0:04

DW, Inside

0:06

Europe. Hello

0:09

and welcome. I'm Kate Laycock in Germany.

0:11

This week on the show. The

0:13

soldier takes the carnation from her and puts it

0:15

in the barrel of his rifle. And

0:17

the crowd sees this happen and surges

0:20

and invades the flower

0:22

stalls in Hossu. Audio

0:24

guide to the revolution. Join us for

0:26

a journey through time and space as

0:28

we visit the streets of revolutionary Lisbon.

0:31

And... I'd say now it's

0:33

a moment where

0:35

we're at the crossroads when it comes to

0:37

the Green Deal and that will depend also

0:40

on the results of the

0:42

elections. The EU's Green

0:44

Deal is in trouble. Time to

0:46

delve deeper into this flagship policy

0:49

with far-reaching consequences for Europe and

0:51

beyond. April

0:59

25th marks the 50th anniversary

1:01

of Portugal's Carnation Revolution, which

1:03

ended over 40 years of

1:05

fascist control in the country.

1:08

In the space of just a few hours, a

1:10

group of junior officers achieved the

1:12

total surrender of the Portuguese

1:15

government, thereby toppling Europe's oldest

1:17

dictatorship and ending a brutal

1:19

colonial war. Whether

1:21

they knew it or not, those

1:24

officers were building on years of

1:26

organising by civilian anti-fascists and it

1:28

is to those men and women

1:30

who carried the torch during Portugal's

1:32

long night that a new book,

1:35

The Carnation Revolution, The Day Portugal's

1:37

Dictatorship Fell, is dedicated. Its

1:40

author is Alex Fernandez, a lighting

1:42

designer for contemporary theatre groups such

1:44

as Forced Entertainment. The seeds

1:46

of Alex's book began in 2021 when he took a

1:48

group of friends on

1:51

a guided tour of the sites of

1:53

revolutionary Lisbon and that, Albeit

1:55

remotely, is exactly what Alex is going

1:58

to do for us. Twenty

2:03

Fifth of April. Nineteen Seventy Four. I

2:05

think I would start that day in

2:07

a square just by the river cold

2:09

the Pacific Mess. You are also known

2:11

as to have a bus. And.

2:14

The reason I was started there

2:16

is because that's where a cavalry

2:18

convoy led by a so good

2:20

Maya. It was a key figure

2:22

in the revolution. He just driven

2:25

the ninety kilometers from some today

2:27

which is north east of Lisbon.

2:30

And that his mission was

2:32

to occupy the ministerial and

2:34

government buildings among others in

2:36

the square. And I think

2:38

this is wally where the

2:40

revolution properly began because so

2:43

get my a gets to

2:45

the square around five in

2:47

the morning. Nobody really knows

2:49

that the revolution is underway,

2:51

but by the time the

2:53

sun has risen, They.

2:56

Armed Forces Movement which is leading

2:58

the revolution has put out a

3:00

statements on radio saying. Their.

3:02

Intentions for the country and asking

3:04

the population to stay indoors and

3:06

the population. Refuse.

3:09

That pouring out onto the streets

3:11

to see what's going on. But

3:13

also in this kind of moment

3:15

of jubilation, you can actually walk

3:17

the roots up the Who Agusta

3:19

up to a Who Sees. Where

3:22

the revolution's on its name. Because.

3:25

There was a woman named slashed Guy

3:27

who was sent home from work because

3:29

her boss thought it was best place

3:31

to restaurant because there was a revolution

3:34

going on and or she happened to

3:36

have a handful of carnations in our

3:38

hands. And as the story goes, When.

3:41

The soldiers were making their way up

3:43

from past the mess you through receive

3:45

a soldier ask sir can I have

3:47

a cigarette and she says i don't

3:49

have a cigarette all I have Aziz

3:51

carnations and a soda. Takes a carnation

3:54

from her and puts it in the

3:56

barrel of his rifle and the crowd

3:58

sees this happen and searches. Those invades

4:00

their flowers stalls and see you

4:02

Were carnations were in season and

4:04

began sending them out to the

4:06

soldiers in the officers who are

4:08

during the revolution and that's why

4:11

it's called the Cornish Revolution. I

4:19

think the next up on a

4:22

to a be saddled square which

4:24

is around the corner from for

4:26

see you square it's up a

4:28

hill and as a couple of

4:31

important things that one as a

4:33

a monument to maya who lent

4:35

his convoy and there's also the

4:37

military police barracks were by minister

4:40

muscle a thing as being held.

4:43

When the revolution took place, he

4:45

was being held there for his

4:47

safety. And they're They're quite spectacular.

4:49

And moving siege a takes place

4:51

where so good my as finds

4:54

himself unable to said not opened

4:56

fire on this building and as

4:58

a couple of things that happen

5:00

over the course of the seeds

5:03

that change history slightly and mean

5:05

that it didn't end up being

5:07

this shooting more than everyone feared

5:09

it would. Come. Down

5:12

to between the regime.

5:15

Soldiers. Inside the building and

5:17

that kind of revolutionary captains eventually

5:19

the prime minister surrenders. But at

5:21

this square is a hugely important

5:24

moves square for the revolution and

5:26

for which is history And there

5:28

is as I said a plaque

5:31

in honor of kittens like admire

5:33

at this location. So. As

5:36

I think the next stop and it's on. the

5:46

twenty fifth of april was obviously

5:48

only the beginning of the carnation

5:50

revolution it was the coup that

5:52

then spilled out into a popular

5:54

revolt the revolutionary periods also has

5:56

a lot of deeply important elements

5:58

to the president bush and its

6:00

meaning. But I

6:03

think that the city of Lisbon

6:05

sort of exploded in a way

6:07

that was unprecedented and there

6:10

was a massive upsurge of popular

6:12

movements, of building occupations and of

6:15

workplace occupations and of autonomous collectives

6:17

that turned Lisbon into what some

6:19

people referred to as the Lisbon

6:21

Commune. And when

6:24

that happened, the streets were filled with street

6:26

art and there were murals everywhere and there

6:28

were every single corner seemed

6:30

to have something important

6:33

and crucial happening on

6:35

it. And so I kind

6:37

of struggled to think of like a

6:39

specific location that really represents what that

6:41

is because every

6:43

single cobble, every single building,

6:46

every single park was being

6:48

used for something extremely relevant.

