0:03

Welcome

0:03

to My IELTS Classroom,

0:06

the podcast where two English experts

0:08

talk all things IELTS. I'm

0:10

Shelley Cornick.

0:11

And I'm Nick Long. And

0:13

today we are analysing a part 3

0:16

reading from the new IELTS

0:18

Cambridge 16. How can you preview

0:22

a text before you start reading to

0:24

help you tackle the questions? What

0:26

should you expect to tackle in a part 3

0:28

reading? And why did I select

0:31

Passage 3 from Test 2, an

0:34

ideal city,

0:35

for today's podcast?

0:39

Hello Nick. Hello. How

0:42

are you? Not so bad. Just been on

0:44

a little brief holiday to Estonia this

0:46

weekend, which was very nice.

0:48

Hopping borders, lovely. What

0:51

was the best part of your trip? Probably

0:54

the food. We went to a German restaurant,

0:56

which was really, really nice. And I had a steak

0:59

for the first time in about four years in a restaurant

1:01

and it was absolutely delicious. Was

1:03

it? It was, yes.

1:05

I don't think I've ever been to a German restaurant,

1:07

actually. Yeah, it was a nice little place called

1:09

Edelweiss. Edelweiss.

1:12

I was a teacher in Austria about 25 years

1:15

ago and I remember pretty much

1:17

only eating like schnitzel for about

1:19

a year. But that's fine. So

1:23

first of all, I guess we need to apologize for our absence

1:25

over the last couple of weeks. I have been

1:27

COVID

1:28

struck. I

1:30

don't really know what happened, Nick. I mean, people talk about

1:33

long COVID. I really hope

1:35

that I haven't got long COVID. What I definitely had

1:37

was middle term COVID, which was just,

1:40

I think, extreme tiredness.

1:42

So I took a little bit of time off. I sat on the sofa.

1:45

I watched a lot of the Women's World Cup football.

1:48

Well done Lionesses. Not quite World

1:50

Cup champions, but

1:53

pretty good still. What

1:55

else I do? I've taken a lot of vitamins and

1:58

I'm feeling a bit better now.

2:00

Well, not 100% Nick, still need

2:02

to be careful, but yeah, but

2:04

good. So, sorry if you were looking for us

2:06

over the last couple of weeks, that is what happened,

2:09

but we are back today. And

2:11

what I thought we'd do today, Nick, is, oh, well,

2:14

first of all, I'm going to put out a call for help. I

2:17

am looking for the new Cambridge

2:19

IELTS 18

2:21

general training. I think

2:23

it was published last month.

2:26

I cannot find it. I mean, obviously I've

2:28

looked in bookshots, but maybe we could look in

2:30

other places. So if anybody has

2:33

got a copy of the book 18, I

2:35

would like to email me. I would

2:37

be very, very grateful because my

2:39

hunting skills have run to a dead

2:42

end. So in the absence

2:44

of the general training books, I thought we could look at

2:46

their essays.

2:47

I thought what we do instead was we'd

2:50

have a look at one of the reading tests. Because

2:52

we did the listening a couple of weeks ago, didn't we? We

2:55

did. So I

2:56

spent this morning having a look through

2:59

all of the reading tests

3:01

in the book. And I've got to be honest, Nick,

3:04

there was nothing particularly new

3:07

as I was looking through it, right? You know, I'm going from

3:09

passage to passage, everything looking

3:11

very normal. There are still lots

3:14

of multiple choice questions that

3:16

focus on what the writer is doing or

3:19

what the function is, which is what we looked

3:21

at. When was that? Six or seven months ago? Yeah,

3:24

quite a while ago, we went into quite a bit

3:26

of detail, didn't we, about that? Yes.

3:28

I think in the, and if anyone

3:31

sort of listened to that and want some good practice,

3:33

I think I would recommend there's a reading

3:36

passage. I can't remember which test, but I think it's

3:38

passage two or three. It's

3:40

about artificial intelligence. There's

3:43

one passage that's got

3:45

seven or eight of those questions. So it's

3:47

a really cracking practice of

3:49

trying to understand what the writer is doing, but

3:52

there are loads and loads of truth while it's not given

3:54

question, information match.

3:57

There

3:59

was also... a headings match

4:01

question, only one though, so not a

4:03

massive amount for the whole book. Only

4:06

one in the whole book. In the whole book.

