0:00

Hi guys, this is

0:02

Fiona from I else

0:04

with Fiona on the

0:06

Members Academy. It is

0:08

Christmas Eve, Twenty Fourth

0:10

of December. Twenty twenty

0:12

three. And I'm a

0:14

little late because what

0:16

I actually wanted to

0:18

talk about today happened

0:20

on the twenty First

0:22

of December, which was

0:24

the shortest day of

0:26

the year and it's

0:28

known as. The. Winter

0:30

Solstice. I thought there

0:32

must be an eye

0:34

else reading on this.

0:36

and here we have

0:39

it. It's from Book

0:41

eighteen, so it's very

0:43

recent and the good

0:45

news is that it's

0:47

ah. Part. One. Academic.

0:50

Reading which means it's not

0:52

too difficult something for you

0:54

to do during the holidays,

0:57

and it's a really interesting

0:59

topic. I think the title

1:01

is Stonehenge. Now I'm sure

1:04

you know Stonehenge, but if

1:06

you don't to, it's one

1:08

of those images of. Britain.

1:11

England is quite a famous

1:14

tourist spot. You know it's

1:16

it's kind of stones in

1:18

a circle and. He. Has

1:21

the same kind of status

1:23

I would say as web

1:26

the pyramids. They're not as

1:28

amazing as the pyramids, but

1:30

they have that mystery surrounding

1:32

them on of course I

1:35

else loves that. With we've

1:37

got a reading about how

1:39

the pyramids were built, we've

1:42

got another reading about how

1:44

the Easter Island heads were

1:46

moved and built. so. This.

1:49

Is the typical I else

1:51

reading and there's so much

1:53

language in this particular one?

1:56

I really really strongly recommend

1:58

that you find it. Online

2:00

I'll put it on. my website is

2:02

in the members academy but. If

2:05

you just google am I us

2:07

reading Stonehenge? you'll find it So

2:10

do is. And

2:12

may be come back to the listening if

2:14

you want to. On.

2:17

So. Yeah, it's cold stone

2:19

hens, I

2:22

saw it on the

2:24

news on the twenty

2:26

fifth of December because

2:29

understood the solstice people

2:31

like to go with

2:33

to celebrate the. The

2:35

source his day. There's also of

2:38

course the Summer Solstice. Which.

2:40

Is the longest. Day. The

2:42

Longest day yes, which is in summer

2:45

And I didn't actually know what Solstice

2:47

meant? I can't believe I didn't know.

2:49

So I googled it and I think

2:51

it's quite important at this time of

2:53

year, it. From.

2:56

The meaning is to

2:58

stand still and it

3:00

comes from Latin words

3:03

solve meaning son and

3:05

his staff meaning to

3:07

stand. Still, for it's the

3:09

point where the sun appears to

3:12

reach either it's highest or lowest

3:14

point in the sky for the

3:16

year. And this

3:19

ancient astronomers came to know

3:21

the day as one where

3:23

the sun appeared to stand

3:26

there. Hell, it's full of

3:28

ancient symbolism and mythology and

3:31

this would ancient is so

3:33

important for ios and. A

3:36

lot of the woods connected with.

3:39

I'll I'll. Call. It connected

3:41

with ancient civilizations. That's my.

3:45

Vocabulary Topic in their

3:47

vocabulary boost course because

3:49

that is so many

3:51

texts about it. And

3:54

it's perfect for I us because

3:56

it's. It's one of

3:58

those tax that ass. A

4:00

question at the start and

4:02

then give lots of theories

4:04

about. you know, how would

4:06

the pyramids, bills? or how

4:08

did they move those huge

4:10

heads? Any sir. Island: what

4:12

happened to Easter Island. It's

4:14

exactly the same here, but

4:16

it's quite interesting, but it's

4:18

a tough one. Passage One:

4:20

those kind of passages usually

4:22

come while. Pot.

4:24

To will pop three. Anyway,

4:28

The title is Stonehenge

4:31

and. That. The

4:33

first paragraph. And

4:35

question it. Says for

4:37

centuries, Historians and archaeologists

4:39

have puzzled over the

4:42

many mysteries of Stonehenge,

4:44

a pre historic manu

4:46

that took an estimated

4:49

one thousand five hundred

4:51

years to erect. Who.

4:55

The other thing about the

4:57

language here is that it's

5:00

all of that academic language.

