brother Frank

38:30

Drouard had been the one to lead the

38:32

troops there. In

38:34

this instance, the natives were able to escape

38:36

the surprise attack on their camp with their

38:38

lives, but they had to leave their tipies and

38:40

pretty much all their belongings on the field.

38:43

For breathing four days in freezing

38:45

temperature until they reach. Cresiors

38:48

has camped first and sitting

38:50

both camped shortly thereafter. As

38:53

soon as the survivors arrive, the city

38:55

will ask everyone among these people to

38:57

pitch in with blankets, robes,

39:00

tepees, and anything else

39:02

that they could spare while pouder Cheyenne.

39:06

Taking up the coal, the Wakota

39:08

women began to boil food in the cattles.

39:11

And bring gifts to the Cheyenne. The

39:14

Cheyenne warrior with the lag would

39:17

say, oh, what good hearts

39:20

they had? I never can forget

39:22

the generosity of sitting bulls on papa

39:24

Sue on that day. If

39:27

anyone adopted that they were war,

39:30

those dogs were safely removed

39:32

by this recent attack. So

39:35

the leaders of the remaining three Cheyenne

39:37

and Lakota all agreed

39:39

to stay together and fight against

39:41

the soldiers who were

39:44

becoming. By

39:47

early June eighteen seventy

39:49

six, sitting bull

39:51

organized the Sundance at Deere

39:54

Medicine dogs in Montana. It

39:57

was a religious ceremony for sure,

39:59

but it was also a cool to battle for

40:02

all the La Cote and Cheyenne. Who

40:04

are ready to make a last stand and

40:07

fight for their lands. City

40:09

Boulevard reached out to the LACOT Alderion

40:12

Reservations. To

40:14

see if they were willing to ride once more

40:16

into war for their old

40:18

way of life. And

40:20

many of them actually hid the coal Now,

40:24

of course, the team bullet had no illusions. He

40:26

understood that the odds of ultimate

40:28

success against the might of the

40:30

United States were next to none, but

40:34

he just wasn't ready to give

40:36

up without the fight. As

40:39

he stated in a message to those leaders

40:41

who didn't dare to leave the

40:43

reservation. I

40:46

don't want to have anything to do with people

40:48

who make one carry water on the

40:50

shoulders and whole manure. Your

40:53

foods to make yourself slaves to

40:55

a piece of fat bake on, some

40:57

hard attack, and a little sugar

41:00

and coffee. The

41:02

whites may get me at last, but

41:04

I will have good times until then. Now,

41:08

that's the

41:11

whites may get me at last, but I

41:13

will have good times until then.

41:15

That's probably my new favorite sentence

41:18

right there. What

41:20

sitting bull was saying here was that he was

41:22

fully aware that the conflict he was

41:24

in was a hopeless one. A

41:27

yet negotiating away a

41:30

little piece of the way of life he loved.

41:34

You know, just one treaty at a time,

41:36

that was not in his nature. So,

41:39

yes, his enemy may get him at last,

41:41

but He was to leave

41:43

his own way, squeezing every

41:46

last minute of joy before

41:48

the end. As

41:50

beautifully articulated by the creator

41:52

of the Conan Barbarian character, the

41:56

great Robertty Howard, I

41:58

quote, let me leave deep while

42:00

I leave. It's another beautiful

42:02

sentence right there. Let me leave deep

42:05

while I leave. Death

42:07

eventually catches all men and all women.

42:11

Assuming that they get to live

42:13

long enough, Even

42:15

the most successful people in the world will

42:17

see everyone they love being taken

42:20

away from there before

42:22

they themselves fall to

42:24

the onslaught of old age, disease,

42:27

and death. Their

42:29

greatest accomplishments, their

42:32

hours of glory, all

42:34

the moments that love more than life

42:37

itself turned

42:39

to dust by the inexorable

42:42

grinding of the machine of history. And

42:45

in the case of sun man such as

42:47

sitting bull in eighteen seventy six,

42:50

he could see that the circle was likely

42:52

to close around him sooner

42:55

rather than later. But

42:57

this was no reason to despair or

42:59

compromise principles in the process.

43:03

Since death eventually finds all

43:05

those who draw breath. In

43:08

the meantime, he would, as

43:10

reported, have good time

43:12

still then. And

43:14

he even managed to have a new daughter born

43:17

from his wife in these very days.

43:20

And so sitting bull chose to face

43:23

whatever the US would unleash. With

43:25

a defiant smile. At

43:28

the sun dance he stepped into the circle

43:30

among the dancer shedding blood to

43:33

pay for their people. Sittingboth

43:35

himself was no stranger to shedding

43:37

blood, you know, his body was covered

43:39

in scars. Both scars

43:42

from previous sun dances and

43:44

scars earned on the field of

43:46

battle. But

43:48

this time he didn't pierce. What

43:52

he did this time was with

43:54

his body painted yellow and his face

43:56

painted black. He sat

43:59

down with his back against the tree.

44:01

The, you know, the tree that was planted at the

44:03

center of the sunlands grounds and the

44:05

tree that all the dancers should be dancing

44:07

around for the next four days. When

44:11

he sat down, jumping

44:13

bull, he's adopted brother. A

44:15

young the one who'd

44:17

been a young a Sydney boy and boy. The

44:20

he had saved many years ago and was

44:22

now grown up to be his trusted

44:24

right hand man. That

44:27

jumping bull help him

44:29

with the task at hand. Working

44:32

patiently with the knife. Jumping

44:34

ball cut fifty small pieces of

44:36

flesh from each of sitting ball's arms.

44:40

The whole process 2 over half an hour.

44:43

With this job done, sitting

44:46

both stood up and began

44:48

dancing, staring at the sun. After

44:52

seeming a seemingly impossibly long

44:54

time sitting both collapsed, And

44:57

when he finally opened his eyes, he told

44:59

his friends he had that vision. What

45:03

he had seen was soldiers.

45:06

Face down in the middle of an Indian camp.

45:09

The message of this vision was clear, the soldiers

45:12

were coming. They would attack the

45:14

camp, but they wouldn't

45:16

like what awaited them there. As

45:20

the numbers of Lakota leaving the reservation

45:22

and joining sitting bull increased every

45:24

day. Lakota

45:27

scout spotted a column of soldiers

45:29

many miles away. It

45:31

was the column led by crook. Well

45:34

over one thousand soldiers with over

45:36

two hundred and fifty scouts peak,

45:39

among the Cheyenne Lakota traditional

45:41

enemies, the crow and the shoshone.

45:47

This is something that's really weird in the

45:49

history of playing warfare in a

45:51

completely unprecedented move.

45:55

Many of the young man in camp chose

45:57

to ride out dozens

45:59

of miles through the night, to

46:02

meet the soldiers and keep them away from

46:04

the camp. You know, typically,

46:06

you just take down the camp and start running.

46:09

That's not what they did this time. The

46:12

battle that ensued on June seventeen

46:14

was a wild one. The two sides

46:17

charged at each other for several hours.

46:20

Sitting bull couldn't really fight because of

46:22

his arms were still swollen from the

46:24

flash offerings, but he came onto

46:26

the battlefield to encourage

46:28

others. By

46:31

the time it was all done and over, crew

46:34

could claim victory despite

46:36

the fact that one of his officers more holistically

46:38

refer to the battle as a, I quote,

46:41

humiliating defeat. The

46:44

casualties were kind of closed on both sides,

46:46

but afterwards, crook decided he

46:48

had done enough fighting for the season, and

46:51

he took his troops away from the area.

46:54

So as a result of this dollar court had effectively

46:56

neutralize one of

46:59

the three columns that have been

47:01

sent after them. And

47:04

in the meantime, more people kept

47:06

pouring into the camp from

47:08

Red Cloud agency. The

47:11

mood in the camp was festive, but

47:13

Sitting bull was not so quick to

47:15

celebrate. He he expected more

47:17

fighting to be happening soon.

47:21

The fitting crew kept being great, sure.