7:02

Alex Fernandez is the author

7:04

of The Carnation Revolution, the

7:06

day Portugal's dictatorship fell, which

7:08

is out with One World

7:10

Publications. And honestly, I cannot

7:12

recommend this book enough. Now,

7:15

whilst we're in the business of time travel...

7:17

This is a very special

7:19

day. This morning, the College

7:21

of Commissioners agreed on

7:23

the European Green Deal. The

7:26

sound there of another kind of history

7:28

being made. EU Commission President

7:30

Ursula von der Leyen back in

7:32

2020 announcing the launch of

7:34

the EU's Green Deal, the

7:36

flagship environmental and economic policy,

7:39

which she described as the bloc's

7:41

man on the moon moment. Fast

7:43

forward to today, however, and the

7:46

deal is in trouble, big

7:48

trouble. This Week, Philippe Lombard,

7:50

the co-leader of the Green Group

7:52

of MEPs and Bessels, warned that

7:55

the project, which has informed everything

7:57

from tax to environmental policy, is

7:59

at very. During high risk of

8:01

being killed off completely. should

8:03

the far Right, as predicted,

8:05

make significant gains in jeans

8:08

parliamentary elections Already, the Green

8:10

deal has been significantly depleted

8:12

with plans to have pesticide

8:14

use been toxic forever, Chemicals

8:16

and rain and livestock emissions

8:18

either watered down or shelved

8:20

a tree. So Nature restoration

8:22

law which would restore nature

8:24

to twenty percent of Europe's

8:27

London sees, hangs in the

8:29

balance. High time then for

8:31

us to take a closer look at

8:33

the Green Zeal. What it is, what

8:35

it isn't and what it could be.

8:38

A quick green the a one

8:40

or one first to get an

8:43

overview of what this often nebulous

8:45

feeling policy really is in practice,

8:47

I reached out to home a

8:50

puddle Program manager at the You

8:52

Office of the Cambridge Institute for

8:54

Sustainability Leadership. So. If

8:56

we go back to the in

8:58

a time machine and look back

9:01

at the moment, word, The Green

9:03

Deal became the flagship initiative of

9:05

the European institutions. It came from

9:07

necessity. It came from a moment

9:09

where climate was at the forefront

9:11

of. The political

9:13

debates but also the civil society

9:15

debate. There were a lot of

9:18

use demonstrations in favor of climate

9:20

in the run up to the

9:22

you elections. So. I. Think the

9:24

Greenfield really captured. All

9:27

of this which is that

9:29

needs to really deal with

9:31

the climate crisis or the

9:33

nature crisis and lead to

9:35

the economic transformation of the

9:37

you. May be could help

9:39

me get a grip on they subjective

9:41

if you have to sort of break

9:43

down the project for me and said

9:45

keep playing for those key planks be.

9:47

so the green deal is a

9:50

very comprehensive so it's about economic

9:52

transformation as a whole across all

9:55

sectors first as the road map

9:57

towards claimed neutrality by twenty fifty

10:01

It is about setting

10:03

targets for climate, but

10:05

it's also about safeguarding

10:08

biodiversity and nature, establishing

10:11

a circular economy, and also

10:14

there's the economic angle, which is

10:16

the growth strategy for the EU.

10:20

And so one of the objectives of

10:23

the Green Deal is really to

10:25

boost competitiveness and the growth across

10:27

the entire economy. So

10:29

those are the objectives. What about

10:32

the implementation? What were the mechanisms

10:34

that were in place to make

10:36

sure that governments and also businesses

10:39

acted in line with the

10:41

policies that were being set out? So

10:44

the Green Deal is unprecedented also in

10:46

scope. It is a

10:49

lot of different legislative files.

10:53

So it actually took the

10:55

whole legislature to agree on some of

10:57

the political files. So if we look

11:00

at what's within

11:02

the Green Deal, there's the

11:04

target setting. So the idea that the Green Deal

11:06

is a compass towards climate

11:08

and nature objectives. So within the Green

11:10

Deal, there are objectives to achieve climate

11:13

neutrality by 2050, which is

11:15

inscribed now into EU law,

11:17

but also a target to

11:19

reduce emissions reductions by at

11:22

least 55 percent by 2030. There

11:25

are provisions also to safeguard

11:27

nature, against with targets for

11:30

biodiversity protection. And

11:33

it touches upon transport. So there

11:35

are provisions on phasing out the

11:38

internal combustion engine, for example, and

11:40

also targets to increase

11:43

renewable energy and

11:45

energy efficiency. So you have the target

11:47

setting on one side, and then you

11:49

have the enabling framework, which is about

11:52

how do we invest in the economy

11:54

to achieve these objectives. And

11:56

so there is also an industry component

11:58

within that zero industry. Act which

12:00

is looking into how to boost

12:03

competitiveness and clean technologies across

12:05

Europe. Am I right

12:08

in sort of understanding that every national

12:10

government gets to kind of pick its

12:12

own pathway through this, it gets to

12:14

decide the targets are there and it

12:16

gets to decide what it does in

12:18

order to meet them. So

12:21

member states are required for

12:23

example to put national energy and climate

12:25

plans together which will

12:28

determine how they reach climate

12:30

related objectives for example. And

12:33

what we have seen is that member

12:36

states have different challenges depending

12:38

on how they can

12:40

reduce their emissions. So for some

12:42

member states reducing emissions from

12:44

certain sectors is more challenging than another

12:47

member states. So for example when it

12:49

comes to transport and agriculture emissions.