5:02

The kind of hedging we're

5:04

not sure it may be

5:06

probably research has shown evidence

5:08

has revealed all of that

5:10

language as well. If you're

5:12

going on to do academic

5:14

writing at university, this is

5:17

all essential. So that first

5:19

thing said, it took an

5:21

estimated one thousand five hundred

5:23

years. I

5:25

also think that's interesting because why is

5:27

it? singular? An estimated one

5:30

thousand, five hundred years. I

5:32

guess it's considered a group

5:34

A time period estimated meaning

5:36

they can only guess they're

5:39

not saw. That.

5:45

Leads us into some of

5:47

the theories and I'm gonna

5:50

have a quick check of

5:52

the questions first. That's what

5:54

I always do. so the

5:56

first set of questions. The.

5:58

Title is stone. They'd

6:01

give read it. Into three parts.

6:03

Number one: the construction. How

6:07

it with bill to and they divide

6:09

passed into three parts as well as

6:11

stage one state to state three so

6:13

that's easy to find in the text.

6:16

Then they talk about the builders.

6:19

And then they talk about the. Purpose.

6:21

Of. Basically. The Three pots.

6:24

How was it best? who built

6:26

it and why did they build

6:28

it? There at

6:30

eight gap sentences there and

6:33

you're allowed to use. Our

6:35

to would. Normally it's

6:37

one would but here to words

6:39

are allowed. So

6:42

if we just look at the

6:44

construction. On the

6:46

first thing it says stage one

6:48

it says the ditch and hence

6:51

Henge is a strange. Would might

6:53

have the qui gon look

6:55

for that or with Doug

6:57

possibly using tools made from

7:00

home thing now. If

7:02

you listened to my previous

7:04

podcasts I think or. A.

7:07

Field in the bronze Membership. You.

7:09

Will see the ipad

7:12

a whole thing about

7:14

made from and made

7:17

of it comes. Home

7:20

and I think it was

7:22

a listening about help. And

7:25

what soap with made off and

7:27

made from and it was essential

7:30

that you you knew these woods

7:32

made from unmade of Well here

7:34

we are again and there's a

7:36

new word and it comes up

7:39

twice in this listening. So we

7:41

need to learn. It felt.

7:43

It. Says the ditch and

7:46

hands were dead possibly. using.

7:48

Tools made from So first of

7:50

all, your brain should be thinking,

7:53

well, how did they make tools

7:55

I'd I actually put a few

7:57

examples in the previous. Post.

7:59

Of. Com gap fills on a

8:01

one of examples with tools were

8:04

made from bone which they were

8:06

so in a I'm already thinking

8:08

well how did they make tools

8:10

and. When you go to the.

8:13

Text: let's have a look. It.

8:15

Says first set of states when.

8:19

Neolithic. Britain. don't worry

8:21

about that. They give you

8:23

that Would neolithic actually less

8:26

to grow? We'll see what

8:28

it says. Neolithic Me and

8:30

this this Iraq was the

8:33

Stone Age. Okay so Neolithic

8:35

means the Stone Age people

8:37

and it says Neolithic. Britain's

8:40

used primitive tools Primitive Key

8:42

word. Which

8:44

may. Have been.

8:47

Speculation. Guessing which

8:49

may have been fast

8:52

send out of. The

8:54

yeah. And plus. Send

8:58

out of. The. Yeah

9:00

and plus know if you

9:02

don't know fastened. Okay,

9:04

let's learn it today. Fastened means

9:06

you made some thing. It's got

9:09

nothing to do with fashion. Felt

9:11

fashioned of type. You can just. Do

9:13

the was as self because you

9:16

know made out of. You know

9:18

made out of is a synonym

9:20

for made from. So the answer

9:22

is. The yeah. It's

9:24

less now. You might not know

9:26

what that means. And.

9:29

But you'll be able to guess

9:32

it because of the construction. Of

9:34

the symptoms. In

9:37

answer is. The yeah. And

9:39

plus it's an interesting Lanka

9:41

This Christmas regen the. On.

9:45

Things. like laugh i just read

9:48

today that the reindeer must

9:50

be female because the mail

9:52

the is actually lose their

9:54

antlers in winter time so

9:56

against reading about things like

9:58

that i saw it on

10:00

Instagram, little things

10:02

like that bit by bit will

10:04

help you develop your vocabulary. So

10:08

the answer for number one is

10:10

Dear Antlers. The

10:13

second gap, something

10:15

may have been arranged

10:17

in deep pits inside

10:20

the circle. Again

10:22

they're guessing, they don't know, they

10:24

may have been arranged. Well

10:26

what? I'm thinking, well

10:28

the stones may have been arranged.