47:24

But sitting bull was also confident that

47:26

this was not the battle he had seen in

47:28

his vision. And he

47:30

was right, but he wouldn't

47:32

have to wait long for the battle to

47:34

come. Castered

47:38

a very same officer with the invasion

47:40

of the Black Hills just a couple of years

47:42

earlier. We got a lot closer

47:45

to the La Cote village than crew had ever

47:47

been. What I'm talking

47:49

about, of course, is

47:51

one of the most famous battles to ever

47:53

take place between the American Indian tribe

47:56

and the United States. The

47:58

battle of the Little Bighorn also

48:01

known as Castor's last stand. Considering

48:05

that episode eighteen of History on Fire

48:08

is a blow by blow 2

48:10

hour long painstakingly detailed

48:13

narrative of what happened, I'm

48:16

not gonna bore you by repeating the same information.

48:19

I'll keep these just to the absolute

48:22

basic highlights concerning sitting

48:24

board and nothing more. So

48:27

I'll just tell you, you know, when I spend two hours

48:29

telling you there, I'll spend probably less

48:32

than five meals right now. The

48:35

night prior to the fight, sitting

48:38

both went one of the heels overlooking

48:41

the camp. Which was one of the largest native

48:43

games ever assembled in the history of

48:46

the great plains. Possibly

48:48

about ten thousand people or more camping

48:50

the valley below. Up

48:53

in the hills, he prayed for his

48:55

people that they would be safe in

48:57

these dangerous times. In

49:00

the short term, his prayers would

49:03

be fulfilled. The

49:05

next morning, a pastor and his man

49:07

managed to arrive within striking distance

49:10

of the village. Caster

49:12

being ecstatic that for once he had

49:14

managed to catch a village before all

49:16

its people would scatter. But

49:19

it seemed to be as the most premature. But

49:21

the foream would have been at the scattered.

49:24

For the La Cote de Chuyens 2 their ground

49:26

instead, and a white plow

49:29

caster along with almost three

49:31

hundred of his men. Sitting

49:34

bull's role in this engagement was actually

49:36

rather on diplomatic. You know, his arms

49:38

were still too swollen from the sun dying

49:40

for him to take too much

49:42

of an active role in the fighting. So

49:45

while others such as crazy oars

49:47

or he saw nephew white bull,

49:50

land charges cut into casters troops,

49:53

Sitting bull confined himself to making

49:56

sure to do

49:58

important stuff, but no fighting stuff.

50:00

You know, leading for example, own mother

50:02

along with many other women and children

50:04

towards safety. But

50:08

when white bull emerge, from

50:10

the thick of the actual wounded in the leg.

50:13

Sitting both took care of him, applied

50:16

a medicinal root to his wounded leg

50:18

and wrapped it in battle of far. In

50:22

a particularly interesting moment, it

50:24

seemed to run into his eye

50:26

a doorman. Was an African

50:28

American man who sitting bullet met

50:31

years prior. Dark

50:33

man had married a lakota woman,

50:35

now had come riding with the soldiers

50:37

against the camp. Forehis

50:41

efforts had been shot in the legs and

50:43

couldn't really get away. So just

50:45

as some warriors were about to finish him

50:47

off. Sitting Bull

50:49

waved them away telling them that he knew

50:51

the man, and even offer

50:53

dormant water to drink. So

50:57

sitting bull did what he called for him,

50:59

but realistically, in

51:01

order to save him, he would have had to stick

51:03

to him nonstop for the next few hours.

51:06

And unfortunately, for Dorman, Sitting

51:09

bull's presence was requested elsewhere.

51:12

So without his guardian angel watching

51:14

over him, Darkman was not

51:16

long for this word. Young,

51:19

I caught a woman whose young brother had just

51:21

been killed, walked up to

51:23

him, and put a bullet in his face.

51:28

So for once, sitting in Berlin, not

51:30

counted any coup 2 the day.

51:33

But it strives my more than meet up for

51:35

it, scoring a huge victory over the US

51:37

army. Despite

51:40

incredible success, sitting

51:43

bull with a bit annoyed, Lakoth

51:46

had not listened to him when

51:48

he had warned them not to take any

51:50

of the soldiers possessions because that's

51:52

what he's seen in his vision. That

51:55

is if they took stuff from them, they

51:57

would always be after white man's

51:59

possessions and that would be their

52:03

better on traveling. So

52:06

he was pretty mad when his understandably

52:08

they would, some people started taking

52:10

whatever they cool from the defeated

52:13

soldiers. So sitting

52:15

bull said, since you have taken the spoils,

52:17

You will covet the things of the white man.

52:21

You will be at his mercy and will starve

52:23

at his hands. Someday

52:25

his soldiers will crash you. Indians.

52:28

There are no Indians left but me.

52:31

Now, perhaps sitting bull's cranking

52:34

can be put in perspective when

52:36

we remember that one of his kids, the

52:39

son of Red Woman was killed during

52:41

the course of the battle, not

52:44

in the fighting, but by a horse that

52:47

kicked him in the head. So,

52:49

you know, he had these reasons for being in

52:51

a less than spectacular mode.

52:54

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54:34

course, as the Pikka victory

54:37

as the Little Big Horn was

54:40

for the La Cote and Cheyenne, It

54:42

was also their Swiss song. It

54:45

was the beginning of their end, you know,

54:47

without what happened

54:49

after this is that the American

54:51

public started screaming for revenge

54:53

after hearing about Castor's defeat.

54:57

So Cherilyn Sherman

54:59

and the other war hawks in the Grant

55:01

Administration now add exactly their

55:04

way, and Congress should give

55:06

them all they wanted. They

55:08

received the authorization to occupy

55:11

the agencies with troops to disarm

55:14

all the natives on the reservation and to

55:16

take most of their horses. More

55:19

importantly, partially

55:21

thanks to the increased funding and

55:23

to the help of native clouds that

55:25

they recruited, the army was now in a

55:27

position to harass the Lakota Cheyenne

55:31

just as they were ready to break up in

55:33

smaller camps for the winter. But

55:36

one thing that many people wonder is why didn't

55:38

they stick 2? You know, if this camp was

55:40

so powerful, why didn't they stay together

55:42

and face new armies as a

55:44

unified people. But

55:46

there really was no way to keep

55:48

a camp that big together for more

55:51

than a few days. Ten

55:53

thousand plus people consume just

55:55

way too many resources. It wasn't

55:57

very sustainable. But

56:00

the army was becoming more efficient at

56:03

tracking them down. You know,

56:05

that was true, but that was only half the equation.

56:09

The other and even more

56:11

problematic half had to do with the lifeblood

56:14

of the plains Indians, the

56:16

buffalo. It's estimated

56:18

at the beginning of the eighteen hundreds, there were

56:21

somewhere between forty

56:23

million and sixty million bytes on

56:25

the United States. Before

56:28

the end of the century, there would be less than

56:30

one thousand left, which

56:33

is one of the statistics that are absolutely

56:35

mind blowing when you think about it, you know,

56:37

forty million bison. If you ever seen

56:40

a bison, that's a huge animal. Forty

56:42

million of that means they cover

56:45

the Great Plains. To go

56:47

from forty million to less than one

56:49

thousand in less than hundred

56:51

years, that

56:53

just insane. You know,

56:56

six million have been killed just

56:58

between eighteen seventy two and then

57:00

eighteen seventy six alone. There

57:04

are actually couple of technological innovations

57:07

that contributed to the fast

57:09

tracking toward the wipeout of the

57:11

basin. By

57:13

the eighteen sixties, single shot

57:15

rifles were giving

57:18

way to guns that could fire multiple

57:20

rounds before having to reload them. Which

57:23

of course led to a much greater

57:25

rate of fire. Single

57:28

shot rifles were far from ideal

57:30

for Bison hunting. You know,

57:33

not sooner you took a shot that the

57:35

whole load would be startled by the noise

57:37

and would run away often

57:39

before you could take another shot. Repeating

57:43

rifles on the other hand allow

57:45

the hunters to mow down plenty of

57:47

animals before having to reload.

57:51

And the other technological invention that

57:53

spelled doom for the bison were the railroads.