12:51

So I mean thinking of the

12:53

Netherlands as an example there are

12:55

a concentration on nitrogen because of

12:57

the big agricultural sector and the

12:59

way in which that then becomes

13:02

a focus for

13:04

pushbacks from farmers who feel that they're

13:06

being unfairly targeted. If

13:08

we look at the gaps of the Green Deal one

13:12

of them is nature for the

13:14

moment which means

13:16

that member states are

13:19

yet to put their final

13:21

rubber stamp of agreement on the

13:23

nature restoration law. And this

13:26

has been a divisive issue for

13:28

member states and it has

13:30

been a difficult file to

13:32

push forward giving pushback from

13:35

farmers in

13:37

the run-up to the European elections. But

13:40

we're hopeful that there will be a successful

13:42

outcome. Khoma

13:45

Ampadu, Program Manager at the EU

13:47

Office of the Cambridge Institute for

13:49

Sustainability Leadership, setting us up there

13:51

for the program to come as

13:53

we attempt to unpack the EU's

13:55

Green Deal. That's here on

13:58

Inside Europe with me. Like

14:00

I didn't have any. The

14:33

green deal. May be in trouble,

14:35

Pass might. This crisis contained within

14:37

it the seeds of an opportunity.

14:39

But if what, my next guest

14:42

is hoping her name is Suzie

14:44

Ozone and she is Director of

14:46

Global Unsexy at Fair Trade International.

14:48

Send Sophie back in a time

14:50

machine to the loans as the

14:53

ease Greenville Nc would have told

14:55

you from the start that from

14:57

her perspective the program was flawed

14:59

from the beginning, to Europe focus

15:01

to lacking in policies to address

15:03

the global injustices of climate change.

15:06

And with too little attention paid

15:08

to the blocks social responsibilities both

15:10

up home and abroad now she

15:12

believes the way to save the

15:15

ease Greenville is to we imagine

15:17

it which is white, separate International

15:19

and Partners has issued an action

15:22

cool arguing that it is time

15:24

to turn the he used Greendale.

15:27

Into a global Greendale rear

15:29

and making this call to

15:31

action as. Part of the Federal

15:33

movement overbuy and I'm sorry for

15:35

the and Zeo solely bell. Some.

15:39

They are five key

15:41

areas of recommendations. The

15:43

have the first twenty

15:45

was pretty around boosting

15:48

long. Salmon Finance So

15:50

climate finance. I think

15:53

a little deeper. Heard about the

15:55

lesson damaged from for instance for

15:57

them so finance to supports. The

15:59

Transition. The great gonna G N and

16:01

it's it's or thera really teach say that

16:03

than the about climate it's it's have a

16:06

say about sustainable agriculture ins and know well.

16:09

Add. That need. Financial.

16:11

And technical support. And.

16:13

We went unsaid to make sure

16:15

that the design and is accessible

16:17

to as the knees and to

16:19

someone on the farmers in an

16:21

easy way. And. Then the

16:23

disciplined Big Ask is around.

16:25

A Just transition. Strategies: Six

16:28

rebounds we need. This is

16:30

you to enable the creation

16:32

of dissent and drugs. And

16:35

that that he reasons you read the better

16:37

to so with it's is your partner countries.

16:40

We. Want to predict the puts the

16:42

is chef living income and living wage

16:44

and the political agenda. Both.

16:46

Of the is you and as are

16:48

they have an immense and this is

16:51

around. I think their prices. An

16:53

Angel and as didn't you know

16:55

as that the farmers demonstrations in

16:58

Europe over the next month. And.

17:00

When of the key things they are

17:03

asking for is to bed favour prices.

17:05

And this is true exec. Kids

17:07

in the same way fault for farmers

17:10

I would say in Europe so he

17:12

wants this to be added up a

17:14

theme next European Commission agenda as the

17:16

said as he also wants to see

17:18

a reform of your trade policies. The

17:20

For. Instance you know there is

17:23

medical sort of this agreement on

17:25

which there are a lot of

17:27

ideology, good discussions and I think

17:29

read for the matter is there

17:31

is to be able to assess.

17:33

Really the impact it's going to have.

17:36

Say. It's really important that the is

17:38

you doesn't It's more. Assessments

17:40

of the impact of free

17:43

trade agreements and economic partnership

17:45

agreements. And and or so

17:47

of course the wants to see red

17:50

could be potentially the rule of send

17:52

trade into those policies of for instance

17:54

they could be and then bed the

17:56

really crazy area of said trade in

17:59

in Sebi. Pure and. For.

18:01

Instance for foods in the

18:03

am a big school then

18:05

themes. And breathalysed earned that

18:07

the to make a real discreet to

18:09

act. Shun is his brother and

18:11

I think is or surfing There is

18:14

this as many as you citizens and

18:16

is. Around sense from in

18:18

the Edu Economic Mobility. Sophie

18:20

Ozone Director of Global Efficacy

18:22

at Fair Trade International with

18:24

that manifesto for a Global

18:26

Greendale. Now that cool for

18:28

a rethinking of the economic

18:30

model is something that is

18:32

likely to. Be

18:34

Spanish organizations the states yet and

18:37

I'm in Thirtieth which has launched

18:39

a campaign called our Markets are

18:41

Dying to raise awareness of the

18:44

problems faced by local municipal market.