4:08

Wow. Exactly. But as I

4:10

was flicking through, and it's kind of interesting because I usually

4:13

just focus on one exam and then another exam.

4:15

So today was kind of cool because I was just looking at

4:17

all four exams,

4:19

so that's 12 passages. What I did

4:21

sort of notice was that there

4:23

were a lot of gap feel

4:25

questions or what I would

4:27

call closes. So where we've been

4:29

given a summary of the text and we need

4:31

to complete the summary. Now, as

4:34

we know, there are two types

4:36

of gap feels. There are ones where we are

4:38

given a box and there are

4:40

words in the box which we then fit into the space.

4:43

And then there are the other type where we're given a box

4:46

that's got the summary with spaces

4:48

and our job is to go into the paragraph

4:50

to find the missing

4:51

words. There

4:53

were lots of these, to the point where

4:55

in one exam there were

4:57

sometimes two and I think in one exam there

4:59

might even be three. Yeah, I think I saw

5:01

that as well actually. Really? Now

5:03

that you say that. So, you know, I've

5:06

always loved these types of questions, right? Because they're

5:08

kind of quick and easy usually. What

5:11

I did notice was, and I think,

5:13

I don't know if you can remember this Nick, but I reckon it

5:15

was over a year ago we did a full

5:18

reading passage about a chess

5:20

player.

5:20

Yes, I remember. Do you remember? I can't

5:22

remember what his name was, Timor or something.

5:25

Anyway, when we did that one together

5:27

we noticed that

5:29

with the

5:31

gap for where you've got a box, quite

5:34

often the words in the box, they weren't direct

5:36

synonyms of words in the passage. They were

5:39

kind of summaries of one or two sentences

5:42

of what we'd read. Do you remember?

5:44

I do remember. So, it wasn't so much sort

5:46

of like finding the word, it was understanding,

5:49

summarizing, and then finding the summarizing

5:51

word. There's a lot of those

5:54

again in

5:55

this book. So, they were kind of new

5:57

in the last book, but they're obviously something which I

5:59

also think is

5:59

like. So that's something you need to be

6:02

careful of. But what struck

6:04

me, Nick, was

6:08

the length of some of the

6:10

summaries. In particular,

6:12

the summaries that just had missing

6:15

words that we had to find from

6:17

the text. Now, I

6:19

guess having a couple of these questions

6:22

in an exam is not unusual, because there do tend

6:24

to be, I don't know, sort of like

6:27

five or, you know, no, four or five

6:29

line summaries sometimes, don't they? With

6:31

maybe two or

6:32

three questions, or three or

6:34

four questions. Just,

6:38

we've got, I think, two episodes about how to

6:40

complete gap fill questions. But

6:43

as a really quick

6:45

summary for

6:47

our students, when

6:50

you've got a summary that

6:52

you need to complete, that is only

6:54

a few lines long. So it's a single

6:57

paragraph summary.

6:58

Why would those questions,

7:02

questions, why would those questions

7:05

typically be quick and easy

7:07

to answer?

7:07

Because usually if there's only

7:09

one paragraph in the summary, you

7:11

only need to read one paragraph in the text

7:14

to find all of the answers.

7:15

Exactly. So I like to think of those single

7:18

paragraph summaries as a

7:21

little bit like pots of gold, where

7:23

you can find lots and lots of points

7:26

in one paragraph. Even better, Nick,

7:28

right? So we know if you've got a single

7:30

paragraph summary, that we're going to find

7:33

all of the answers in one paragraph,

7:36

is it usually easy or difficult to find

7:38

that golden paragraph?

7:39

It's usually pretty easy because they will give you a title,

7:43

which is the same as the topic sentence

7:45

of that paragraph. Exactly.

7:48

So essentially, those answers

7:50

are hiding in plain sight. They're

7:53

not really hiding them, are they? They are

7:56

saying to you, whatever that

7:58

heading or the title,

7:59

of the summary is look

8:02

for not even synonyms often, just

8:05

look for those words at the start of a

8:07

paragraph and that will

8:09

signal that is your golden paragraph

8:11

that contains

8:12

all of the answers for that summary.

8:15

So, you know, I

8:16

would recommend to any student if

8:19

you have made a grave

8:21

error with timing in your exam, if

8:23

you have reached paragraph, you know, passage 3,

8:26

sorry, and you've only got 15

8:29

minutes left and you know that

8:31

you're not going to be able to read once, read well,

8:33

do everything in an emergency.