57:57

Whereas a few years earlier, a hunter

57:59

in the Midwest would have to go through

58:01

all sorts of travel to get buffalo

58:03

hides and skulls to the markets. Now,

58:06

the railroads greatly simplified the

58:09

job for him, thereby increasing the

58:11

band. So the impact

58:13

of railroads plus repeating rifles

58:16

was just catastrophic for the Bison.

58:20

In the words of British Hunter

58:22

named William Blackmoor. In

58:25

the autumn of eighteen sixty eight,

58:28

while crossing the plains of the Kansas

58:30

Pacific Railroad for distance of

58:32

upwards one hundred and twenty miles

58:34

between Hellswood and Sheridan. We

58:37

passed through an almost unbroken

58:40

herd of Buffalo. The

58:42

planes were blackened with them, and

58:45

more than once the trainer to stop,

58:48

to allow unusually large herds

58:50

to pass. few

58:53

years afterwards while

58:55

traveling over the same line of railroad,

58:58

it was a rear sight to

59:01

see a few words of from ten to

59:03

twenty Buffalo. So

59:06

you get a picture of what was happening

59:08

during this time. Now

59:11

in addition to the carnage rec

59:13

by professional buffalo hunters, it

59:16

was also common for passengers on

59:18

trains to shoot buffalo for fun.

59:21

You know, pull down the window, get your gun

59:23

out of the window and shoot us the bison

59:25

as you as the train is moving. Many

59:28

people have vocational this, not

59:31

for any reason other than to try to steal

59:33

the food supply from the native tribes.

59:37

Columbus Delano, for example, the Secretary

59:40

of Interior from eighteen sixty nine

59:42

to eighteen seventy five, was very

59:44

vocal in supporting this policy. General

59:48

Sheridan stated the

59:52

white hide hunters have

59:55

done more in the last two years to

59:57

settle the vexing Indian question

59:59

than the entire regular army has done

1:00:01

in the past thirty years. For

1:00:04

the sake of lasting peace, let

1:00:07

them kill skin and

1:00:09

cell until the baffle

1:00:11

are exterminated. Then

1:00:14

your prairies can be covered

1:00:16

with speckled cattle and

1:00:18

a festive cowboy. So

1:00:22

extermination as a way

1:00:24

for the United States to take over.

1:00:28

Professional buffalo hunter should kill all

1:00:30

the buffaloes, take the hides, and usually

1:00:33

leave the meat to rot. But

1:00:35

now before putting poison on it, so

1:00:37

that if natives arrived 2 the scene

1:00:39

too soon when the meat was still usable,

1:00:41

they would still not be able to use it because it

1:00:43

was poisoned. So

1:00:46

needless to say, natives

1:00:48

heated them with a passion and

1:00:51

killed buffalo hunters with gas

1:00:53

to attain opportunity. Sitting

1:00:56

bull would say about this. It

1:00:59

is strange that the Americans should complain

1:01:01

that the Indians kill borrowers. We

1:01:04

kill buffalos as we kill other animals

1:01:06

for food and clothing, and

1:01:09

to make our largest swerve. They

1:01:11

kill buffalos for

1:01:13

what? Go through your

1:01:15

country. See the thousands of

1:01:18

carcasses rotting on the planes.

1:01:21

Your young man shoot for pleasure. Will

1:01:23

they take from that baffle? Is it still

1:01:26

or he said or his horse? Perhaps

1:01:29

to show that they have killed the buffalo. What

1:01:32

is this? Is it strawberry? You

1:01:35

call last savages. What are

1:01:37

they? But

1:01:41

no matter how angry traditionally slight

1:01:44

sitting bull got, no matter how many

1:01:46

Bison hunters, the La Cote and Cheyenne

1:01:48

could kill, there were

1:01:50

always too many. And

1:01:52

we teach off their bullets they were sealing

1:01:54

the fate of the planes in their way

1:01:56

of life. A

1:01:59

few years later when the Bison

1:02:01

were hunted to near extinction. Curo

1:02:04

chief plantico would

1:02:06

say, When the

1:02:08

buffalo went away, the

1:02:11

hearts of my people fell to the ground,

1:02:14

and they could not leave them up again. After

1:02:18

this, nothing happened,

1:02:21

which is a I mean, of course, it's a

1:02:24

very interesting take on American

1:02:26

Indian his the whole idea according

1:02:28

to Plantechoda once the Bison was gone

1:02:30

as he put it nothing happened. Of

1:02:33

course, a lot happened. But in

1:02:35

his view, that wasn't native

1:02:37

life anymore. That was something else, you

1:02:39

know, native life last was tied to

1:02:41

the by when the Bison was gone, Native

1:02:43

Life was gone as well in his estimate. In

1:02:47

eighteen seventy six, however, the Bison

1:02:49

were decreasing dramatically, but they weren't

1:02:52

fully gone yet. So

1:02:54

sitting bull, crazy horse, and

1:02:56

a few others kept trying to ride

1:02:58

their victory at Little Bighorn, into

1:03:01

continuing the old ways, at least

1:03:03

for a bit longer. In

1:03:06

late eighteen seventy six with the army

1:03:08

chasing him. Cetim

1:03:11

bull ask Johnny Bruggier who

1:03:13

was the saun of a white man and a

1:03:16

humpapa woman who was

1:03:18

wanted for murder by white authorities

1:03:20

so he had escaped to leave it.

1:03:23

Sittingables camp. So he asked

1:03:25

him to write a letter since he was literate

1:03:27

in English. So that this letter

1:03:30

could be attached to a stake and left

1:03:32

where soldiers would find it on a road.

1:03:35

And the message read as

1:03:37

follows. I want

1:03:39

to know what you're doing on this road. You

1:03:42

scale all the buffalo away. I

1:03:44

want to hunt in this place. I

1:03:47

want you to turn back from here. If

1:03:50

you don't, I will fight you again.

1:03:53

I want you to leave what you have got here.

1:03:56

And turn back from here. Unsurprisingly,

1:04:00

the message didn't quite have

1:04:02

the desired effect. You know, they are he

1:04:05

didn't find it and said, oh,

1:04:07

damn, sitting bull doesn't want us on

1:04:09

this road. So we should

1:04:11

leave, you know, but not before writing

1:04:13

him an apology. The

1:04:16

army just didn't care, of course, they

1:04:18

kept hunting him down. So

1:04:20

on October twentieth, troops under

1:04:22

Nelson Miles caught up with sit in

1:04:24

wool. Miles, just

1:04:27

for your information, is going to

1:04:29

play a big role in our story through the very

1:04:31

end of this series, so keep this guy's

1:04:33

name in mind. Miles

1:04:36

was born in eighteen thirty nine. He

1:04:38

had lead troops during the civil

1:04:40

war. Even earning the

1:04:42

medal of honor at

1:04:44

Chancellorville in eighteen sixty three.

1:04:48

After the war, he had continued his military

1:04:50

career by fighting the Qayo and the command

1:04:52

she would eventually fight

1:04:55

against city in Boulan Cresiers as well

1:04:57

against chief Joseph as the Nespers

1:04:59

and even Geronimo and the Apache. His

1:05:03

accomplishments in the field were impressive,

1:05:07

but Miles also knew how to advance

1:05:09

himself through serious networking. Married

1:05:12

the needs of a Ohio senator

1:05:15

who also happened to be the needs of General

1:05:17

William Thakam's Chairman. The

1:05:21

lakota would name him bare

1:05:23

coat because of his

1:05:25

birth trimmed overcoat. So

1:05:28

on these days of early autumn,

1:05:31

miles and sitting bull agreed to meet

1:05:33

on neutral ground to parlay. They

1:05:37

sat down to talk through Berogheir

1:05:39

who acted as interpreter. Sitting

1:05:42

bull was remarkably mellowed

1:05:45

that day he was even willing to consider

1:05:47

taking an agency in the black hills, you

1:05:50

know, and cycling somewhere as long as

1:05:52

he was in the black hills. Overall,

1:05:56

they seemed to go along. You know,

1:05:58

miles even seemed to agree with

1:06:01

the sitting bolt's notion of having

1:06:03

land in the black hills. But

1:06:05

in reality, he knew that no land

1:06:07

would be given to the lakotas in the black

1:06:10

hills. You know, despite

1:06:13

being based on a lie, the preliminary

1:06:15

talk had gone decently enough. Things,

1:06:18

however, wouldn't go quite as well on

1:06:21

the following day on October 21st.