18:46

Inside Your Pussy Summer Visited the

18:49

San Fernando Market in Madrid and

18:51

met up with Or the Menendez

18:53

and In Mcnulty and and it's

18:55

Yet Sylvia from Quist, It's yeah,

18:57

Elements Idea. What I'm in the

18:59

Mercado San Fernando for a markets in

19:01

the morning is only two stores that

19:03

are open selling food. One is a

19:05

food shop, the other one is like

19:07

a butcher's and the rest of the

19:09

market is closed because it's full of

19:11

bars. Nice pass one open until much

19:14

later on and I'm joined now by

19:16

Forsythia Elementary Other when I say since

19:18

is called Food Justice thank you very

19:20

much for taking time to to to

19:22

inside Europe and Deutsche of Allah bless

19:24

our with you are in for what

19:26

What is your organization on about. Organization

19:29

as an organization sons by people

19:31

that wants to change the global

19:33

flood system We sang said so

19:35

does the way of on the

19:37

food is food and agriculture is

19:39

working today and is it does

19:41

not respond to people seem to

19:43

guarantee the right to food and

19:45

to guarantee a sustainable and just

19:47

our culture system where you work

19:49

in different places around the world

19:51

with different campaigns in the some

19:53

projects. Yeah I'm glad you you mentioned

19:56

were campaign because we're really hear talked

19:58

about a campaign that eve lose. These

20:00

will about saving smart. It's what is

20:02

the thinking behind his campaign. Melissa

20:04

for markets are dying in Spain

20:06

at the moment. so time that

20:09

clothing and then they do not

20:11

respond to actual food necessities. They

20:13

are not spaces where people are

20:15

guaranteed a right to food vs

20:17

says Torres said com for Night

20:20

Live but they are no longer

20:22

distances to actually get the right

20:24

to a sustainable and so a

20:26

fresh food products which is what

20:29

they were of. It's in the

20:31

fourth. Earlier altitude on because you

20:33

live here. so how post know

20:35

is this to you and and

20:37

would receive them in his mid

20:39

morning midweek A marketplace should be

20:42

bustling, A. Success for me but

20:44

because I've been in he i

20:46

the in and by in my

20:48

food here and I can rely

20:50

on the do that and well

20:53

I have been using these surveys

20:55

also for a good idea of

20:57

i recall is it as a

20:59

civil and we used to use

21:01

as these as these for. This

21:04

diverse and off of the vegetables

21:06

We go and use. these essays

21:08

no longer because of people who

21:11

manage. These to say. Is

21:13

if they didn't want us to be here

21:15

since use your the money that we have

21:17

the situation from fernandez one of of examples

21:19

but you can find to send programming in

21:21

our cities were thrown I'm other you've been

21:24

in fear a disco multiverse using are defending

21:26

the zoos. Especially remarkable in In in the

21:28

center of as a citizen of in the

21:30

European Union has his green due process is

21:33

Greens you're going local. Are you aware of

21:35

this is the center that you can let

21:37

me. Know. At say well

21:39

we do know about the Greenville an

21:41

arm and we agree with the Green

21:43

the other we haven't heard about the

21:45

on program the going local other for

21:47

timely her talk about that but definitely

21:50

is going to work and of the

21:52

such a going to make the Greendale

21:54

go local it should involve on minutes

21:56

upon market as at the moment the

21:58

markets are in a console. They personally

22:00

public and partially pie and if it's

22:02

a the private enterprise that he just

22:04

wants. To make money, for example, Spain

22:07

has recently. Approved. On

22:09

National Food and Strategist.

22:11

For this national food strategy should

22:13

include the local market consensus and

22:15

all the city hall the pounds

22:18

as points to guaranteed some local

22:20

access to food. M F A

22:22

moment of food and national food

22:24

tragedy is only thinking about exploiting

22:26

food. And it's not thinking

22:28

about feeding the local population. While

22:30

the campaign has been positively received,

22:33

it has also faced criticism for

22:35

using images of became fruit Cristobal

22:37

A while though president of the

22:40

Association of Valenzuela Agriculturists says this

22:42

is the worst way of promoting

22:44

Spanish products is below them. Into

22:47

live in Berlin. It's trudy regrettable

22:49

to see an advertising campaign that

22:51

reinforces the problems that municipal markets

22:54

by relying on fruits grown in

22:56

our country. Which is often

22:58

rotten. That's offensive to agricultural

23:01

producers. Is

23:04

lunchtime about and food stores and

23:07

this marketplace or in full swing?

23:09

Now it's fairly Tories someone ringing

23:11

deciding where to eat and drink.

23:13

This one as a scene for

23:16

this market closes late at night

23:18

is a far cry from it's

23:20

original purpose and was doing well.

23:23

Serving as international visitors, the question

23:25

remains was is serving his local

23:27

community as he Sharma, C W.

23:30

Madrid. We. Have so much more

23:32

coming up for us. To the break. As we

23:34

continue to unpack the sunni topic as

23:36

the east green fields including Danish Farm

23:38

flooding Back As and Kalyan Massey Afro

23:40

as if you listen to the half

23:42

hour lesson as the program then he

23:44

will be able to hear Oldest I

23:46

stories via our. Podcast so.

23:49

Now that you're listening to inside your Up

23:51

and Take like up in Germany. This.

24:53

Is inside Europe and I'm

24:55

Kate Laycock in Germany. Our

24:57

Greendale special continues now as

24:59

we focus in on the

25:01

topic of London's Danish land

25:03

that's been deliberately flooded, Bulgarian

25:05

land that's been deliberately blessed

25:07

until to and Italian land

25:09

that's been boot up by

25:11

the monsieur. Oh yes

25:13

and there will be pass dangerous

25:16

bears or are they being. Set

25:18

up with a person

25:20

that were involved in

25:22

this incident were. On

25:25

a vertical species way all armed

25:27

with a pistols bear with us

25:29

that still to come. From

25:33

the studios of Germany's

25:35

International Broadcast up T

25:37

W this inside Europe.

25:41

Only or in the program we meant

25:44

since the he used nature restoration law.

25:46

currently hanging in the balance it

25:48

is a key element of the

25:50

you buy a diversity strategy which

25:53

called for binding targets to restore

25:55

degraded ecosystems in particular those with

25:57

the most potential to consent store

26:00

carbon. How might that be done?