8:36

If you've got a summary question, a single

8:39

paragraph summary, ding, ding,

8:41

ding, find that paragraph,

8:43

answer those questions, you'll probably get four or

8:45

five quick and easy points,

8:48

I think, right? Definitely. I mean, we're

8:51

not advising that you do that, it's

8:54

much better to have 20, 25 minutes

8:57

and read once and read well, so read from the

8:59

beginning and understand everything, but

9:02

in a difficult situation, that is a good thing. So,

9:05

what

9:06

I noticed, Nick, as I was reading through

9:08

what was different with these summaries is not

9:10

that they appeared in many exams, but

9:13

it was the length of the summaries that appeared.

9:16

Most of them are two

9:18

paragraph summaries. So,

9:21

once you get a two paragraph summary,

9:23

does that mean we're going to find the answers in two

9:25

paragraphs now? Unfortunately not. It all bets

9:28

are off, aren't they? Yeah, unfortunately.

9:32

So, as soon as your

9:35

summary is split, you

9:38

now

9:39

may need to find words in, well,

9:41

definitely more than one paragraph, but you may

9:43

need to look in more than two. Yeah. And the thing

9:46

is, is that unfortunately, I can't really advise you now

9:48

because I've done so many of these tests where

9:50

it's split into two and the answers

9:52

are all found in consecutive paragraphs,

9:54

right? So, paragraph C and

9:56

paragraph D, but sometimes you might find

9:59

a lot of answers in

9:59

paragraph C and then there

10:02

might be one answer in F right at the end.

10:05

So it's just all

10:07

better off now essentially

10:10

you've got to rely on other things. You can't

10:12

just find that golden

10:13

paragraph. If your

10:15

paragraph is split into

10:17

two, is that title or the heading

10:20

still going to help you? Not always,

10:22

no.

10:22

Yeah. No. It's usually a more general

10:25

heading. It's usually it's sort of like

10:27

a title which is connected to sort of the

10:31

heading of the whole passage, right?

10:34

So if we can't use the title

10:36

of the summary

10:36

anymore, what can we use

10:38

to locate the answers? We can look in

10:41

the first paragraph and see if there are

10:43

any good scan words for sure.

10:44

Yes. This is exactly

10:47

it. Once your paragraph

10:49

or your summary is split, forget

10:51

the title. I mean still look at it, it might help

10:53

you. But you then need to go

10:55

into the summary and kind of

10:58

treat every sort of missing

11:00

word in that summary as

11:02

a completely new question that

11:04

will require you to find

11:07

a key word

11:09

or a very close paraphrase

11:12

to be able to answer it. Obviously,

11:14

that's not always as quick. I have noticed

11:16

a lot of they do tend to use nice clear

11:19

key words when the paragraphs

11:21

are split. So you get a lot of names, you

11:23

get years. These are things

11:25

which are easy to find, but

11:28

they might be spread throughout the passage. And as

11:30

we know, you don't really want to be jumping

11:32

around a passage too much, particularly

11:35

in part three. So it's going to be, you're

11:37

going to be reading through answering

11:39

the other questions at the same time, but looking

11:42

out for those key words until

11:44

you reach them. Okay.

11:47

So

11:48

interestingly then Nick, I'm flicking through the

11:50

book today, loads of two

11:52

paragraph summaries, and then suddenly

11:54

I reach a summary. It's reading

11:57

passage

11:57

three and

11:59

the summary. is not two paragraphs, it's

12:01

three. Mm, it's a monster. It

12:05

is a monster. It

12:07

is. Secondly, really

12:09

strangely, if I said to you, right, if you

12:12

were a student in one of my classes and I said, okay, we're gonna,

12:14

say we're gonna do some exam practice, by

12:17

which I'm not just gonna throw you the exam, we're

12:19

actually gonna look at exam management, right?

12:21

How you're gonna approach the exam. If I

12:24

said we're gonna do reading passage three, how many

12:26

sets of questions would you expect to find? Different

12:28

types of questions. I would expect there to be, well,

12:30

three sets of questions. Yeah. Yeah.

12:34

You know, you might have a headings, an information match,

12:36

and a few yes, no, not given questions, right? Yeah,

12:38

something like that. Traditionally, if you are in passage

12:40

three, there are three sets of questions, which

12:43

is why we need read once, read well,

12:45

because those answers are going to overlap.