1:06:25

Miles wanted back the mules

1:06:28

that the lakota had taken from his army.

1:06:31

Because the stealing horses and mules

1:06:33

from the army was one of the lakota got a

1:06:35

favorite pastimes. And

1:06:38

without missing a beat, sitting bull

1:06:40

replied, he would gladly return

1:06:42

them all. As soon as miles

1:06:44

would give back all the by zone taken

1:06:46

by white Americans. Miles

1:06:50

ordered in to turn himself

1:06:52

in a standing rock agency. And

1:06:55

sitting bull replied by telling miles

1:06:57

what he could do with his orders. He

1:07:00

told him that the

1:07:02

great spirit had made him real in India,

1:07:04

not an agency in the underpendant on

1:07:06

the government. And he had no intention

1:07:09

of turning himself in. And

1:07:12

with that, he just walked out of the meeting.

1:07:15

So the Lakota began riding away and

1:07:17

the soldiers started shooting, but

1:07:19

nothing came off it since the Lakota were

1:07:22

effectively able to break away

1:07:25

and miles wasn't feeling particularly

1:07:27

confident about battery sitting

1:07:30

both at the moment. Even

1:07:33

though he had managed to allude miles for

1:07:35

the time being, sitting bull was worn out.

1:07:39

Some reports indicate that this time

1:07:41

he looked depressed, than tired.

1:07:44

Now, if you recall, one of his children had

1:07:46

been killed by a horse kicking him

1:07:48

during the leap of the Gorn battle, And

1:07:51

ever since the victories, Thimball and his

1:07:53

people like to look over their shoulders

1:07:55

constantly. Since the

1:07:58

army was pressing them hard. By

1:08:00

the end of October, sitting bull had

1:08:03

only thirty largest with him, which is less

1:08:05

than three hundred people. When

1:08:07

you compare that to the roughly ten thousand

1:08:09

or possibly more Campari team at

1:08:11

Little Bighorn, you can see how

1:08:13

that was 2 bit of an issue.

1:08:17

The Indian coalition was breaking up,

1:08:19

and the army was picking them off one by

1:08:22

one. Sitting

1:08:24

bull's mode definitely didn't improve

1:08:26

when Proger switched sides

1:08:28

and became an informer for miles. Sittingbull

1:08:33

clearly did not have a good track record

1:08:35

with anybody who's not a full blooded

1:08:37

native, you know, whereas things are going great

1:08:39

in adopting jumping bull, Things

1:08:42

have not gone so well. First, when

1:08:44

he tried to adopt Grouard or

1:08:46

when he gave safe asylum to brogueer,

1:08:50

So there's that realizing

1:08:55

that the tide was torn in. Several

1:08:58

Lakota who lived at the agencies. Order

1:09:02

PHDs in betrayal by becoming

1:09:05

scouts for the army, and

1:09:07

leading them to attack their very

1:09:09

own people, along with

1:09:11

the Cheyenne. The

1:09:13

camp of Cheyenne chief, dull knife, for example,

1:09:16

was attacked on November twenty fifth,

1:09:18

eighteen seventy six. The

1:09:20

knife managed to lead the women and children

1:09:22

to safety. While other

1:09:25

Cheyenne leaders such as Little

1:09:27

Wolf would lead

1:09:29

the dog soldiers. The dog soldiers were

1:09:31

described by Otter Joe's study as

1:09:34

I quote, the elite warrior

1:09:36

corpse always served as

1:09:38

the rearguard, as the first line

1:09:40

of the fans men were

1:09:43

honored to die protecting their people.

1:09:46

So little little wolf and the dog

1:09:48

soldiers protect protected the

1:09:50

retreat. And for his

1:09:53

travel little wolf was wounded seven

1:09:55

times on that day. The

1:09:57

Shayenne lost all their supplies and twenty

1:09:59

five people and on top of

1:10:01

it all time pressures that night dropped

1:10:04

to thirty below. So

1:10:06

in order to survive the Cheyenne they

1:10:08

made their way trying to look for the next

1:10:10

native camp they could join. They

1:10:12

had to kill some horses and slit their

1:10:14

bellies in order to put the babies

1:10:17

inside the bellies of the horses to

1:10:19

keep them warm. They

1:10:22

managed to find crazy horses

1:10:24

camp, and then they moved on to

1:10:26

sitting bull's camp. But as

1:10:28

much as both of them try to help,

1:10:30

unlike what had happened in the past, they

1:10:32

could only do so much since they

1:10:35

were stretched thin already and

1:10:37

didn't have too many supplies. All

1:10:40

through the winter, both crazier and

1:10:42

sitting bull, gone 2

1:10:44

some inconclusive scaffolds with the

1:10:46

soldiers. By

1:10:48

mid January eighteen seventy seven, The

1:10:52

two men who more than any other

1:10:54

symbolized lack of resistance to American

1:10:56

expansion would meet for the last time,

1:11:00

By this point, they had to recognize that

1:11:02

they had done more than anyone could

1:11:04

have asked of them and

1:11:06

succeeded in ways no one would

1:11:09

have even considered possible. But

1:11:12

despite all these, their time was up.

1:11:16

People interested in horse's camp were tired

1:11:18

of running. And there was no

1:11:20

longer anywhere in US, a

1:11:22

single place where they could run where

1:11:25

the army would unfold. So

1:11:28

crazier should become among the

1:11:30

very last La Cotta in United

1:11:33

States with surrender and turning

1:11:35

itself in a drag cloud agency. And

1:11:39

as we saw in the Cresior series,

1:11:41

render wouldn't translate into a long

1:11:43

life for Cresior. Sitting

1:11:46

bull instead weighed his options

1:11:49

and adopted a different plan of action.

1:11:53

As he stated, I

1:11:55

will remain what I am until I die

1:11:58

a hunter. And when there are

1:12:00

no buffalos or other game, I

1:12:02

will send my children to hand and

1:12:04

leave on prayerimise. For

1:12:07

when an Indian is shut up in one place,

1:12:09

his body becomes weak. Expressing

1:12:13

his thoughts about those Lakota

1:12:16

when signed deals with the United States.

1:12:18

He also said red

1:12:20

cloud and spot the taylor rascals.

1:12:23

They sold our country without the full consent

1:12:25

of our people. So

1:12:29

if he wasn't going to join them on the reservation,

1:12:31

what could he do? It's

1:12:33

true the army could follow him

1:12:35

and his people anywhere in the US.

1:12:38

But what about outside of the US?

1:12:41

What if sitting bull would lead his

1:12:43

people to cross the border into Canada?

1:12:47

Now, that was a mad there, but

1:12:49

it was worded risk. In

1:12:52

sitting bull's mind, that was

1:12:54

definitely preferable to surrender. So

1:12:57

by this point, nearly every other

1:12:59

lakota not set on the reservation joins

1:13:02

Istanbul. Into this Canadian

1:13:04

adventure. So

1:13:07

more and more Lakota started joining him

1:13:09

until he had about a hundred and

1:13:11

twenty launches with him. In

1:13:14

case anyone

1:13:16

had done that the only options were Canada

1:13:19

that were surrender, on May

1:13:21

seventh, the day after Carriere

1:13:24

surrendered. General

1:13:26

Miles attacked the don't, the camp of

1:13:28

lame deer. One of

1:13:30

the very last three La Coto leaders.