10:31

Let's have a look, it says,

10:34

deep pits dating back

10:37

to that era and

10:39

located within the circle, so

10:42

synonym inside the circle, may

10:45

have once held a

10:47

ring of timber posts.

10:51

May have held a ring of

10:54

timber posts. So

10:56

that is the answer, a ring of

10:58

timber posts, but we can only choose

11:00

two words, so the

11:03

answer is timber,

11:05

meaning wood and

11:07

posts. That has come up a

11:10

fair few times

11:12

I'm sure. Alright,

11:16

now they move on, talking

11:19

about theories about the transportation.

11:21

How did they move these

11:23

huge massive blue

11:26

stones? There are

11:28

two theories, archaeological and

11:31

geological. So we

11:33

know the word archaeology is

11:36

really important in IELTS and

11:41

we're looking for something to do with

11:43

building and it says

11:45

builders used something to

11:48

make sledges and rollers.

11:52

So what did they use to

11:55

make sledges and

11:57

rollers to pull these huge

14:00

oxen. Now, hauled

14:03

is the important word. I'll tell

14:06

you why in a minute. Hauled

14:08

by oxen. O-X-E-N. So

14:13

oxen is

14:16

plural meaning any

14:19

cattle. Cattle is a cow

14:22

over four years of age

14:24

that has been trained to

14:26

do work. So that's

14:29

something I've learned today. That's what the

14:31

difference between an ox or

14:33

a cow is. Ox is

14:35

singular. Oxen is

14:38

plural and as we know

14:40

I love

14:43

irregular plurals. Now, if

14:45

you don't know what oxen is, it's

14:47

a tricky one. Maybe

14:49

the word hauled would

14:52

help you meaning pulled. And

14:55

the reason why I'm highlighting it

14:57

here is that I've been working

14:59

on how to describe a process

15:02

on the website and I noticed

15:06

how to make energy from coal

15:08

used hauled quite a lot

15:11

because you haul something heavy

15:13

from the ground and it's

15:16

quite a useful word I think and it here it's

15:19

essential to get this one right. So

15:22

number four is

15:24

oxen. Number

15:27

five they were brought from

15:29

Wales, my country Wales, so

15:32

they think that they pulled

15:34

these big giant stones

15:36

from Wales by... Now

15:40

this is a geological theory,

15:43

something to do with

15:45

the geology of the country

15:47

and it says in

15:50

the 1970s geologists

15:54

added their voices to

15:56

the debate over how Stonehenge came in to

16:00

being. Challenging

16:03

the classic image

16:05

of industrious builders

16:07

pushing or hauling

16:10

or rolling stones

16:12

from far away whales,

16:15

some scientists have suggested

16:19

that it was glaciers, not

16:22

humans that carried the

16:24

blue stones to Salisbury

16:26

Plain. Glaciers,

16:29

or glaciers, I think there's American

16:31

and British different pronunciation,

16:34

the spelling is G-L-A-C-I-E-R-S.

16:39

And that is the answer. And why

16:41

do they love it? We had this

16:45

a couple of weeks ago with science because

16:47

it's one of those words that

16:50

are quite difficult to spell

16:52

because of the C-I-E spelling

16:56

rule, you know, I before E

16:58

except after C, which

17:01

is broken so many times. Now, of

17:03

course, you just have to copy it

17:05

here. But even in copying

17:08

something, you can make mistakes. So

17:10

that's why they've chosen it. It's

17:14

glacier or glacier. Okay,

17:19

then where are

17:21

we? We're on question number six.

17:25

Yes. So question number six is about

17:28

the builders and

17:30

the heading is builders. And it

17:33

says a theory arose in the

17:35

17th century that

17:37

its builders were

17:40

Celtic something.

17:44

Well, we know builders must be people. So

17:47

they're obviously Celtic people. So

17:50

that's the kind of word I'm looking for.

17:54

And I'm going straight to

17:56

the point where it's well

17:58

to the paragraph. which

18:01

starts with a question and

18:03

it says, but

18:05

who were the builders

18:07

of Stonehenge? In

18:10

the 17th century, archaeologist

18:12

John Aubrey made the

18:15

claim that Stonehenge was

18:17

the work of druids

18:21

and that's it, that's the answer.