12:48

Yeah. So you might find in paragraph

12:50

A, the first multiple choice question,

12:52

which is question 27, but you might also

12:55

find the information match question, which

12:57

is question 37. So

13:00

they're both in that first paragraph. That's why we

13:02

read paragraph by paragraph. We

13:04

don't look for individual questions. If

13:07

you start from question 27 and do 27, 28, 29, 30, et cetera, you're

13:12

gonna read the text about 14 times

13:14

and

13:16

drive yourself crazy. So we wanna

13:19

usually focus on the paragraph. So not

13:21

only in this reading

13:23

passage three, did we have a summary,

13:26

which was broken into three paragraphs, Nick. And

13:29

there

13:29

were only two sets of questions. Very

13:31

unusual. Very unusual.

13:34

So I really think this is something

13:38

a lot of students, and actually a lot of teachers,

13:40

and I think I do this too. I don't think

13:42

we help our students enough in

13:45

terms of just looking

13:47

at and previewing a reading passage.

13:50

And this is something which,

13:52

you know, if you're a good student, is probably

13:54

gonna take no more than 30 seconds, but

13:59

can really cut. down our

14:02

reading time essentially because

14:04

we've got an idea of what to expect and

14:06

we've got a system or some

14:08

tactics for tackling the questions.

14:11

So I would say first thing,

14:13

any

14:15

reading passage, it doesn't matter what it is, the absolute

14:18

first thing you want to do is you want to read

14:20

the title of

14:22

the passage. So as I said, the title of

14:24

this passage is just an ideal

14:27

city. It doesn't tell us much

14:29

Nick, but what does it tell us?

14:32

Tells us that the text is going to be about a city.

14:35

Exactly. I know that sounds silly, but we

14:37

know it's not a text about an environment, it's not

14:40

the text about history, it's a text

14:42

about an ideal city. There is also

14:44

a

14:45

subheading here. I think a lot

14:47

of students ignore

14:49

subheadings because they just look at them as extra

14:51

words to read. I don't.

14:53

I look at subheadings as why

14:55

have IELTS given us that? It's probably to give

14:58

you a quick short idea

15:00

of what the text is about.

15:03

Here it says Leonardo DiCaprio,

15:05

no, Leonardo Da Vinci's

15:08

ideal city was centuries

15:10

ahead of its time. Now

15:13

we know which ideal city we're going to read about. Leonardo

15:17

Da Vinci, do you think some students will know about

15:19

him? All students? I would say a good

15:21

percentage should know who he is. Right.

15:24

So what do you know off the top of your head about

15:26

Leonardo Da Vinci? Italian. Lived

15:30

in the middle of the Middle Ages, like 15th century,

15:33

16th century, I think.

15:37

Something like that. Did

15:40

he do the Mona Lisa? Da Vinci?

15:44

No. He did the Sistine Chapel, I

15:46

think, didn't he? Right. I see.

15:49

See, this is the thing. I'm like, maybe a painter

15:52

doesn't matter, right? But the point is your brain is

15:54

engaging and bringing up everything it knows.

15:56

What I do know about Da Vinci, didn't he do there's that

15:59

picture of a man?

15:59

that drawing with his arms out. That

16:03

was Da Vinci. I think he did a lot of inventions,

16:05

like he invented a helicopter, even

16:08

though he could never make it. I think he was the inventions

16:10

man, right? So again, you

16:13

might be laughing at us because you might actually know who

16:15

Leonardo Da Vinci is, but

16:17

the point is

16:18

reading that heading

16:22

just starts your brain understanding

16:25

or thinking about what you're going to read. Sometimes

16:28

those subheadings actually are important because

16:30

they define some difficult

16:32

Lexus that you might find in

16:34

the passage, right? So I would

16:37

recommend read the heading and read

16:39

the subheading. That's stop number one. Once

16:42

you've done that,

16:43

look to the right if you're doing the

16:45

computer based test or turn the page,

16:47

if you're in the paper based test, have a

16:49

look at the type of questions you've got. If

16:52

you've prepared well, you should know how all

16:55

of the different types of questions work and

16:57

therefore which you're going to focus on

17:00

as you read, et

17:02

cetera. Right? So when we go down,

17:04

we have got two, four, six.

17:06

So there are seven true false, not given questions.

17:10

If you've got true false, not given questions, Nick, do

17:12

they appear in the same order in the text or

17:15

do they jump around?

17:20

Let's take a quick break.

17:22

For the love of it. That's what we'll call it.