26:03

Well, Denmark, which is poised to

26:05

introduce the world's first carbon tax

26:08

on agriculture, might just be showing

26:10

the way. Richard Orange

26:12

went out to rural Jötland

26:14

to visit Henrik Bertelsen, a

26:17

farmer who has just flooded three quarters

26:19

of his land. This reach, it

26:21

starts here. And I think

26:23

you can already see that

26:26

it has gone wetter. Henrik

26:29

Bertelsen has spent nine years trying

26:31

to do something few farmers would

26:33

ever want to do, flood

26:35

three quarters of his land and turn parts

26:38

of it back to peat bog. This

26:43

February, he finally did it, becoming

26:46

one of the first of Denmark's

26:48

farmers to re-wet the organic soils

26:50

drained after the Second World War,

26:53

preventing them from emitting significant

26:55

amounts of carbon dioxide. The

26:58

project is top of the list of measures

27:01

the country's government hopes will become

27:03

widespread if it succeeds this summer

27:06

in bringing in the world's first

27:08

carbon tax on agriculture. Planning

27:10

the project started nine years ago and

27:13

then actually doing it started

27:15

in October last year. In

27:18

the end, it was to stop

27:21

all the old drain systems. That was

27:23

the last thing that was

27:25

done. It just took a

27:27

couple of days and then

27:29

the water, as I said, has been

27:32

raining a lot this winter, so the water just

27:34

came back in a week

27:36

or so and now it's

27:38

done. When former peat bogs

27:40

and other wet and marshy lands

27:42

drained, organic matter trapped

27:44

for thousands of years breaks down

27:47

and releases carbon dioxide. Living

27:49

peat bogs, on the other hand, absorb

27:52

and trap carbon as they grow,

27:54

making re-wetting drained agricultural lands

27:57

one of the easiest ways

27:59

of producing carbon emissions from

28:01

agriculture. They say that

28:03

about one third of the total

28:07

release of carbon dioxide from

28:09

Danish agriculture comes from these

28:11

about 100,000 hectares. So

28:14

you remove about a third of all

28:17

release of carbon dioxide from Danish

28:19

agriculture just by taking out these

28:21

100,000 hectares. And

28:23

you know we have about, growing on

28:25

about two and a half million hectares. So

28:27

it's quite a little piece

28:30

of land you have to take out. And it

28:33

includes all the carbon dioxide

28:35

from cattle and pigs and so on. So

28:38

it's very important. A

28:40

two and a half hour train ride across the island

28:42

of Funen and over

28:44

the Little Belt and Great Belt bridges.

28:47

I'm in Copenhagen where I

28:49

meet Mikkel Svera, the economist

28:51

who has provided Denmark's government with

28:53

three options for its carbon tax

28:55

on agriculture. Under the

28:57

plans, carbon emissions would be taxed at either 750 croton

29:00

or a ton, 375

29:02

croton or a ton or 125 croton, with

29:08

subsidies and other measures increased correspondingly

29:10

for the two lower tax bans.

29:13

In all three models though, subsidies

29:15

and taxes to incentivise the transformation

29:18

of lowland soils back into wetland

29:21

play a key role. First

29:23

of all, it's relatively cheap reductions.

29:26

They have a relatively low economic value and they

29:28

have a relatively large impact

29:30

on emissions. So we

29:33

suggest a continued subsidy but then

29:35

with a small tariff of about

29:37

10 Danish croton per tons of

29:39

CO2E emissions. I saw that

29:41

one of the farmers unions talked

29:43

about putting up gallows for

29:45

you. How

29:47

do you react to that? It is

29:49

kind of a death threat but it was also set

29:52

with a glimpse in the eye. So I didn't

29:54

take it as a literal death threat. But

29:56

of course the rhetorics are a little bit

29:58

harsh when you face bad weather. people

30:00

who are risking a lot

30:02

of their production being hurt

30:05

by this attacks. Were you

30:07

expecting some pushback? Yeah,

30:09

we were expecting some pushback. But

30:12

I think that the pushback has been fair,

30:14

that people are saying, okay, if we're the

30:16

only country to impose attacks, that's going to

30:19

harm the competitiveness of the latest farmers, vise

30:21

versa, foreign farmers. And that is true. So

30:24

the point is, of course, that all

30:26

other countries should also move along the

30:28

path of regulating these emissions. Back

30:32

in Vyen, Henrik takes me to

30:34

visit his neighbour, Martin Jürgensen, a

30:37

young farmer who is worried that attacks on

30:39

the emissions from his dairy herd could

30:41

push him out of business. So

30:44

here are your cows? So they're still

30:46

in now then? Are they graving here? Yeah, they're in

30:48

all year. Oh, are they? We can

30:50

feed them inside, yes. And

30:52

so how many cows do you have in here? We have

30:54

around 600 cows. So

30:59

the government right

31:01

now has had proposals of

31:03

three different ways of putting a

31:06

carbon tax on agriculture. I

31:08

mean, could you just tell me

31:10

about what you think about it?

31:13

Yeah, the highest amount we

31:15

can, on this farm, it will

31:17

be around 6 million

31:19

Danish ground in tax

31:21

for every year. That's

31:24

not possible. And even though

31:27

the lowest price will be around 1.5

31:29

million. And

31:34

if we have to pay that, well, then

31:36

the milk price must be on

31:38

another level. So

31:42

the thing is that if they put

31:44

this tax on us, it will only

31:46

be in Denmark. And

31:49

we cannot compete. We almost

31:51

80% of our dairy

31:53

products we export to other countries.

31:56

So We will have a big

31:58

challenge there in the country. competing

32:01

with the other farmers around the

32:03

world and you think that milk

32:05

production is gonna be one of

32:07

the site is it's going to

32:09

have to change the most because

32:11

of a carbon tax. yeah I

32:13

think they will because and cow

32:15

saw the animals who has the

32:17

highest says see auto well as

32:19

if if research to increase this

32:22

very muslim we all have to

32:24

buy a chicken everyday and I

32:26

don't think Henry was over that

32:28

buses are sequestered so. Yeah,

32:30

not not everything. When. We

32:32

get back to his farm. Hundred takes

32:35

me to the place where his non

32:37

meat by and looser one of the

32:39

see surviving parts of the peat bogs

32:41

the east to cover much of Denmark

32:43

once a week and was around here

32:45

and then we can see how the

32:47

highs new peat bog were in the

32:49

old of it is this for these

32:52

today as well as I say utterly

32:54

thing is is doesn't go as at

32:56

it as another originally was and all

32:58

this carbon dioxide stores in these land

33:00

that is what has left the area.

33:02

Over many, many years, it's it's.

33:05

Hard to imagine how it how it was

33:08

in those latest in the past hundred years.

33:10

but acts. As a hundred years

33:12

ago it was like this may be either about

33:14

a. One hundred?

33:16

yes yes it was. but will it

33:18

was no trees and like walking on

33:21

a big swamp. all of the whole

33:23

area. So

33:25

that's that's one of the types of

33:27

nature. So yeah, There

33:30

are very recommend of old that

33:32

we get back because they're so

33:34

little lift on these types of

33:36

of i peed box hill take

33:38

many years before this looks like

33:40

that again but. You know

33:43

he has to start one day. I wish I

33:45

could see this in the thousand years. For

33:49

it, orange in vine move sets

33:52

than most. Flooding.

