Prot —> mRNA —> cDNA —> dsDNA. (Step 2 via reverse transcriptase and step 3 via DNA Polymerase). Now the dsDNA is injected into a virus which infects bacteria to make lots of the DNA.

8:2. Polymerase Chain Reaction

Aug 15th, 2020 6m 57s

Denaturation (Heat to high temp), Primer Annealing (Cool slightly), Primer Extension via polymerase (Heat but not as much as step 1).

8:1. Gel Electrophoresis

Aug 15th, 2020 6m 31s

GE find us the length of a DNA Strand (how many base pairs long).

7:5. Applying the HP Equation

Aug 10th, 2020 1m 41s

Not really sure why I did a module on this - basically you know they’re homo recessive because they have blue eyes (the recessive trait), and you know to use q BECAUSE we’re dealing with the recessive trait.

7:4. The Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Aug 10th, 2020 2m 40s

HP Equation gives P(allele frequencies). P^2 is probability of homo dominant, Q^2 is probability of homo recessive, 2pq is probability of heterozygous allele combo. P = frequency of dom allele, Q = frequency of recessive allele.

7:3. Worked Example: Punnett Squares

Aug 10th, 2020 6m 5s

Discusses Dihybrid Crosses and the Law of Independent Assortment.

7:2. Co-dominance and Incomplete Dominance

Aug 10th, 2020 59s

Don’t let the title fool you. This is short. Discusses complete, incomplete, and co-dominance.

7:1. An Introduction to Mendelian Genetics

Aug 10th, 2020 6m 47s

Discuss genes, alleles, geno/phenotypes, and punnet squares. The Khan Academy video discusses the history (Gregor Mendel) but let’s be real, who cares.

6:5. The Effects of Mutations

Aug 10th, 2020 2m 14s

Mutations can be good, bad, or both.

6:4. Mutagens and Carcinogens

Aug 10th, 2020 8m 19s

Define mutagens and then discuss endogenous and exogenous mutagens. (Endo: ROS); (Exo: intercalators, base analogues, carcinogens)

6:3. The Causes of Genetic Mutations

Aug 4th, 2020 10m 46s

Small scale mutations (point: TTM; frame-shift: ID) and Large-scale mutations (translocation, inversion).

6:2. The Different Types of Mutations

Aug 4th, 2020 8m 16s

Point, Frame Shift, and Nonsense vs. Missense. Further divided Missense to Silent, Conservative, and Non-Conservative.

6:1. Introduction to Genetic Mutations

Aug 3rd, 2020 4m 58s

Clarifies that mutations arise at the DNA level, and from where mutations originate.

5:7. Tumor Suppressors

Aug 3rd, 2020 9m 25s

Discusses categories of tumor suppressors and then 2 examples: pRb and p53, both proteins.

5:6. Oncogenes

Aug 3rd, 2020 21m 40s

Discusses the 3 mechanisms through which oncogenes are formed from proto-oncogenes, and types of oncogenes with examples.

5:5. Non-Coding RNA

Jul 26th, 2020 13m 24s

I discuss ncRNAs (RNA that’s ready to perform tasks w/o becoming protein) and then move onto rRNA, tRNA, miRNA, snRNA, and snoRNA. Have fun with all these acronyms lol

5:4. Post-Transcriptional Regulation

Jul 20th, 2020 8m 58s

Not really an important module but skip to 6:18 for new stuff (RNA Editing via the ADAR and CDAR Enzymes)

5:3. Regulation of Transcription

Jul 19th, 2020 17m 27s

Discusses GTFs, then discusses activators/repressors and enhancers/silencers. Finally distinguishes between regulation of transcriptional euk and prok organisms.

5:2. DNA and Chromatin Regulation

Jul 18th, 2020 17m 38s

Discusses HAT and HDAC enzymes to uncoil/coil DNA (uncoil = activate for transcription) then transitioned into DNA methylation as it relates to CpG Islands and MBB’s.

5:1. The Lac Operon - Part 2

Jun 30th, 2020 13m 24s

More terminology of the Lac Operon mechanism, refined ideas from the first part.

4:16. DNA Structure and Function (Random Info)

Jun 30th, 2020 8m 15s

End of chapter random info (as I’ve done before). Although pay attention to end where I discuss donor:acceptor ratios of nucleobases.

4:15. The Jacob Monod Lac Operon

Jun 29th, 2020 14m 40s

Discusses why gene expression regulation occurs @ transcription level. Discusses the Jacob Monod Lac Operon’s structure (ZYA) and function (lactose metabolism) and how the repressor (@operator site) controls this process.

4:14. Protein Modification

Jun 27th, 2020 30m 51s

LISTEN @ 2x speed (on Apple podcasts). Discusses co- and post-translational modifications (GLUMPP) which occur for those proteins that aren’t fully ready to work even after translation finishes.