0:16

On the evening of September 18, 1854, a

0:20

large group gathered at Major

0:22

M.P. Rively's store on Salt

0:25

Creek near Leavenworth, Kansas. Four

0:28

months earlier, Congress had passed

0:30

the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which repealed

0:32

the Missouri Compromise and created

0:34

two new territories, Kansas and

0:36

Nebraska. The Act

0:38

also stated that, going forward, the

0:41

citizens of each territory, rather than

0:43

Congress, could determine for themselves if

0:45

slavery would be allowed. The

0:48

citizens of Kansas Territory wanted to be a

0:50

state, and the question of whether

0:53

or not the state would allow slavery divided

0:55

the territory as much as it divided the

0:57

country. The men

0:59

at Rively's store were debating the issue,

1:01

and tensions ran high on both sides.

1:05

One of the men there that night was

1:07

Isaac Cody. Some of the

1:09

men in the crowd knew that Isaac's brother

1:11

was a Missouri slave owner and begged Isaac

1:13

to speak in their favor. After

1:16

much conjoling and after hearing several other

1:18

men speak in favor of allowing slavery

1:20

in the state of Kansas, Isaac

1:23

was finally convinced to share a few

1:25

words. Isaac

1:27

rose to his feet and stepped up on

1:29

the box to address his neighbors. He

1:32

spoke for a few minutes about his understanding of

1:34

the issue, telling the men that

1:36

he had been a pioneer during the

1:38

statehood movement in Iowa and had helped

1:40

organize that state. "'Gentlemen,'

1:42

he said, "'I tell you now,

1:44

and I say it boldly, "'that I

1:47

propose to exert all of my power "'in

1:49

making Kansas the same kind of state as

1:51

Iowa, "...and I shall

1:53

always oppose the further extension of slavery."

1:57

Isaac planned to continue, but a man...

4:00

cabin in Scott County, Iowa in February

4:02

of 1846. Bill

4:05

was the fourth child of the family

4:07

with two older sisters and an older

4:09

brother, Samuel. After Bill,

4:11

his parents would have three more girls and

4:13

another son. As the little

4:16

cabin filled up, Isaac and Mary

4:18

decided to move the family to nearby

4:20

LeClaire on the banks of the Mississippi

4:22

River. William, who

4:24

was known as Willy to his

4:26

family and his brother Samuel loved

4:28

exploring the area, swimming, sailing on

4:31

the river and stealing apples from

4:33

their neighbors orchard. Both

4:35

boys learned to ride horses, though

4:37

Bill's first experience was very nearly

4:39

his last. He said later,

4:42

somehow or other, I had managed to corner

4:44

a horse near a fence and climbed on

4:47

his back. The next moment,

4:49

the horse got his back up and hoisted

4:51

me into the air. I

4:53

fell violently to the ground, striking upon

4:55

my side in such a way as

4:57

to severely wrench and strain my arm.

5:00

I abandoned the art of horsemanship

5:02

for a while and was induced

5:05

after considerable persuasion to turn my

5:07

attention to my letters, my ABCs,

5:10

which were taught me at the village school. So

5:13

the future world famous scout of

5:15

the planes had an inauspicious beginning

5:17

as a horseman. Samuel,

5:23

on the other hand, took to

5:25

riding immediately and while he

5:28

was tearing across the Iowa cornfields on his

5:30

father's horse, young Bill learned

5:32

to track animals, becoming a

5:34

young expert at trapping quail. When

5:37

he mustered the courage to ride again, he

5:40

found that he had a knack for horsemanship,

5:42

saying, many a jolly ride

5:44

I had and many a boyish prank

5:46

was perpetrated after getting well away from

5:49

and out of sight of home with

5:51

the horse. While

5:53

the boys learned to ride and trap, Bill's

5:56

father Isaac was active in the

5:58

process of Iowa statehood and remained

6:00

active politically afterward as a member

6:02

of the Iowa legislature, a justice

6:04

of the peace, and a well-regarded

6:06

stump speaker. One

6:08

afternoon, he was called to Canvas

6:11

for a local candidate at a convention held

6:13

at a nearby tavern. With

6:15

their father away, Bill and Samuel

6:18

mounted their horses and headed out to

6:20

check on their cows. Samuel's

6:22

mother had warned him against riding

6:25

a particularly vicious mayor named Betsy,

6:28

but the boy was undaunted. As

6:30

the brothers returned from the cow pasture,

6:32

they passed a local schoolhouse, just as

6:35

the children were being dismissed. Samuel

6:38

put his heels to the mayor's sides and

6:40

raced about to show off his skill as

6:42

a rider for the gawking students. As

6:45

he turned the horse and galloped by the

6:47

school, the mayor balked, reared,

6:50

and fell on the boy. Samuel

6:53

was severely injured. Someone

6:55

picked him up and rushed him to a

6:57

neighbor's house while Bill rushed home on his

6:59

horse to tell his father what had happened.