33:56

your land is a radical way

33:58

to promote biodiversity but by no means

34:00

the only one. Bulgaria, one of

34:03

the smallest European countries by area,

34:05

is also one of its largest cereal

34:08

producers. No wonder then that the

34:10

Bulgarian government's strategy for meeting its commitments

34:12

under EU frameworks is focusing on trying

34:15

to find more sustainable ways of growing

34:17

crops. And a small

34:19

but passionate group of farmers are

34:22

trailblazers in this field. And

34:24

yes, that pun was intended. Damien

34:27

Wodenicharkov reports from the banks of

34:29

the Danube in northern Bulgaria. The

34:34

Danube plain is what you'd call

34:37

the agricultural heartlands of Bulgaria. It

34:40

is the country's richest soil and it

34:42

is where its main crops are grown.

34:44

That is wheat, corn and sunflower. Come

34:47

harvest, the fields are littered with

34:49

machines gathering these crops which are

34:51

the lifeblood of Bulgarian agriculture. Cereal

34:54

farming has largely benefited from EU

34:56

subsidies and the free market. In

34:59

the village of Brest, located a few

35:01

kilometers south of the Danube, resides one

35:03

of the country's largest cereal farms. The

35:06

owner, Pavel Stojmanov, takes me on

35:08

a tour of his field spanning

35:10

a mind-boggling 10,000 hectares, that is

35:13

100 square kilometers of

35:16

cultivated land. It

35:20

is easy to lose your sense of orientation

35:22

with the shark turns onto a dozen back

35:24

roads. We finally pull up on

35:27

a hilltop overlooking the area with a row of

35:29

trees nearby. Stojmanov

35:33

takes great pride in the technique

35:35

he applies to growing his crops,

35:37

namely no-till farming, a technique that

35:39

bypasses overturning the soil in favor

35:41

of planting various bean crops that

35:43

will produce the nutrients necessary to

35:46

the main crops, like wheat and

35:48

corn. We

35:54

plant these beans so the tubers are formed

35:56

in the winter. Then it

35:58

gets really cold in January. The temperature

36:00

drops to minus 5 or minus 10

36:02

degrees. All these cultures

36:04

freeze up, but the plant has gathered

36:06

nutrients for us for the next crop.

36:09

It's all in the soil. We take advantage

36:11

of that. Nottil

36:15

farming promotes biodiversity in the soil.

36:17

It provides an environment that traps

36:19

moisture and allows microorganisms to thrive.

36:21

Sveemunov grabs a shovel from the

36:23

trunk of his car to show

36:25

me what this means. Let's

36:31

dig right here. This soil hasn't

36:33

been disturbed in 15 years. Here

36:36

it is. Look at this. You

36:39

can see the channels dug up by

36:41

the worms. They're the ones working, instead

36:43

of tractors. This is the

36:45

future of our planet, right here. Practically

36:48

all of Sveemunov's cereal crops are

36:50

grown with the snow-tilt technique. The

36:52

soil is left undisturbed, which prevents

36:54

erosion, one of the main issues

36:56

of cereal farming. Sveemunov says it

36:58

is imperative to preserve the land.

37:05

The soils, the climate, they have no

37:08

chance to survive. Climate

37:10

warming is obvious to us. So

37:12

is abnormal rainfall. With

37:15

this technique, the soil can soak up

37:17

the water thanks to the channels created

37:19

by the worms. I

37:21

recommend this technique to every farmer,

37:23

really. Pavel Stojibunov decided

37:25

to switch to no-tilt farming almost 20

37:27

years ago after a drought hit him

37:30

hard. He was then inspired by more

37:32

traditional farming methods he remembered from his

37:34

childhood in the Fyrin Mountains. I

37:42

grew up in the mountains, and back

37:45

in my day, under the communist regime,

37:47

everything was nationalized. We

37:49

only had a handful of animals and a

37:51

small plot of land for personal needs. So

37:54

my family grew all kinds of crops on

37:56

this small piece of land, whether it be

37:58

corn, beans... We even

38:02

plowed the soil. We

38:04

never used fertilizer. We never

38:06

used herbicides. And we

38:08

lived a great life. Today,

38:11

of course, things are different.

38:13

Large-scale farming is impossible without chemicals

38:15

such as insecticides and fertilizer.

38:17

The no-till technique makes use of

38:19

as little fertilizer as possible,

38:23

thus reducing costs significantly. Insecticides

38:26

remain necessary for the time being, but

38:28

the future may yet hold a solution

38:30

to weed-killing chemicals, he says. Artificial

38:36

intelligence is the future of farming.

38:39

We're currently in negotiations with a company

38:41

that is making a robot with lasers.

38:45

This robot seeks out weeds and

38:47

targets them with lasers to burn

38:49

them away. One

38:51

of these robots, which is about six meters long,

38:53

can do the work of about 500 people in

38:55

the field. Stojmanov

39:00

remains in the minority in Bulgaria. He

39:02

supports the Green Deal and the environmental

39:04

concerns related to farming. But he says

39:07

only 5% of his

39:09

colleagues share his views. Farmer communities

39:11

are also facing another harsh reality.

39:14

Workforce depletion. Cereal

39:16

crops notably require very few

39:18

workers. Screaming of 9,000 hectares

39:20

of crops are only overseen

39:22

by six people. He

39:25

also grows vegetables at a loss, employing

39:27

hundreds of people who weed out and

39:29

sort produce. The

39:31

future may yet hold environmentally friendly solutions

39:33

that come at a high social cost.