18:23

I don't know if druid is

18:25

a familiar word for you, but

18:27

it explains it. It says who

18:29

had important religious, judicial and political

18:31

roles in Celtic society.

18:34

So the Celtic there

18:37

is quite easy to find because

18:39

they've put, well, it's both

18:41

capital letters, A capital

18:43

letter for Celtic and there

18:45

are two asterisks to

18:47

explain Celtic. The Celts were

18:50

people who lived in Britain and

18:52

northwest Europe during the Iron Age.

18:56

Easy to find Celtic and

18:59

you have to work out from the sentence

19:01

that druids, plural,

19:05

is the answer. Finally,

19:08

the last two gaps are

19:10

about the purpose and

19:12

it says many experts agree it

19:15

has been used as a sensing

19:18

thing. A

19:21

little danger here, I actually

19:23

read the text out of

19:25

interest before I looked at the

19:28

questions. I don't normally do

19:30

that. I go to the questions first

19:33

and when I looked at question seven,

19:36

I thought, I thought, oh,

19:38

I'm sure I saw something that it

19:41

was used as a kind of healing

19:43

site. And if you

19:45

scroll right down to the bottom, it

19:47

says it was considered a place of

19:49

healing and

19:53

the bluestones were thought to have curative

19:55

powers, healing powers. So I thought,

19:57

oh, that's a bit odd. because

20:00

that's right at the bottom. And

20:03

then I went back to the text, and

20:06

the answer is not healing.

20:08

So remember, just keep in

20:11

order, don't jump around. But

20:14

this one actually is quite difficult

20:16

to find. We're looking for something

20:18

which says, many experts agree. The

20:21

next paragraph in order

20:23

says, many modern historians

20:25

and archeologists now agree

20:29

that several distinct tribes of

20:32

people contributed to Stonehenge.

20:35

But that's not giving us the answer.

20:37

You have to actually read a little

20:39

bit further on. And it

20:41

says, in the

20:43

next paragraph, while there

20:46

is consensus among the

20:48

majority of modern scholars.

20:51

So consensus means

20:54

the people agree. And

20:58

there's consensus that Stonehenge once

21:00

served the function

21:02

of burial ground.

21:06

And that is our answer. It was used as a burial site. Now,

21:13

the word site might actually help you because

21:16

burial site is a collocation. And

21:19

again, we had this word, exactly

21:22

the same, exactly the same

21:25

context. In

21:27

Beyond the Blue Horizon,

21:30

it was talking about the Lapitas, I

21:32

think a group of people. And

21:34

they talked about a burial site.

21:38

Burial site, it

21:40

looks like burial, B-U-R-I-A-L. And

21:44

I say burial, but if you check it,

21:47

pronunciation is burial

21:50

site. And that's important because it comes

21:52

up in the listening quite a lot.

21:55

Anyway, it was a burial site

21:57

where they buried people. And that

21:59

is... answer number seven.

22:03

Last one number eight starts in the 1960s

22:05

so you can quickly

22:07

find that almost the last

22:10

paragraph in the 1960s it was

22:12

suggested that

22:14

it worked

22:17

as a kind of something

22:19

and this is pretty easy

22:22

because of the synonyms it

22:25

says the astronomer Gerald

22:27

Hawkins suggested that the

22:29

stones operated as a

22:33

form of calendar.

22:36

Calendar is the word then and

22:38

you can get that from the

22:40

synonyms operated as worked

22:42

as a form of

22:44

a kind of and

22:47

calendar is the answer. Okay

22:49

let's move on we've basically read

22:52

most of that text the summary

22:54

is spread out because it's a

22:56

short well shorter kind

22:59

of text it's a passage

23:01

one then that kind

23:03

of note form gap fill summary

23:06

is spread throughout the text it still

23:08

goes in order but

23:10

now you're gonna have to go back

23:13

to look for the true false not

23:15

given questions there

23:17

are signals for you

23:19

there are five questions

23:22

in total question

23:24

nine says during the third

23:26

phase of construction so you

23:28

know you've got to jump

23:30

back to the bit about

23:32

the building and one

23:34

paragraph starts the third phase

23:37

of construction and

23:40

the question is this sandstone

23:43

slabs were placed in

23:45

both the outer areas

23:47

and the middle of

23:50

the Stonehenge site. Now

23:54

with true false not given questions

23:56

people often say Oh underline the

23:59

key with words. And

24:01

the trouble is, all of

24:04

these words are key here and I

24:06

think people miss the real key word.