1:13:34

Lander was captured by miles and told

1:13:36

to put got his gun down

1:13:39

and he did. And as they

1:13:41

were parlene, however, a

1:13:43

scout for miles made a move that

1:13:45

looked aggressive. So

1:13:47

Lendir quickly reached back for his

1:13:49

gun and shot miles, who managed

1:13:51

to move away, so he actually Lendir

1:13:53

killed one of mild soldiers. At

1:13:57

that point, Linde himself was killed

1:13:59

and more than a dozen

1:14:01

other Lakota Sweden as well as

1:14:03

four soldiers. So

1:14:06

by this point in the story, any

1:14:08

overlap between the previous

1:14:10

Lakota series and this one is

1:14:12

abundantly over. You

1:14:15

know, the previous star the previous stories

1:14:17

I did, the war for the black heels and

1:14:19

the crazy war series, they ended respectively

1:14:22

in eighteen seventy six and eighteen seventy

1:14:24

seven. So anything past

1:14:27

this point and for

1:14:29

the matter, most of the material that we have covered

1:14:31

before this point is

1:14:33

completely new territory I I never

1:14:35

discussed before. So

1:14:38

entirely new territory. Was

1:14:40

also what sitting bull was dealing with in

1:14:42

eighteen seventy seven as he escaped the

1:14:44

United States and entered Canada. Not

1:14:50

only north of the border

1:14:52

was the army, not trying to kill him,

1:14:55

but the land there was less crowded

1:14:57

with white people than Montana

1:14:59

or the Dakotas were. So

1:15:01

there was lot more Bison. Now,

1:15:04

of course, he wasn't long before his presence

1:15:06

was noticed, and he received

1:15:09

a visit from major

1:15:11

Walsh of the Northwest Royal

1:15:14

Canadian Mounted Police along

1:15:17

with six office men visited sitting

1:15:19

pools camp. Unlike

1:15:23

many people in uniform, Let's

1:15:26

see team bullet interacted with in the

1:15:28

past. Walsh wasn't

1:15:31

on an ego trip or looking

1:15:33

for an excuse to flex his muscles.

1:15:36

He was firm, but friendly. He

1:15:39

told sitting bold that if the Wakota created

1:15:41

trouble, they would be unceremoniously

1:15:44

kicked out. But if they

1:15:46

obey the rules, they could stay. And

1:15:49

sitting bones had no objections

1:15:51

to that. So watch

1:15:54

and sitting bull got along and over

1:15:56

time they would actually develop mutual

1:15:58

respect and the strong friendship. Which

1:16:02

is definitely a first for

1:16:04

sitting bull and the white man. Watch

1:16:07

was fearless. Where

1:16:10

others may have been intimidated. He

1:16:13

was according to sitting bull

1:16:15

wash with fear and he was

1:16:17

kind. So he really couldn't

1:16:19

ask for more than that. Recruiting

1:16:23

an old family connection with

1:16:25

Canada, Sitting bull

1:16:27

showed Walsh a king George the

1:16:29

third medal, that his grandfather

1:16:32

had been given during the war of eighteen twelve.

1:16:35

For being one of the native leaders who

1:16:37

had fought alongside the British against

1:16:39

the Americans. This

1:16:42

friendly encounter was a badly knitted

1:16:45

breath of fresh air for sitting bull.

1:16:48

In addition to all its recent troubles,

1:16:51

another one of his kids, a

1:16:53

nine year old, had just died

1:16:55

of an illness. So

1:16:57

for the second time in two years, let's

1:16:59

say, Timbula to mourn one of his

1:17:01

children. By

1:17:04

now, after the murder of his father,

1:17:06

the death of two of his wives, many

1:17:09

friends, multiple kids. This

1:17:12

may seem like a little footnote in

1:17:15

Istanbul's life. And

1:17:17

in some way, it is since we know so

1:17:19

little about some of these events. But

1:17:22

for a second, we choose to open that

1:17:25

door and dwell on it. It's

1:17:27

hard to imagine that all these deaths

1:17:30

among those closest to him didn't

1:17:33

take a huge emotional toll on

1:17:35

sitting both psyche. We

1:17:39

know next to nothing, however, about sitting

1:17:41

both in our turmoil. What

1:17:43

we do know about are

1:17:45

other major historical events affecting

1:17:48

sitting bold world. In

1:17:51

eighteen seventy seven, in fact, American

1:17:53

newspapers were filled with reports

1:17:55

of yet another drama involving native

1:17:58

people. The next

1:18:00

first drive from the Pacific Northwest

1:18:02

than being a peace with the United States

1:18:04

for quite a while. They

1:18:06

had no previous history of any

1:18:09

major conflict. But

1:18:11

things have changed when American authorities

1:18:14

try to forcibly relocate them away

1:18:16

from their ancestral lands. To

1:18:19

a much smaller reservation in Idaho.

1:18:23

The military, in this case,

1:18:25

badly mismanaged the diplomatic negotiations

1:18:28

that followed. And

1:18:30

the result was a full a full blown

1:18:32

war. With the army trying to crash

1:18:35

the tribe and the tribe

1:18:37

trying to retreat away from the army's

1:18:39

grasp. The

1:18:42

army chased them to Guadalaju, Montana,

1:18:44

Wyoming, and Montana gained. The

1:18:48

Nesburs traveled over one thousand

1:18:50

miles and defeated the army in five

1:18:52

different battles, realizing

1:18:55

that they had few other

1:18:57

options. Eventually,

1:19:00

the Nespers decide to try to reach sitting

1:19:02

bull across the border despite

1:19:05

previews of steelity between them and the

1:19:07

lakota. Since the Naspers

1:19:09

were allies of the crew. City

1:19:13

Bull was okay with Latin by gones, big

1:19:15

by gones, you know, forgot about the previous

1:19:17

in third rival rival rivalries and was

1:19:19

ready to welcome them with open arms.

1:19:22

But just as the next powers, were

1:19:25

within a few miles of the Canadian border.

1:19:28

The army finally succeeded in catching

1:19:31

up with them and surrounding them. Cetimba

1:19:34

was seriously tempted to cross the

1:19:37

border with his warriors and attack

1:19:39

Nelson Miles and his soldiers. In

1:19:41

order to help the Nasdaqdaqdaqdaq. Walsh,

1:19:45

however, made it clear that the Canadian government

1:19:48

would probably no longer give the

1:19:50

Lakota hospitality if

1:19:52

they attack the American Army. And

1:19:55

so sitting bull had to bite his lip

1:19:57

and let it go. During

1:20:00

the negotiations that followed over

1:20:02

a hundred nespers under

1:20:04

white bird's leap through and

1:20:06

cross border. Most

1:20:09

of them however did not. Chief

1:20:11

Joseph, one of the main tribal leaders,

1:20:14

rendered to Miles on October fifth.

1:20:17

In a speech attributed to him,

1:20:19

he's quoted as having said, I'm tired.

1:20:22

My heart is sick and sad. From

1:20:25

where the sun now stands, I will fight

1:20:27

no more forever. As

1:20:31

a result of this, sitting bull's

1:20:33

camp added to its numbers.

1:20:36

Those nespresso refugees were

1:20:38

managed to escape while

1:20:40

the rest of the tribe was captured. It

1:20:43

was on top of the many Lakota when

1:20:45

fled after Cresior's

1:20:47

skilling and were joined

1:20:50

sitting bull in Canada. By

1:20:53

the spring of eighteen seventy eight,

1:20:55

six hundred loggers were with sitting

1:20:57

bolt, including two hundred and fifty from

1:21:00

the Oglala web with Cresior's plus,

1:21:03

as I mentioned, a few nespas, which

1:21:06

meant that sitting bullet a lot of

1:21:08

people to feed and to worry about.

1:21:12

Still sore over his experiences from

1:21:15

the previous few weeks, white bird.

1:21:18

The leader of the Naspers' refugees, cancel

1:21:21

sitting bull to send the pipe to his

1:21:23

traditional enemies the cross. To

1:21:26

ask them to join them for war against

1:21:28

the Americans. The

1:21:31

trouser responded with a very clear no.