7:03

Isaac took the horse from Bill and

7:05

sped toward Samuel, leaving Bill

7:07

to walk to the neighbor's house where Samuel

7:09

was resting. When

7:11

Bill finally arrived at the house where his brother

7:13

had been taken, he walked in

7:16

to find his parents and sisters sobbing

7:18

with grief. The doctor

7:20

had just given them the horrible news. Their

7:23

son would never recover from his injuries.

7:26

Samuel Cody died the following morning at the

7:28

age of 12. Bill

7:31

was seven. The following

7:33

year, Isaac decided to move

7:35

his family, setting off west toward

7:38

his brother Elijah's farm on the

7:40

Kansas-Missouri border. They lived

7:42

for a time on Elijah's farm

7:44

until Isaac established a trading post

7:46

in Salt Creek Valley, four

7:48

miles from the Kickapoo tribes agency. Soon

7:51

enough, Isaac returned to his family

7:53

with two new ponies as a gift for

7:55

his son, Telling him that he

7:57

was taking the family with him across the river.

8:00

River where they were build their

8:02

lives in Kansas. Growing

8:08

up in Iowa, Bill Cody had never

8:10

met a black man or in Indian

8:12

until his family said all for Kansas.

8:15

The. Codey. His neighbors, like themselves

8:17

were mostly English farmers. In

8:20

Leavenworth, Kansas where the family now lived,

8:22

Bill Cody was exposed to a broader

8:25

swath of humanity than he had ever

8:27

seen and scarred county Iowa. Leavenworth.

8:30

Was the first city founded in what would

8:32

become the state of Kansas. And. The

8:35

Mormon Santa Fe in California trails

8:37

pass through the area. Long

8:39

wagon trains carrying settlers to the

8:41

west where a common sight. And

8:44

Bill recalled that one of his earliest

8:46

Kansas memories was watching a funeral service

8:49

for a large group of Mormon pioneers.

8:52

Refugee. Slaves rushed to the

8:54

area, assisted by abolitionists as they

8:56

fled the horrific conditions in neighboring

8:59

Missouri. Leavenworth. Was

9:01

on the border both of the settled

9:03

east and the frontier worst as well

9:06

as the line between slavery and abolition.

9:09

And both sides of the argument

9:11

were primed for violence. So.

9:19

Called the Border Ruff Eons

9:21

from Missouri, crossed into Kansas

9:23

to recapture escaped slaves, harass

9:25

abolitionists, and at times use

9:27

their buoy, knives and guns

9:29

to force voters into supporting

9:31

the expansion of slavery. From

9:34

the Kansas side, militant abolitionists called

9:36

Free Staters like John Brown and

9:38

his sons were just as ready

9:41

to fight for their cause. Skirmishes,

9:43

massacres, in general. unrest became

9:45

the rule along both sides

9:48

of the Missouri River. bill

9:50

cody recall that one day while

9:53

he was waiting at his father

9:55

store i noticed a small party

9:57

of dark skinned and rather fantastically

9:59

dressed who I

10:01

ascertained were Indians, and as

10:03

I had never seen a real live Indian, I

10:06

was much interested in them. These

10:08

were the Kickapoo people, whose agency

10:10

was northwest of Leavenworth. Bill

10:14

was immediately fascinated with the men and women,

10:16

but was frustrated to find that he had

10:19

no way to communicate with them until his

10:21

father promised to help him learn native sign

10:23

language. At home, Bill

10:25

was excited to ride the pair of ponies his

10:27

father had given him. But Isaac

10:30

warned his son that they hadn't been broken.