39:39

I'm

39:43

afraid that's not the last of our

39:45

ominous warnings this week. Things are about

39:47

to get sinister as we take a

39:49

look at what happens when organized crime

39:51

finds a way to muscle in on

39:53

EU funding. Ten

39:55

years ago, so long before the launch of the

39:57

Green Deal, Professor Kalandra of the University of Georgia,

40:00

University of L'Aquila, noticed

40:02

something strange. According

40:04

to the papers on her desk from

40:06

the AGEA, the Italian body

40:08

that distributes European subsidies,

40:11

the world outside her office should

40:13

have been teeming with economic activity,

40:15

but when she looked outside at

40:18

the flanks of the Apennines, she

40:20

saw beautiful but deserted

40:22

mountains. Thus began

40:24

an investigation which led her

40:27

to uncover an ingenious mafia

40:29

system that commits fraud with

40:31

European money. Angelo

40:33

Van Schijk reports. Something

40:38

strange is happening in Abuzzo, the

40:40

mountainous region in central Italy. In

40:43

the 1950s and 60s, around

40:45

5 million sheep grazed here

40:47

in the Apennines. And

40:50

according to the enormous amount of

40:52

European agricultural subsidies that the Italian

40:54

region has received, they should still

40:57

be around. But there

40:59

are not sheep to be

41:01

seen for miles around. Adriana

41:03

Marama was born and raised

41:06

in Abuzzo and comes from a

41:08

farming family. His father and grandfather

41:16

ran a farm and kept sheep.

41:19

Until recently Adriana produced feed

41:22

for fellow farmers in the

41:24

region. This

41:27

is all public terrain owned by the

41:29

local governments. These mountains used

41:32

to be full of sheep, cows and goats,

41:34

but now there's nothing. I'm going to

41:36

take you to a little village where

41:38

until just after the second world war

41:40

there were 12,000 sheep and 3,000 cows.

41:42

You know how many

41:47

there are today? Zero. None.

41:50

Lina Calandra is professor social

41:52

sciences at the University of

41:55

Lacrile. Already 10

41:57

years ago, she heard rumours in the

41:59

region. that something strange was going

42:01

on. They arrive here and offer a lot

42:03

of money for the pastures. These

42:09

are all small municipalities with little

42:11

money. If a pasture normally costs

42:13

1,000 euros and they offer 10,000, it's

42:17

logical that they win the public tenders.

42:21

Who they are becomes clear

42:23

in one of the many

42:25

anonymous interviews Kalandra did with

42:27

local farmers. They

42:35

are all people from outside Abruzzo that

42:37

come here, paying a lot of money

42:39

for pieces of public land, especially the

42:41

areas high in the mountains and

42:44

those without the constraint of the national

42:46

park rules. Since they

42:48

have connections with local politicians

42:50

who also receive money, they can

42:53

operate in this way. Then

42:55

they come and ask me if I would

42:57

like to tend their sheep. After

42:59

a long research, Professor Kalandra found

43:02

out how the system works. The

43:08

mafia system works as follows. Fake

43:11

farms are being set up in

43:13

southern Italy headed by young entrepreneurs.

43:16

Based on the number of

43:18

hectares declared, they receive so-called

43:20

titoli, a sort of certificate

43:22

that entitles them to European

43:24

subsidies. After a year

43:26

or two, these certificates are sold

43:28

to companies in northern Italy and

43:30

then transferred to land here in

43:32

Abruzzo, the latter being allowed under

43:35

Italian law. Those

43:37

northern Italians lease land here for

43:39

a lot of money and then receive

43:41

European subsidies. The more

43:43

titoli you have, the more hectares of

43:45

land you need to justify the right

43:48

to those subsidies. But it's

43:50

all on paper, all fake.

43:54

Driving Around, Adriana Marama points out all the

43:56

farms that are abandoned and sold to the

43:58

country. How

44:00

to ruins. On

44:02

his is sort of you're not.