1:21:34

And in case that wasn't them fatty enough,

1:21:37

they raided the lakota stealing

1:21:40

some of their horses. Needless

1:21:43

to say this got sitting bull to miss

1:21:45

the old days when he would lead his man

1:21:48

to murder the living hell out

1:21:50

of the cross. So

1:21:52

for the sake of all times, the sitting boohoo

1:21:54

was busy planning a war against the cross,

1:21:56

but Walsh again held him back

1:21:59

saying he couldn't use Canada as a

1:22:01

base of operations for wars in the

1:22:03

United States. Either against

1:22:06

the US Army, or against

1:22:08

any tribe living there. The

1:22:11

cross were not the only tribe to turn down

1:22:13

sitting balls over towards The

1:22:16

black feet under the leader crowfoot. similarly

1:22:19

refused the lack of effort to join

1:22:22

against the Americans in the past. And

1:22:25

the relationship between the La Cote and the Blackfeet

1:22:28

as well as between the La

1:22:30

Cote and the other Canadian natives

1:22:32

such as the acinibein or the tree.

1:22:35

It was complicated by the fact that they

1:22:37

now competed for the same dwindling

1:22:40

numbers of Buffalo. However,

1:22:42

sitting bull was a charming guy,

1:22:45

and somehow he managed to turn a potentially

1:22:48

very hostile situation into a friendly

1:22:50

one. Despite this

1:22:52

initial hard stance, grow

1:22:55

food, the black food leader, grew fond

1:22:58

of sitting bowl. And

1:23:00

eventually the two of them sat down to

1:23:02

smoke the pipe together. Cetimball

1:23:05

displayed its characteristic generosity

1:23:07

when meeting with black fit guests. And

1:23:11

grow food accepted to share his

1:23:13

hunting grounds with the lakota. So

1:23:16

to celebrate their friendship, Sitting

1:23:18

bull renamed one of his kids, with

1:23:21

the Blackfoot's chief's whole name, Crowfoot.

1:23:26

In the meantime, sittingboat's commitment

1:23:28

to be deserving of Walsh's trust

1:23:30

and avoid travel in Canada was complete.

1:23:34

When his brother-in-law, a guy

1:23:36

named Gregor and Three others stole

1:23:38

a hundred and fifty horses from a camp

1:23:41

of methi. Sitting

1:23:43

both Santa Cruz warriors after them.

1:23:45

And eventually,

1:23:47

he had them tied naked to the

1:23:49

ground to be beaten by mosquitoes

1:23:52

for over a week, just to drive

1:23:54

home the point that sitting bull had given

1:23:56

his word. And there would be

1:23:58

no leniency with those trying to

1:24:00

compromise it. Back

1:24:04

in the United States, military

1:24:07

and political authorities are not

1:24:09

forgotten about sitting bull. They

1:24:12

were not thrilled that he to just

1:24:14

across the border as a as

1:24:17

a symbol to all natives,

1:24:21

which basically stated

1:24:23

in unambiguous terms that you could defy

1:24:26

the will of the government with impunity and

1:24:28

get away with it. So

1:24:30

the Hays administration began negotiating

1:24:33

with Canadian diplomats to have a sitting

1:24:35

bull territory to the United States.

1:24:38

Unlike Walsh, who was full in support

1:24:40

of sitting ball. Many

1:24:43

people in the Canadian government look

1:24:45

at the situation as a diplomatic nightmare.

1:24:48

Making their relationship with

1:24:50

the United States needlessly dance.

1:24:55

So that's why in late eighteen seventy

1:24:57

seven, they accepted the United States

1:24:59

government request to

1:25:01

send the delegation to negotiate with

1:25:03

sitting bull. Sitting

1:25:06

below that zero interest in this,

1:25:08

but since Warsh asked him to go through

1:25:10

with the meeting, Sitting

1:25:12

bull complied, something

1:25:15

that prompted journalists from

1:25:17

the New York Herald to write, I

1:25:19

quote, We must

1:25:21

really regard Major Walsh as

1:25:23

the only man in the Dominion of Canada

1:25:26

who could in the first place.

1:25:28

Have induced such determined enemies

1:25:30

of the white man as sitting bull and his followers

1:25:34

to come on and interview the United

1:25:36

States Commission. And

1:25:38

in the second place to have entice

1:25:40

these wild and suspicious savages

1:25:43

to buy the delay of considerable extent.

1:25:46

And await the approach of the commissioners.

1:25:50

Nobody would think

1:25:52

of doubting major Walsh's control

1:25:55

over his savage warts after

1:25:57

being undisposed for one hour. I

1:26:00

must characterize him from what I've seen

1:26:03

under as one of the bravest and most

1:26:05

remarkable diplomats of his day.

1:26:10

Now leading the commission was brigadier

1:26:12

general Terry. The same

1:26:15

man went out to craft the For Laramie

1:26:17

Treaty, The same man when

1:26:19

provided the legal acrobatics to

1:26:22

justify cast their expedition in the Black

1:26:24

Hills. Which is the one that triggered

1:26:26

the second round of war against the tribes.

1:26:29

And the same man who later had set

1:26:32

up caster to pick the fool for the

1:26:34

little beorn. Needless

1:26:37

to say, sitting ball was no fan of the

1:26:39

man. And it's also safe

1:26:41

to say that if he weren't for the fact that

1:26:43

he wanted to live up to culture's

1:26:45

trust in him. He would

1:26:47

have probably preferred to bury

1:26:49

his tomahawk in Terry's skull.

1:26:52

Rather than talking to him. Also

1:26:55

attending the meeting were several journalists

1:26:58

and Canadian officials. May

1:27:01

have taken issue with sitting both

1:27:03

split in Terry's head. But

1:27:05

just because he couldn't act on his impulses,

1:27:08

and he agreed to meet with the commission

1:27:11

in deference to his Canadian hosts.

1:27:14

It doesn't mean sitting boom was going to

1:27:16

cut out to the Americans. As

1:27:18

the Commission arrives, hitting both fellow

1:27:21

swordsman staged a dance in

1:27:23

which the warrior reining the face.

1:27:26

Recounted all the coup he had counted

1:27:29

at the little be gone against casters man,

1:27:32

which was a clear challenge to

1:27:34

Terry what being casters period

1:27:36

during the campaign. When

1:27:39

sitting bull arrived at the meeting, he shook

1:27:41

hands with the Canadian officials but refused

1:27:43

to shake hands with the Americans. And

1:27:47

just to make his state of mind clear,

1:27:50

after he sat on a Buffalo robe

1:27:52

and smocked his pipe, Sitting

1:27:54

bolt's opening comment was, this

1:27:57

commission that has come to interview me

1:28:00

can go to hell. Okay.

1:28:04

So I guess no exchange of pleasantries

1:28:06

before getting down to business. Terry

1:28:10

opened what could only be described as

1:28:12

a tense meeting by saying sitting bull

1:28:14

could be powered on if he gave up his

1:28:16

guns and horses. Considering

1:28:19

the right at that time, Crizior had

1:28:22

recently been murdered after surrendering,

1:28:25

one can see how sitting bull wasn't

1:28:27

quite ecstatic about this proposal. 2

1:28:31

bull wasn't the only Lekota to be skeptical

1:28:33

of the government's offer. A

1:28:35

Lekota name spotted eagle would

1:28:39

winked and the Canadians anytime

1:28:41

Terry would say a blatant lie.

1:28:44

Eventually Steamboat lost his space which

1:28:47

what he perceived to be negotiation, negotiations

1:28:49

that were not in good faith, and

1:28:52

he replied, what have

1:28:54

we done that you should want us to stop?

1:28:56

We have done nothing. It is

1:28:58

all the people on your side who started

1:29:00

making travel. We could go

1:29:03

nowhere else, so we took a refrigerator. I

1:29:06

would like to know why you came here. I

1:29:08

didn't give you my country. But

1:29:10

you followed me from place to place and

1:29:12

I had to come here. Look

1:29:15

at me. I have ears,

1:29:17

I have eyes to see with. You

1:29:20

can hear to tell us lies, but we don't

1:29:22

want to listen to them. Don't

1:29:24

say two more words. Go

1:29:26

back home where you're paying from. But,

1:29:31

of course, with nothing resolved, the disliked

1:29:33

and difficult diplomatic situation

1:29:35

for the Canadian government. Since

1:29:38

if the Lakota ever crossed the border

1:29:40

to aid in the United States, the

1:29:43

Americans should treat it as a Canadian act

1:29:45

of war. Right

1:29:48

around this time, sitting bull at his first

1:29:51

interview with a white journalist from

1:29:53

the Newark Herald. When

1:29:55

the journalist addressed him as a chief,

1:29:58

sitting bull denied being one. When

1:30:01

asked what he was, if not achieved,

1:30:04

sitting bull replied, a man.