10:33

Mindful of his brother's accident with the mayor,

10:35

Bill promised not to ride the animals. One

10:39

day, Cody was trying to pet one of

10:41

the ponies in an attempt to tame it

10:43

as a drove of horses and riders came

10:45

up from the west to camp at a

10:48

nearby stream. Isaac Cody

10:50

called his son to come and meet one of

10:52

the men who was from California. The

10:55

man left a passing impression on young

10:57

Bill. He was a

10:59

genuine Western man, Bill said, about

11:01

six feet, two inches tall, well

11:04

built, with a light springy

11:06

and wiry step. He

11:08

wore a broad brimmed California hat and

11:10

was dressed in a complete suit of

11:12

buckskin, beautifully trimmed and

11:14

beaded. The man noticed

11:16

that Bill had been working with the ponies and

11:19

offered to help break the animals. Bill

11:22

wrote, the stranger untied the

11:24

rope and jumped on the ponies back.

11:27

In a moment, he was flying over the

11:29

prairie, the untamed steed rearing and

11:31

pitching every once in a while in

11:33

his efforts to throw his rider. But

11:36

the man was not unseated. He

11:39

was evidently an experienced horseman. I

11:41

watched his every movement. I was

11:44

unconsciously taking lessons in the practical education

11:46

which would serve me so well through

11:48

my life. When

11:51

the pony was broken, the rider sat

11:53

down with Cody's father, explaining that he had

11:55

been a horseman for most of his life.

11:58

He ran away from home as a child. child, joined

12:01

a circus as a bareback rider and

12:03

found work catching and breaking wild horses

12:06

in California. He explained

12:08

that he had an uncle living on the Missouri

12:10

side of the river before he ran away from

12:12

home and was hoping to see him. He

12:15

told Isaac that his uncle's name was

12:17

Elijah Cody. The rider

12:19

was Horace Billings, the son

12:21

of Isaac and Elijah's sister. Bill

12:24

was taken with the man who was

12:26

revealed as his cousin and the man's

12:28

skill with horses and his tales of

12:30

Western adventure. I thought he

12:33

was a magnificent looking man, Bill said. I

12:35

envied his appearance and my ambition just

12:37

then was to become as skillful a

12:40

horseman as he was. Everything

12:42

that he did, I wanted to do. He

12:45

was a sort of hero in my eyes and

12:48

I wished to follow in his footsteps. Unfortunately

12:51

for young Bill Cody, tragedy was

12:53

about to intercede again. He

12:56

would have to put his ambition on

12:58

hold and transform himself from a wide

13:00

eyed boy to a working man at

13:02

the ripe old age of 11. Not

13:11

long after the visit from Horace Billings,

13:14

Isaac Cody was stabbed at the Rively

13:16

store for speaking out against the expansion

13:19

of slavery. Between

13:21

that night and Isaac's death four years

13:23

later, Bill and the rest of

13:25

the Cody family were constantly under threat from

13:27

the kind of border ruffians who had wielded

13:30

the knife against Isaac. Bill

13:32

said, my father had shed the

13:34

first blood in the cause of freedom of

13:36

Kansas and now he was threatened

13:38

with death by hanging or shooting if he

13:40

dared to remain. More

13:43

than once, Bill had to help

13:45

his father hide from determined mobs

13:47

or escape from armed gunmen. Elsewhere

13:51

in Kansas, pro-slavery men from

13:53

Missouri sacked the town of Lawrence,

13:55

which had been founded by free

13:57

state settlers from New England. Order

14:00

ruffians managed to burn a house and

14:02

a hotel, ending the publication

14:04

of a pair of free state newspapers.

14:07

The tensions in Kansas were mirrored in

14:10

Washington, D.C., where Senator Preston

14:12

Brooks from South Carolina attacked

14:14

Senator Charles Sumner, an abolitionist

14:16

from Massachusetts, with a cane

14:18

on the Senate floor. The

14:21

laws of polite society were breaking

14:23

down. The Brown family

14:25

farm was burned as part of the same

14:27

violence that led to the sacking of Lawrence.