17:25

Late night living room, low five vibes. You know, when

17:28

you're up at midnight randomly talking about

17:30

fried chicken with a friend and suddenly the conversation

17:32

hits deep for the love of it. Exactly.

17:37

For the love of it isn't just a podcast about good

17:39

conversation. It's a podcast about real conversation

17:41

and Christian life. Join a vast array of guests

17:44

and myself as we talk about anything and everything

17:46

from good food to Shalom, all for the love

17:48

of it.

17:54

They do. They appear in the same

17:56

order as the text. So we'll find 27 first and 28, 29, et cetera. Exactly.

18:01

So if we know that the

18:03

first question to appear is definitely

18:05

going to be question 27, do

18:07

we want to spend a

18:09

minute reading all of the questions

18:11

now? Not necessarily, no. I

18:14

don't think so, right? I think as we

18:16

know question, you know, because you could read

18:19

all of them now and find the key words,

18:21

but the thing is you're going to forget what you've read when

18:24

you need it. I would say focus only

18:26

on question 27 and maybe question 28, because

18:31

why would it be a good idea to maybe look at the first two?

18:33

Well, if you start reading and you can't

18:35

find 27 and you find 28, you will know that 27

18:40

is above it. Exactly. And especially

18:43

if 27 is going to be not given, for example.

18:47

And you don't want to get to paragraph C or paragraph

18:49

D and be like, well, where's 27? I can't

18:51

find it. Yeah.

18:53

And then look at question 28 and go, oh,

18:55

but I read about that ages ago. Right.

18:58

So

18:59

just look for the scan words

19:01

for 27 and 28 or the first two

19:04

questions. Here, people first

19:06

referred to Leonardo da Vinci as a genius 500

19:09

years ago. Boom. A nice, easy

19:11

number. That's going to be easy to find. What

19:13

would you look for for the second

19:16

question? The current climate crisis.

19:17

Yeah, I think I'm going to look for climate

19:19

crisis. I don't think that's going to be paraphrased

19:23

too heavily. We should be able to find that quite easily.

19:25

We've also got the word plague as well. I

19:27

think that as well. So the current climate

19:29

crisis is predicted to cause more deaths than the

19:31

plague climate crisis plague.

19:34

Now, what we're doing here before we read that should

19:37

take seconds to find those keywords.

19:39

They are not going to help us

19:41

answer truth while it's not given. Once we find

19:44

those keywords in the text, we will

19:46

then read those sentences more carefully

19:48

and we will

19:50

identify what we are actually

19:52

checking. So in that first question, for example,

19:55

Nick, although 500 years ago might find

19:57

us the sentence, when you find the sentence, what

19:59

information do you need to find?

19:59

information, you probably going to want

20:02

to focus your checking or your close reading

20:04

on. Well, we've got an

20:06

order word here, an order of things

20:09

word, haven't we? It says people first

20:11

referred to him as a genius 500

20:13

years ago.

20:15

Right. So we need to know,

20:17

even if it says people 500 years ago called

20:20

him a genius, was

20:23

that the first time they did it?

20:25

Does it tell us it was the first

20:27

time? That's what I would focus on. In the

20:29

second question, it's

20:32

not an order word. What are we going to focus on

20:34

here?

20:35

It's the comparison, isn't

20:37

it? More deaths than the plague.

20:40

Exactly. So our current climate

20:43

crisis, are there going to be more deaths than the plague

20:45

500 years ago, less, or is there

20:47

no comparison given and it's not given?

20:50

So exam management, look

20:52

at your questions. If I was in this exam,

20:55

I would say, okay, I've got some true files not

20:57

given. Let's read the first two. Then

20:59

I would scroll down and think,

21:01

where is the third question? But

21:05

we have got this

21:07

long summary, Leonardo da Vinci's

21:10

ideal city. We probably

21:13

know that heading is not going to help. Yeah, it's the

21:15

text is about isn't it? It literally

21:17

told us in the title, that is the text.

21:20

So I don't know how many

21:22

words are here Nick in the summary, probably a

21:24

hundred maybe. Maybe even more

21:27

to be honest. It looks pretty meaty, isn't it? 120. Would

21:31

you recommend that a student reads the whole summary

21:33

before they start reading? Absolutely not. No.