1:30:08

Walsh told the journalist, the

1:30:10

not all the un purpose follows it. In

1:30:12

bold, but many did as

1:30:14

well as many from other tribes as well.

1:30:17

So the journalist asked him, if you're not

1:30:19

a great chief as I heard, Why

1:30:22

do your people think so much of you?

1:30:25

And sitting bull replied with a really

1:30:28

interesting comment. He said, your

1:30:31

people look up to men because they are rich,

1:30:34

because they have much land, many

1:30:36

lodges, many women. Right? And

1:30:39

the journalist replied, yes. City

1:30:42

will continue then. My people

1:30:44

look up to me because I'm poor. That

1:30:46

is the difference. Now,

1:30:49

that comment clearly doesn't explain a whole

1:30:51

lot and leaves much to be

1:30:53

guessed. They're like, what did you mean by that? Well,

1:30:56

you don't have to dig that deep to figure it

1:30:58

out, really. Because this was a theme

1:31:00

that would return time and time again

1:31:02

in sitting both life. In

1:31:05

Lakota culture, a leader

1:31:07

who's supposed to constantly give

1:31:09

away property to other people in the tribe.

1:31:13

The whole purpose of gaining material

1:31:15

wealth was to give it away,

1:31:18

which in turn urged you the currency

1:31:20

that would make you a leader in Lakota society

1:31:22

which was the gratitude of your tribesmen.

1:31:26

So time and time against sitting bull would

1:31:28

struggle. To make

1:31:30

sense of the American system that our

1:31:32

leaders are accumulating wealth rather

1:31:35

than giving it all away. That's

1:31:38

what he meant when he said, my

1:31:40

people look up to me because I am poor.

1:31:43

And as we will see, even later

1:31:45

in his life, When sitting

1:31:47

bull found himself among Euro Americans

1:31:50

begging for money, he would regularly give

1:31:52

away most of what he had even 2 them,

1:31:55

not just to his own tribal member. That

1:31:58

this was one of the core Lakota values

1:32:00

that sitting bull would never stop practicing

1:32:02

throughout his life. During

1:32:05

the interview, sitting bull

1:32:07

also added, I never

1:32:10

asked the United States government to

1:32:12

make me presence of blankets or

1:32:14

clothes or anything of that kind.

1:32:17

The most I did was to ask them

1:32:19

to send me an honest trader. That

1:32:22

I could trade with. And I

1:32:24

propose to give him buffalo robes and

1:32:26

deluxe skins and other hides in

1:32:28

exchange for what we wanted. I

1:32:31

told every trader who came to our camps

1:32:33

that I didn't I didn't want any favors

1:32:35

from him, that I wanted to

1:32:37

trade with him fairly and equally. Giving

1:32:40

him full value for what I got.

1:32:43

But the traders wanted me to trade with them

1:32:45

on no such terms. They wanted

1:32:48

to give little and get much. They

1:32:50

told me that if I did not accept what

1:32:53

they would give me, they would

1:32:55

get the government to fight me. So

1:32:58

I told them I did not want to fight.

1:33:03

Just across the border however, some

1:33:05

people did want to fight. Now

1:33:08

that the commission had failed in its goal

1:33:10

of having sitting bull voluntarily returning

1:33:12

to the United States, General

1:33:15

NASA Miles wanted sitting bull

1:33:17

forcibly handed over by Canadian

1:33:19

authorities. But

1:33:21

Walsh told him that wasn't going to happen.

1:33:26

No big one to take rejection well,

1:33:28

miles proposed illegally crossing

1:33:30

the border and attacking sitting ball.

1:33:33

But again, higher ups in his own

1:33:35

government this time 2 the

1:33:38

the high potential for war with Canada

1:33:40

over something like that. And

1:33:42

told miles to forget it. Walsh

1:33:45

however wasn't getting what he wanted either

1:33:48

since His plan was to create

1:33:50

a reservation for the Lakota, but the Canadian

1:33:52

government vetoed this idea.

1:33:57

Sitting bull was determined 2

1:33:59

keep his promise 2 wash, not

1:34:01

to attack targets in the United States,

1:34:05

However, what he did was occasionally to

1:34:07

cross the border 2 hand south

1:34:10

if the Bison hubs migrated

1:34:12

south. So occasionally,

1:34:15

did that and some of the lock out our cross

1:34:17

into the US for hunting herds

1:34:19

that had migrated. Of

1:34:21

course, this was dangerous business because

1:34:23

if they were caught by the army in the United

1:34:26

States, they would sure be a battle.

1:34:29

And one of the strips out of the border

1:34:32

was witnessed by a journalist from

1:34:34

the Chicago Tribune. Walsh

1:34:37

himself had set up a me teaching through

1:34:39

a mixed blood trader who did

1:34:41

business with sitting bowl. So

1:34:43

the journal is Stanley Handley who

1:34:45

would write an article about his experience.

1:34:48

And I'm just gonna quote a passage

1:34:50

from it. It's a hero. It

1:34:53

was about noon when the suit

1:34:55

appeared on the reach of the camp. The

1:34:58

very air trembled with their yells.

1:35:02

Suddenly there came a wild and

1:35:04

hardly shriek. And down

1:35:06

the side of the hill, the horses of the

1:35:08

little beorn poured in

1:35:11

a resist less stream. The

1:35:14

half breeds here, the journalist, is

1:35:16

referring to the traders on the American

1:35:18

side of the borders. The half breeds

1:35:20

were paralyzed, not with fear, but

1:35:22

with that myriad. A

1:35:24

more magnificent and grander side

1:35:27

never startled human eyes.

1:35:30

As the column rushed down, charging

1:35:32

near and there as their horses were

1:35:34

quick or slow, they turned

1:35:37

the valley into a collider scope. The

1:35:39

collar shifting swiftly into a thousand

1:35:42

forms, barbells, yet

1:35:44

beautiful. The horses

1:35:46

were covered with foam, and

1:35:48

nourished to the cosmos. Now

1:35:52

initially sitting bulls seem less than

1:35:54

happy with the encounter in the Jordan list.

1:35:56

He told him, get an American.

1:35:59

What do you want? You're a spy.

1:36:02

The journalist protested he was a miracle

1:36:04

but was not a spy. And told him that,

1:36:06

you know, the newspapers

1:36:08

regularly printed a terrible rumors

1:36:11

about sitting bold, but here was

1:36:13

a chance to fix them. He

1:36:15

could talk to his art content, say,

1:36:17

speak his piece, and he would train it.

1:36:21

So sitting balls sat down with him and explain

1:36:23

his reasons for this like in the United

1:36:25

States, particularly the theft of the black

1:36:27

heels, previous broken promises,

1:36:29

and things like that. Just

1:36:33

a few weeks after this encounter, a

1:36:35

more dramatic one took place when

1:36:38

on July eighteenth, eighteen

1:36:40

seventy nine. Lieutenant

1:36:42

William Clark ran into about

1:36:45

a hundred lot 2 mostly women.

1:36:48

Were busy butchering Buffalo

1:36:50

Beavercreek, which is about fifty miles

1:36:52

south of the border. The

1:36:55

soldiers and the crow scouts attacked.

1:36:58

Most of the lack of the warriors were off

1:37:00

chasing another herd. So sitting

1:37:02

bull was among the very few

1:37:05

bravely defending the women's retreat.