14:30

And John Brown set out for vengeance for

14:32

the destruction of his property and the capture

14:34

of his sons. Until then,

14:37

there had been no killings by

14:39

abolitionist forces in Kansas. But

14:42

John Brown and his followers

14:44

headed toward the pro-slavery stronghold

14:46

of Potawatomi. And by the

14:48

next morning, five pro-slavery men

14:50

were dead. The

14:52

shocking event was the match that lit

14:55

the powder keg of bleeding Kansas and

14:57

vaulted the nation forward on its path

14:59

toward civil war. Bill

15:04

Cody was 11 years old when his father

15:06

died, but he was now the man of

15:08

the house. He left

15:10

school and found work, hoping to help

15:13

support his mother and siblings. Bill

15:15

would later claim that he rode for the

15:18

famous Pony Express as a teenager, but

15:20

the truth is less extraordinary. He

15:23

got a job driving his neighbor's ox

15:25

cart to town to haul hay for

15:27

a few weeks before finding work as

15:29

a messenger for Russell and Majors, the

15:32

company that would soon found the Pony Express.

15:35

Bill Cody didn't ride hell bent

15:37

for leather across hundreds of miles

15:39

of foreboding Western landscape. He

15:42

carried messages on horseback from company

15:44

headquarters in Leavenworth to the Telegraph

15:46

Office at the military outpost of

15:48

Fort Leavenworth, which was three

15:50

miles away. He would

15:53

later claim to have worked as a teamster in

15:55

Utah during the Mormon War, Prospected

15:57

in Colorado with the 59ers. And

16:00

had an encounter would sue Warrior Chief

16:02

Rain in the face. The.

16:04

Biographies that Buffalo Bill authorized or

16:07

dreamed up by the promoters for

16:09

his later Wild West shows. And

16:11

it's hard to separate the historical

16:13

fact from the fantastical fiction designed

16:16

to sell sell tickets. So

16:18

it's impossible to substantiate many of the

16:20

stories he told about his childhood. But.

16:23

It is known the by the summer

16:25

of Eighteen Sixty. His. Uncle Allies,

16:27

your head left Missouri for Denver. And

16:30

Bill went along as a wide and driver. Know

16:34

code is later stories painted him as

16:36

the youngest, fastest and best pony express

16:38

rider in the west. The. Truth

16:40

is that Cody spend most of his

16:43

childhood in and around Leavenworth. Were.

16:45

One of his teachers recalled that he wasn't

16:47

much of a student. A was

16:49

a determined baseball player. T.

16:51

Likely did meet fellow teamster Wild

16:53

Bill Hickok around this time. Though.

16:56

Probably not as part of a raiding

16:58

party to reclaim horses from the Psu

17:00

on the Powder River like Poti would

17:02

later claim. for Wild

17:04

Bill while parties. Cousin Horace buildings.

17:07

Would. Prove to be the kind of man

17:09

that the young Bill told he would imitate

17:11

in the years following his father's death. Bill.

17:14

Told he was now a young teenage

17:16

boy without a father in a land

17:18

fraught with part his intention. And

17:20

he was drawn to the Kansas Jayhawks years

17:23

who took the war two the Misery Ruffians.

17:26

As far as Bill was concerned, the

17:28

border rossi and had killed his father

17:30

and were threatening his mother, his sisters,

17:33

and his little brother charmingly. Bill

17:35

took up with a gang of horse

17:37

thieves who promised to avenge the losses

17:39

of free state Kansas settlers at the

17:41

expense of their pro slavery neighbors. Bill

17:45

less the gang fairly quickly

17:47

after his mother's strongly protested

17:49

his involvement. By. the

17:51

following year he was riding with

17:53

the red legs scouts a militia

17:55

group dedicated to the defensive kansas

17:57

on their own terms Cody

18:00

barely mentions the Redleg Scouts in

18:02

his multiple autobiographies, but they

18:04

were one of the most brutal groups of fighters

18:07

at the time, destroying property and

18:09

taking lives in their bloody quest

18:11

for retribution. By

18:13

that time, the Civil War was

18:15

raging, and the Cody household was

18:17

about to suffer another devastating loss.

18:25

In November of 1863, Bill

18:28

Cody returned to Leavenworth from his raiding

18:31

excursions with the Redleg Scouts to tend

18:33

to his ailing mother. She

18:35

had been sick for a while, and within a

18:37

few weeks of his return, Mary Cody

18:39

was dead. By

18:42

Bill's own account, he was inconsolable.