24:10

The real key word and it

24:13

stood out for me immediately is

24:16

both because

24:19

the question writers have to

24:21

choose a word

24:25

which could be

24:27

wrong. How can I

24:29

explain that? I mean, very often like

24:32

false questions are about quantity.

24:37

So where it says both areas

24:39

it's easy to write

24:42

a false statement

24:44

like you could say, oh only one

24:46

of the areas. So I'm

24:49

looking for something which says that they

24:51

put these slabs in

24:54

both outer and

24:56

inner parts of

24:58

the state. And then

25:01

the answer is obvious and

25:03

it says the slabs were

25:05

arranged into an outer ring

25:07

and some were put in the

25:09

centre. So both

25:11

areas the answer is

25:14

true but it's only the word

25:16

both that helps me there. Nothing

25:18

else. I knew what I

25:20

was looking for. Question

25:23

10, there is scientific

25:25

proof that the

25:27

blue stones stood in the

25:29

same spot until

25:32

1600 BCE.

25:34

Now the

25:37

keywords here for me are

25:40

scientific proof means it's 100% true and the

25:42

same spot is also a 100% word meaning

25:44

the same, exactly the same and

25:48

it's exactly

25:55

true. For me that

25:57

is going to be a false answer because it's

26:01

it's too strict, it's too kind

26:03

of adamant. And

26:06

when you look it says, radiocarbon

26:09

dating, okay that's your

26:12

scientific proof, has

26:14

revealed that

26:16

work continued until 1600,

26:20

so I think great, but

26:23

the blue stones were

26:26

repositioned multiple times. So

26:29

they didn't stand in the

26:31

same spot, they

26:33

were repositioned multiple

26:35

times. And that's

26:38

false. So the opposite of

26:40

the same spot is no, they

26:42

were moved around. And that

26:44

really I could guess that from

26:46

the question. Question

26:50

11, it's about John Aubrey.

26:52

So you can quickly find

26:55

his name right

26:57

after, right in order. And

27:00

it says, his claim

27:03

about Stonehenge was

27:05

supported by 20th

27:07

century findings. So

27:11

basically this is your academic language.

27:14

He claimed something in

27:17

the 17th century. And

27:19

then in the 20th century they

27:21

found evidence that supported

27:23

his claim, that suggested that he

27:26

was right. Now

27:28

this seems to me a very kind

27:30

of sensible statement. It's not

27:33

too extreme. There's not something

27:38

like numerical, a number that's

27:40

either right or wrong. So

27:43

what do they say? Okay, 17th

27:46

century, John Aubrey claimed that

27:49

Stonehenge was the work of

27:51

druids. His

27:54

theory was popularized, so I'm thinking, oh

27:56

okay, he was right. even

28:00

today people who

28:03

call themselves druids go to Stonehenge

28:05

for the solstice. So I'm thinking

28:07

all right he was right. However,

28:09

so there's your answer,

28:11

however in the mid

28:13

20th century again

28:17

radiocarbon dating evidence

28:19

demonstrated Stonehenge

28:22

stood for more than 1000 years

28:25

before the Celts

28:28

came to the region. So

28:31

Stonehenge was there

28:33

before the Celts and

28:35

the druids. So actually John

28:38

Aubrey was wrong. So question

28:41

11, no it's

28:43

the opposite of supported.

28:45

They found that he was wrong. So

28:48

11 is false. Question

28:54

12. Objects

28:59

discovered at Stonehenge seem

29:01

to indicate that it

29:03

was constructed by a

29:05

number of different groups

29:07

of people. Now

29:10

look at the hedging here, seem

29:12

to indicate nothing too extreme

29:16

and what would you guess? Do

29:18

you think only one group of people built

29:20

it over thousands of

29:22

years? Let's

29:24

see what it says. So

29:26

we're looking for some objects and

29:29

it says next paragraph

29:31

many modern historians and

29:34

archaeologists now agree that

29:36

several distinct tribes of

29:39

people contributed to Stonehenge.