1:37:09

Sitting bull's presence slowed down

1:37:11

the close attack. Since

1:37:14

a crew wore your name, magpie,

1:37:17

had been boasting that it would kill

1:37:19

sitting bull. So

1:37:21

the scout has slowed down their charge

1:37:23

to let one of them approach the lakota

1:37:26

with a white flag. To

1:37:28

issue marked by his challenge to sitting

1:37:30

bull. Sitting

1:37:32

bull was about to turn fifty. He

1:37:34

was no longer a young man in his and

1:37:37

yet he was very famous. Killing

1:37:39

gaming combat was an ideal way

1:37:42

to gain a reputation. You

1:37:44

see this happen a lot in combat sports.

1:37:46

You know, you see old

1:37:49

glories, you know, aging champions with

1:37:51

a big name, but diminishing skills.

1:37:54

They become stepping stones for a

1:37:56

hundred young contenders looking

1:37:58

for a quick path to fame. No

1:38:02

one could blame sitting ball if he

1:38:04

if he ever wanted to step to

1:38:06

into what appeared to be a very uneven

1:38:08

2. And yet,

1:38:10

if he didn't, the

1:38:13

crews would resume their attack and more

1:38:15

women would be killed in the charge. Plus

1:38:19

sitting bull didn't become who he was by

1:38:21

turning away from a flight. As

1:38:24

the Keith Fox Warriors Society saw

1:38:26

on the tote all luck out of warriors.

1:38:29

I quote. We're right to

1:38:31

run away from the enemy. No

1:38:33

one will consider me a man. So

1:38:37

without hesitation sitting ball accepted,

1:38:40

you will appear to be a repeat of the dual

1:38:42

here with a crew warrior so many years

1:38:45

prior Sitting bull and his

1:38:47

antagonist charged at each other.

1:38:50

MacKay took his shot, but his gun misfired.

1:38:54

Sitting bull responded by shooting

1:38:56

the top of mug by his head off.

1:38:59

He then sculpted him and took

1:39:01

his orders. Just

1:39:04

another day in the life of a fifty

1:39:06

year old. Just

1:39:08

then, General Miles arrived

1:39:10

with the main body of his troops. Right

1:39:13

about at the same time when sixty Lakota

1:39:15

warriors also gallop to

1:39:17

put themselves between the soldiers and the

1:39:20

women. A

1:39:22

few exchanges of bullets later

1:39:24

with jumping bull taking a shot

1:39:26

in the heap and a few minor casualties

1:39:29

on both sides. The

1:39:31

two groups broke off with miles

1:39:34

saying the engagement had been a victory

1:39:36

for him, which he wasn't.

1:39:38

You know, it's mostly must be

1:39:40

really uneventful. But

1:39:42

except for Magpaik, that was he

1:39:45

was rather eventful for him. Sitting

1:39:49

wool didn't have too many more seasons in

1:39:51

Canada though. You know, the lakota were

1:39:53

running out of Bison in Canada. Some

1:39:56

in the Canadian government were

1:39:58

and happy with the friendship

1:40:00

between walls and sitting balls. So

1:40:03

in order to pressure the lakota to

1:40:05

live, The Canadian government

1:40:08

transferred Walsh in eighteen seventy

1:40:10

nine to a different post, and

1:40:12

denied his request to go to war 2

1:40:15

negotiate a peace deal with the United

1:40:17

States government for sitting bull.

1:40:20

The two friends were quite sad to be separated.

1:40:24

Walsh was the only white man that sitting

1:40:26

board could completely trust. And

1:40:29

now he will be replaced with a much less

1:40:31

sympathetic stranger. The

1:40:34

Canadian interlude bought sitting in

1:40:36

Berlin the Lockout a few good years. No

1:40:39

doubt about that, but without Walsh

1:40:41

to advocate for them, Things

1:40:44

were gonna go downhill fast. As

1:40:47

a parting gift, sitting

1:40:49

ball gave Walsh a magnificent eagle

1:40:52

feather addressed. Even

1:40:55

after being transferred though, Roche

1:40:58

didn't stop trying to weld 2 the lakota.

1:41:01

Eventually he did go to Washington DC,

1:41:04

and he was promised that sitting bull

1:41:06

would not be arrested if he surrendered. So

1:41:10

after this, he advised sitting bull

1:41:12

that it would be okay to return to the United

1:41:14

States. Seeing

1:41:17

the writing on the wall over a period

1:41:19

of months, many Lakota

1:41:22

began to back seeing some return to the United

1:41:24

States. In the

1:41:26

fall of eighteen eighty, spot the eagle

1:41:28

and raymond face did. In

1:41:31

January eighteen eighty one, gal

1:41:34

famous warriors for the umpa. I

1:41:36

also joined them. And

1:41:38

then even jumped in Bull and Grey Eagle.

1:41:41

And even one of sitting bull's daughters

1:41:43

many horses. His

1:41:46

camp dropped down to only sixty

1:41:48

five lodges by eighteen eighty one.

1:41:51

Since their numbers were so low, the

1:41:54

Cree began raiding them and

1:41:56

stealing horses and generally harassing

1:41:58

them. These

1:42:01

combined with the decline in numbers of

1:42:03

Bison and the Canadian government's pressure

1:42:07

on sitting bull to return to the United

1:42:09

States was beginning

1:42:11

to add up. You know, sitting

1:42:13

bull had done all the code to keep his people

1:42:16

living their old life. For

1:42:18

far longer than any other Lakota leader

1:42:21

I've been able to do. The

1:42:23

bitter great ride. But

1:42:25

now it was over. With

1:42:27

barely 2 add the reformers left

1:42:30

and mainly women and kids in the summer

1:42:32

of eighteen eighty one, Sitting

1:42:34

bull crossed the border and arrived at

1:42:36

Fort Beaufort in North Dakota. He

1:42:40

had been promised he could have a house on the

1:42:42

Standing Rock reservation. But

1:42:45

once he surrendered, the Secretary

1:42:47

of War told link, although incidentally

1:42:49

was Ibrahim called Son, who'd

1:42:52

order his incarceration at Fort

1:42:54

Randall. Now before I go

1:42:56

further, I have a rather

1:42:58

bizarre story about Darlene. Kind

1:43:02

of funny. Well, I

1:43:04

mean, funny if you don't count the mariners.

1:43:06

But in any case, President

1:43:09

Garfield was shot

1:43:11

and killed on September

1:43:15

nineteenth. Two days after sitting

1:43:17

bull would arrive at Fort Randall. Full

1:43:21

court tells that he was a victim

1:43:23

of the consensus scars. In case you're

1:43:25

wondering what the 2 scores was,

1:43:28

there's these legends saying that this

1:43:30

was a course placed by the showny

1:43:33

chief, the concert. William

1:43:35

Henry, Arizona after his victory

1:43:38

on the show in eighteen eleven. The

1:43:41

core switch is almost certainly made

1:43:43

up, but in any case, indulge me,

1:43:45

is that Harrison would become president,

1:43:48

but he would die in office. Along

1:43:50

with anyone elected in twenty

1:43:52

years increments. So Arizona

1:43:55

was elected in eighteen forty and died in

1:43:57

office. Hebron Lincoln

1:44:00

elected in eighteen sixty and died

1:44:02

in offense. And the same

1:44:04

thing happened to those elected in eighteen

1:44:06

eighty in the year nineteen hundred,

1:44:09

in nineteen twenty, nineteen forty,

1:44:11

and in nineteen sixty. All of them

1:44:13

died in office. Ronald

1:44:16

Reagan, who was elected in nineteen eighty,

1:44:18

was shot but survived, breaking

1:44:21

the course. Now

1:44:24

back to our

1:44:27

good old toddler lingo, he

1:44:30

was with Garfield when

1:44:32

he died. And he was

1:44:34

just outside the building where

1:44:36

President Mechile was shot and killed.

1:44:39

In nineteen o one. He

1:44:41

was also present at the death of his

1:44:43

father, not

1:44:46

at the shooting itself, but had his father's

1:44:48

sexual death. So he was present

1:44:50

at the side of three presidents dying

1:44:53

from being shot. Which

1:44:55

is really quite a record.

1:44:59

But back to sitting ball, Once

1:45:02

he crossed into the United States and he

1:45:04

arrived at Fort Beaufort. He

1:45:06

met with the commanding officer there,