18:45

He promised his mother on her deathbed that

18:47

he would stay away from the Redleg Scouts

18:49

and the conflict that was tearing the nation

18:51

apart. But now, with

18:53

his mother gone, Bill Cody felt

18:56

lost and alone. He

18:58

sought comfort in drink, and later wrote,

19:00

One day, after having been under the

19:03

influence of bad whiskey, I

19:05

awoke to find myself a soldier in the

19:07

7th Kansas. I did not

19:09

remember how or when I enlisted, but

19:11

I saw I was in for it. Like

19:14

it or not, 18-year-old Bill Cody was

19:17

a soldier. And in

19:19

the spring of 1864, he and

19:21

the rest of the 7th Kansas received word

19:23

from the top brass. They were going

19:25

to war. Private

19:28

William F. Cody was serving as a

19:30

teamster for the 7th Kansas Cavalry when

19:32

they found themselves in Tennessee that spring.

19:35

It was the final year of the war, though no

19:37

one knew it yet. Cody

19:39

arrived near Memphis shortly after

19:41

Confederate troops, under the leadership

19:44

of General Nathan Bedford Forrest,

19:46

perpetrated the Fort Pillow Massacre,

19:48

which one historian called, One

19:50

of the bleakest, saddest events

19:52

of American military history. Cody

19:59

remembered being in Memphis just after

20:01

Forrest won a decisive victory

20:03

over Union Army Brigadier General

20:05

Samuel Sturgis at the Battle

20:07

of Brice's Crossroads in northeastern

20:09

Mississippi, and then later

20:11

being with the 7th for Forrest's crushing

20:13

defeat at the Battle of Tupelo. Soon,

20:17

the 7th Kansas was sent back west

20:19

to join the fighting in Missouri, where

20:21

they took part in the Battle of Westport,

20:24

sometimes called the Gettysburg of the

20:26

West. The Union's Army

20:28

of the Border, as it was known, pushed

20:31

the Confederacy's Army of Missouri out

20:33

of present-day Kansas City in the

20:35

last campaign west of the Mississippi

20:37

River. Cody's

20:39

stories of this time paint him as a

20:42

scout and a spy for the Army, reuniting

20:44

with his old friend Wild Bill Hickok

20:46

in service to the Union Army in the

20:48

United States. The official record

20:51

tells a different story. In

20:53

January of 1865, Bill

20:56

Cody was ordered to serve as an

20:58

orderly in a veteran's hospital. Four

21:00

weeks later, he was working as a courier

21:03

and a messenger for the Freedmen's Bureau in

21:05

St. Louis. Soon enough,

21:07

the war was over, and Bill Cody was

21:09

headed back to Leavenworth. It

21:11

was still home, but a home without

21:14

a father, a mother, or any immediate

21:16

prospects. It was also, by

21:18

October of 1865, a home

21:21

without a younger brother, when

21:23

Charlie Cody died from illness. But

21:26

Bill didn't have time to mourn the loss. He

21:28

had to work. He took

21:30

a series of jobs with various

21:33

freighting interests, driving horses from Leavenworth

21:35

to Fort Carney, and later piloting

21:37

a stage between Carney and Plum

21:39

Creek in western Nebraska. The

21:42

work was hard, and the conditions were

21:44

miserable. In the bitter

21:46

cold of February of 1866, Bill

21:49

Cody decided that that life was not for

21:51

him. It was the

21:53

same month that a group of former

21:55

Confederate soldiers conducted the first post-war armed

21:58

bank robbery out of the Union. outside

22:00

of Kansas City, Missouri. The

22:02

robbery of the Clay County Savings Bank

22:04

went down in history as the first

22:06

robbery of the James Younger gang. For

22:09

Bill Cody farther to the west, he

22:11

wrote later, "'While bounding

22:13

over the cold, dreary road day

22:16

after day, "'I yet

22:18

last determined to abandon staging

22:20

forever "'and marry and settle

22:22

down.'" He couldn't

22:24

stop thinking about St. Louis and

22:26

the beautiful woman there who had captured his

22:28

heart. Louisa

22:36

Frederici was the daughter of an

22:38

Austro-Italian merchant in St. Louis, and

22:41

she had fallen for the handsome Bill Cody

22:43

nearly on site, though their first

22:45

meeting didn't go quite like either might have

22:47

expected. Bill had seen her

22:49

and asked a friend, one of her cousins,

22:52

for an introduction. The cousin

22:54

brought Bill to the Frederici house, where

22:56

Louisa was engrossed in reading a book.