29:42

That's it. Several tribes

29:44

of people distinct synonym

29:47

for different groups and

29:49

you can see the synonyms are exactly

29:51

the same. So then it's going to be

29:54

true, it's true. So

29:56

far we've had two trues and two

29:58

false. So

30:01

last one, thirteen

30:03

criticism. Of Gerald

30:05

Hawkins theory about Stonehenge

30:07

has come mainly from

30:09

as the Astronomers. So

30:11

what do we know

30:14

about Gerald Hawkins He

30:16

is in the last

30:18

paragraph. He is

30:20

an astronomer and he

30:22

suggested. That the stones

30:24

were a kind of calendar. So

30:28

that was his theory. On

30:31

it says while his theory

30:33

has received a considerable amount

30:36

of attention, Over. The

30:38

decades. Critics. Maintain.

30:41

That. Stonehenge is builders

30:44

probably lacked the

30:46

knowledge necessary to

30:48

predict event hope.

30:50

We. Know he's got critics. People

30:52

criticize his theory so they

30:55

think is probably wrong. But

30:58

the question and thirty is where.

31:01

Did. Those critics come from.

31:04

The question was has come mainly

31:06

from other astronomers. Well,

31:08

we don't know if they were

31:11

restaurant astronomers. Maybe they were. Maybe

31:13

they weren't. So. The answer

31:15

is for thirteen, not given.

31:20

So. I hope from

31:23

listening to that you

31:25

got a kinds of

31:27

feel for this academic

31:29

language. I've. Taken.

31:31

It all out and put it on a

31:33

document. So you can finish your

31:35

don't listen anymore if you're tired

31:38

and. Put

31:41

it into groups and one of

31:43

the groups is assumption. When

31:46

you assume something, you you have

31:48

to. Use. Evidence

31:50

and make guesses even though

31:52

you're not a hundred percent

31:54

sure. And look at the

31:56

language they use am the

31:59

tools may. In. Made.

32:01

Out of deer antlers. The.

32:04

Tape pits may have

32:06

held a ring of

32:08

timber posts. According

32:11

to some scholars, it's all

32:13

a lot of hedging. They

32:16

may have co would

32:18

each stone toad mean

32:20

and pulled the stones.

32:23

Oh. There are fifty stones now,

32:25

but it may have contained many

32:28

more. And

32:31

other things like add.

32:33

the first stage was

32:35

achieved by neolithic agrarian

32:38

who were likely to

32:40

have been. It's really

32:42

complex language. And

32:45

later it is believed

32:47

all of the as

32:49

they believe they think

32:51

and a movie. Now

32:54

to the language of

32:56

theories archaeologists believe. According

32:58

to some scholars, it

33:00

is thought according to

33:02

one longstanding theory. More

33:05

recent archaeological hypotheses. Challenging

33:08

the classic image

33:10

of builders some

33:12

scientists have suggested.

33:15

Many archaeologists remain skeptical.

33:17

Skepticals a good word.

33:21

Having doubts or reservations?

33:23

Skeptical about this theory.

33:26

John old be made

33:29

the plane again. that's

33:31

his opinion and. This

33:34

theory. Was. Popularized.

33:37

Meaning of this agreed. Oh.

33:40

Spread it, And.

33:43

Burrow. The tool. Artifacts

33:47

seem to support

33:49

this hypothesis. Some.

33:52

Believe they were immigrants,

33:54

while others maintain they

33:56

were probably Native Britain's.

34:00

is consensus among the

34:02

majority of scholars. A

34:05

lot of hedging there. The

34:08

astronomer Gerald Hawkins

34:10

suggested that it was a

34:13

calendar. While

34:15

his theory has

34:17

received attention, critics maintain,

34:20

maintain means they strongly

34:23

believe that he's wrong,

34:25

that they probably lacked the knowledge.

34:27

This just goes on and on,

34:29

sorry, it just goes on and

34:31

on. All of this language British

34:34

archaeologists speculate,

34:37

guessing it was a place of healing,

34:40

perhaps because there

34:43

is scientific proof. And

34:46

finally John Obies' claim

34:48

was supported by 20th

34:51

century findings, findings,

34:55

research, results, we've had that

34:57

so often. And

35:01

the final thing is all

35:04

about those ayas words like hall

35:07

and made

35:09

of and made

35:12

from. Okay, that

35:15

was a long one but useful, I hope.

35:18

And I'd like to wish you

35:20

a very happy winter

35:22

break. Thank you for

35:24

listening, thank you for your support during

35:28

2023 and I look forward to working

35:31

with you again in 2024. If

35:33

you have any requests, please

35:36

let me know. That's all for now.

35:38

Thanks again, bye-bye.