44:04

I'm not your fedora. Most innovative,

44:06

many forms of gone bankrupt. They

44:08

have no future the been destroyed

44:10

by this government policy and the

44:12

presence of the mafia. This was

44:14

once a garden, but except for

44:16

a single olive groves, it's all

44:18

gone wild. His daughter. The

44:21

company's the remains have had to

44:23

come up with something else because

44:26

they cannot make a living from

44:28

agriculture alone. Adopt a seat the

44:30

breed goats for the typical local

44:33

spear dini roasted meet on a

44:35

stick or they started and agritourism

44:37

us from Tibet where for a

44:40

long as I said miller two

44:42

cents. A

44:45

gallon of our. New

44:48

Psu Marcelino runs a farm

44:50

in Ambassador. Your Buzzi but was

44:52

forced to adapt to the new

44:54

reality and transform with his company

44:57

into energy to is more. Money

45:01

to relate. From

45:04

our own, I'm on the area actors

45:06

who do today. I also receive subsidies

45:08

based on the yield of my land

45:10

about two hundred euros per hectare per

45:13

year, but the role for pieces of

45:15

land for which you get eight hundred

45:17

euros and intensive livestock farms in the

45:19

north or even get up to five

45:22

thousand euros per hectare. The since productivity

45:24

was disconnected from the land itself, it

45:26

is possible to transfer that right to

45:28

European funding to other less productive and

45:31

cheaper pieces of land such as. A

45:33

Brutal. I mean, it's a legalized

45:35

fraud and the final blow to

45:37

real fancy. we

45:39

finally arrived in some benedict i'm

45:41

very least once a have reached

45:44

shepherdstown now i'm all the farms

45:46

are closed and most of the

45:48

houses into our own sales all

45:50

separate are gone just like all

45:52

the sheep and the ama shows

45:55

me documents on his phone and

45:57

make clear We

46:00

are going to pay for the money,

46:02

the money we have to pay for

46:04

it, but the total... Someone called 4.6

46:06

million euros of European funding based on

46:08

those so-called titoli, with the empty meadow

46:11

we're standing in now. There

46:13

are supposed to be farms, cows, sheep,

46:15

but as you can see there is

46:17

nothing, just grass. The

46:19

big question is, with all

46:21

that money going around and nothing to

46:23

justify it, there was no one from

46:25

one of the towns that had a look if

46:28

it was all real. There

46:31

are no exact data, but

46:33

the last 20 years dozens of farms

46:35

have closed their doors in Abulzon, notwithstanding

46:38

the hundreds of millions that arrived

46:40

in the central Italian region. Despite

46:44

the warnings from the local farmers

46:46

and Professor Calandra, no one

46:48

controlled anything or corrected the

46:50

law that made this fraud possible. Now

46:54

the rural region is more and

46:56

more taken over by criminal organisations

46:58

that not only make millions of

47:00

euros from European funding, but also

47:02

take control of the territory and

47:04

use it for other purposes, such

47:07

as drug trade and weapons trade. Another

47:10

Italian region might fall into the

47:12

hands of the Mafia while honest

47:14

farmers struggle to survive. Angelo

47:19

von Schuyck, DW,

47:21

Abulzon, Italy Be

47:24

on high alert for Mafia fraud

47:26

and Slovakian bears. Yeah,

47:29

you heard that right. That's coming up here

47:31

on Inside Europe with me, Kate Laycock

47:33

in Germany. Earlier

48:05

this year, Politico produced a

48:07

handy guide to the wedge

48:09

issues, pitting people from different

48:11

European nations against national and

48:13

EU-level climate policy. Look

48:16

up Slovakia on that list and you

48:18

will find that the wedge issue there

48:20

is bears. There

48:23

are just over a thousand brown

48:25

bears in the country, but the

48:27

populist nationalist government under Robert Vipso

48:29

has been leading a pressure campaign

48:31

on Brussels to lift protections on

48:33

the animals. Rob Cameron reports for

48:35

us from Prague in the neighbouring Czech Republic

48:37

or Czechia. A

48:43

bear attack seemed to be

48:45

almost weekly occurrences in Slovakia

48:47

these days, with the most

48:50

prominent happening in mid-March. A

48:52

large brown bear was caught

48:54

on video bounding through the

48:56

streets of the town of

48:58

Lipthofsky-Mikuláž, lashing out at passers-by

49:00

and leaving several people, including

49:02

a child, with minor injuries.

49:04

The government was under pressure to

49:07

respond, especially

49:10

with the presidential elections looming

49:12

and the Environment Ministry quickly

49:15

announced proposals to change the

49:17

constitution to allow bears that

49:19

strayed into 500-metre exclusion

49:22

zones on the fringes of

49:25

inhabited areas to be shot

49:27

on site by hunters or

49:30

the police, rather than going

49:32

through the arduous paperwork demanded

49:34

by Slovakia's EU-compliant wildlife protection

49:37

legislation. Tomasz Taraba is the

49:39

country's Environment Minister. If a bear enters

49:41

this zone, it's clear the animal has

49:43

significantly lost its shyness. If

49:51

a bear finds itself in this zone, it will then

49:54

be possible to dispose of the animal. both

50:00

of it automatically without launching

50:02

an official procedure. We're

50:05

submitting an amendment to the Constitution

50:07

rather than a regular law to

50:09

prevent NGOs from going to the

50:11

Constitutional Court to block it. It

50:13

quickly transpired the government of

50:15

Robert Fizzo didn't have enough

50:18

votes in Parliament to secure

50:20

the necessary constitutional majority and

50:22

so the proposal has been

50:24

withdrawn for consultations. Slovakia

50:30

affords the highest levels of

50:32

protection to its brown bear

50:34

population. This was true even

50:37

before the country joined the EU in 2004. The

50:41

population had steadily grown from a

50:43

low point of some 20 animals

50:45

after the Second World War to

50:47

an estimated cohort of perhaps 1,000

50:49

bears. Although

50:52

hunters insist the true number

50:54

is far higher, perhaps five

50:56

times higher. Several dozen were

50:58

shot each year with the

51:00

required official permits. But

51:02

when Slovakia joined the EU

51:05

it also signed up to

51:07

the Natura 2000 directive and

51:09

Bratislava specifically asked Brussels for

51:11

bears to be placed within

51:14

so-called Annex 5 or Strictly

51:16

Protected Species so quotas for

51:18

annual culls are no longer

51:20

possible at all. Dangerous

51:23

bears can be killed in specific

51:25

circumstances and it was these that

51:28

the government cited when it

51:30

said it has tracked down and killed

51:32

the Liptovsky-Mikolaj bear but not everyone is

51:34

convinced. I said it was so obvious

51:37

like with 90% accuracy I can tell

51:39

you that the bear that was recorded

51:41

within the Liptovsky-Mikolaj was really somewhere around

51:44

80, 100 km male specimen. What

51:48

they shot was a female specimen.

51:52

Mikhail Viesik is an MEP

51:54

for the opposition progressive Slovakia

51:56

but he's also an environmental

51:58

scientist and an expert. expert

52:00

in nature protection. He says

52:02

the real reason for the

52:04

sharp rise in the incidence

52:06

of bear attacks is not,

52:08

as the hunters claim, a

52:10

jump in numbers, but provocative

52:12

human behaviour. So the last

52:14

month there were like four

52:16

attacks reported. All of them

52:19

happened in remote areas, so inside

52:21

of a forest, inside of a natural

52:23

habitat of a bear, so it was

52:25

not in the vicinity of human supplements.

52:27

It was really remote forest areas where

52:30

the persons that were involved

52:33

in this incidence were,

52:36

on a very conspicuous way, all

52:38

armed with pistols, and

52:41

they used those pistols within that incident.

52:44

The issue has now died down

52:47

somewhat now that a new president

52:49

has been elected and the Fisso

52:51

government is distracted with other matters.

52:53

Mikhail Viesik is still waiting for

52:55

evidence the authorities shot the right

52:57

bear. He says there's a wall

53:00

of silence on the issue and

53:02

the media is waiting for the

53:04

next encounter between man and the

53:06

European brown bear. For

53:09

DW this is Rob Cameron in

53:11

Prague. A

53:15

quick message of solidarity here to

53:17

our colleagues at Slovakia's public broadcaster,

53:20

RTVS, who are protesting in response to

53:22

the news this week that it is

53:24

to be shut down and

53:26

replaced with an organisation under tighter

53:28

government control. We'll have more on

53:30

that story next week. Also,

53:32

a reminder that the environmental deep

53:34

dive continues over on our sister

53:36

podcast, Living Planet. That's it for

53:39

this week. The programme was produced

53:41

by me, Kate Laycock, with lots

53:43

of help from Nick Martin and

53:45

fans engineers Jürgen Kuhn and

53:47

Jörg Moravec. Inside Europe

53:49

comes to you in DW in

53:52

Bonn, Germany. Thank

54:33

you.