22:59

When the cousin pulled the chair out from

23:01

under her, Louisa sprang to her feet and

23:03

slapped the person she thought was the culprit,

23:06

only to find it was a handsome young man she

23:09

had never met. Louisa,

23:11

her cousin laughed, "'Allow me to

23:13

present Private William Frederick Cody "'of

23:15

the United States Army.'" As

23:19

Louisa stammered and blushed, Bill grinned

23:21

and told the cousin that he

23:23

believed he and Miss Frederici had

23:25

met. When

23:27

she finally worked up the courage to ask where, he

23:29

replied, on the field of battle, a

23:32

joke about the slapping incident a few seconds earlier. Louisa

23:36

struggled to overcome her embarrassment to

23:39

talk to Bill, whom she recalled was, "'About

23:42

the most handsome man I had ever seen. "'He

23:44

was quite the most wonderful man I had ever known, "'and

23:47

I almost bit my tongue to keep from telling him so.'"

23:51

Their romance during

23:53

the time Bill was stationed in St. Louis

23:55

was brief, but proved to be enduring. When

24:00

Bill decided on that cold February morning that

24:02

it was time for him to settle down

24:04

and start a family, he rushed

24:07

to St. Louis and married Louisa

24:09

Frederici without delay. They

24:11

moved to Leavenworth where Louisa soon

24:14

realized she was trading a decidedly

24:16

middle-class life for the love of

24:18

a man whose prospects didn't seem

24:20

all that promising. Bill

24:22

rented out his mother's home as a

24:24

hotel that he called the Golden Rule

24:26

House, but he spent money faster

24:28

than he could make it. And

24:31

on top of financial concerns, Louisa

24:33

didn't get along with Bill's sister Helen.

24:36

The following year of Bill's life was spent

24:38

away from his family. By

24:41

his own account, he missed the birth

24:43

of his daughter while he was, quote,

24:45

railroading and trading and hunting, looking around

24:47

for anything that would come along. He

24:51

failed at running a saloon, sold

24:53

buffalo meat in Hayes City, Kansas, and

24:56

tried to start a town that he called Rome

24:58

on a rail line. He

25:00

wrote to his wife that the investment in the town

25:02

was worth $250,000, which

25:06

might have been true if the railroad

25:08

hadn't bypassed the town altogether. Everything

25:11

Bill did to earn money failed,

25:14

and now his wife was asking where the $250,000 was. So

25:19

in the fall of 1867 and

25:21

throughout 1868, Bill

25:23

Cody fell back on the profession that he knew

25:26

best, hunting buffalo. The

25:29

meat was used to feed the Irish workers

25:31

who labor day and night to push the

25:33

railroad west. Newspapers

25:36

in Kansas started mentioning his hunting

25:38

feats, like bringing in 19 bison

25:40

in one day. Bill

25:43

sold bison meat to the railroad at

25:45

seven cents a pound, sometimes bringing

25:47

home $100 in a single day. And

25:51

hunting buffalo, Bill Cody earned the name that would

25:53

stick with him for the rest of his life.

25:56

As the railroad workers laid their tracks,

25:58

they sang a loop. tune. Buffalo

26:02

Bill, Buffalo Bill, never

26:04

missed and never will, always

26:07

aims and shoots to kill, and

26:09

the railroad pays his Buffalo Bill. It

26:12

was a fun little ditty at the time, and

26:15

of course no one could have dreamed that the

26:17

nickname would stick with 22 year old Bill

26:19

Cody for the rest of his life and

26:22

would become his stage name when he became

26:24

one of the most famous people in the

26:26

country in less than five years. Next

26:35

time on Legends of the Old West,

26:37

Bill becomes an army scout with his

26:39

friend and mentor Wild Bill Hickok. He

26:42

rides into battle with the Fifth Cavalry. He

26:44

receives the Medal of Honor. He leads

26:47

a buffalo hunt for the Grand Duke

26:49

of Russia and meets Ned Buntline, the

26:51

man who will make him famous. He

26:53

does all that and more next week on

26:56

Legends of the Old West. Members

27:00

of our Black Barrel Plus program don't have

27:02

to wait week to week to receive new

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bonus episodes. Sign up

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now through the link in the

27:15

show notes or on our website

27:17

blackbarrelmedia.com. Memberships are just $5 per

27:19

month. This series was

27:21

researched and written by Matthew Kearns. Original

27:24

music by Rob Valliere. I'm

27:27

your host and producer Chris Wimmer. If

27:29

you enjoyed the show, please leave us a

27:31

rating and a review on Apple Podcasts or

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wherever you're listening. Check out

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