21:36

A waste of time. Complete

21:38

waste of time. If this was a single

21:40

paragraph summary, I would just

21:42

tell the student, just look at, underline

21:45

the title

21:47

and find the paragraph with that title before

21:49

you look inside. As

21:51

the title is not going to help us, where

21:54

should we probably look for our first or

21:56

for a word that will show us we're in the right

21:58

place? to put on our diving

22:01

equipment and jump

22:03

in, aren't we? And have a look for some

22:05

scan words. Exactly. So

22:07

start at the beginning, start with the first sentence,

22:09

because even though this

22:12

summary is broken into separate

22:14

paragraphs,

22:16

the answers will appear in order. So you're going to

22:18

find the 34 first, then 35, then 36, then 37.

22:20

So read the first sentence, see if there's a scan word.

22:26

What have we got here? A collection of Leo da

22:28

Vinci's paperwork. So we're

22:30

looking for something that talks about his paperwork, reveals

22:33

his design of a new city beside the

22:36

Titiano River. Apologise

22:39

if you're Italian. So quite

22:41

clearly, IELTS has been quite nice there, haven't

22:43

they? Yep.

22:44

Because we have got

22:46

the word Titiano River. Now,

22:49

that may get, you've got to remember IELTS gives

22:51

IELTS takes, you can never guarantee

22:54

what's happening. So I may,

22:57

before I start attempt reading these questions,

22:59

I might just look, is, you

23:01

know, we know ideal city is going

23:03

to be throughout the text because it's the heading of the

23:05

whole text. I might just quickly

23:08

check, you know, is this Titiano

23:10

River mentioned right in the first

23:12

paragraph and all the way through? Is that really going

23:14

to help me? Do

23:16

you know what I mean? Because sometimes it might, you

23:18

know, what we're looking for is a

23:20

word that only appears in the place

23:22

where the summary begins. So if a word is appearing

23:25

all the way through, so I would have

23:27

a quick look

23:28

and I would skim, essentially

23:32

look as quickly as I can. I'm not reading,

23:35

my eyes are just glancing through

23:38

each paragraph and I'm reading forwards and

23:40

backwards because I'm not reading to understand.

23:42

I'm literally looking at the words. I'm

23:45

going through each paragraph. I'm now on the

23:47

third paragraph. I can see

23:49

Milan. Yeah.

23:51

Can't see that river. I can see Renaissance

23:53

in the fourth paragraph, more

23:55

Renaissance, Ferrara. I'm

23:58

now on the last paragraph of the first paragraph.

23:59

page, boom,

24:02

there it is. Titiano River.

24:04

Based on that, Nick, I

24:07

would say that summary is pretty much

24:09

going to start in

24:11

that fifth paragraph. So

24:15

the only question is, where will the true

24:17

false not given questions be?

24:21

Usually in passage three, where

24:23

would you expect them to be, Nick? Yeah.

24:27

One or two in the first couple of paragraphs, maybe

24:30

then a gap while we do

24:32

some of the summary, then in

24:34

the last paragraph. So I would be

24:36

expecting based on previous exams

24:39

to just be looking for these true false not

24:41

givens everywhere. We

24:43

are not going to do all of the true false not givens,

24:46

okay?

24:47

Because we don't have time today. But

24:50

the first one, if you remember,

24:53

let me just find it. The first question says,

24:57

people first referred to Leonardo da Vinci

25:00

as a genius 500 years ago.

25:02

What does the first line say, Nick?

25:04

The word genius is universally associated with the

25:08

name of Leonardo da Vinci. So

25:11

in the first sentence of that

25:13

paragraph, boom, they've

25:15

got the word genius. From

25:17

that sentence, Nick, would we say that that

25:19

answer was true false or not given?

25:21

From that sentence, it's not given. Yeah,

25:24

right. Should we stop reading there? Because that's

25:26

the sentence that uses genius. No, because we

25:28

got 500 mentioned a little bit further

25:30

down. I would say in

25:32

any case, no, because very often

25:35

I'll split information for true

25:37

false not given. Sometimes half the information

25:39

you need is at the beginning of the paragraph, half

25:42

is at the end. The main problem with true

25:44

false not given is students stop reading

25:46

before they have got to the bit

25:48

with the answer. So

25:51

let's keep reading. Do you want to read the next

25:53

couple of sentences? A true

25:55

Renaissance man. He

25:58

embodied scientific spirit. talent

26:01

and humanist sensibilities. 500 years

26:05

have passed since Leonardo died in his

26:08

home at Chateau de

26:10

Clelusie. I don't know, saying that right.

26:13

Outside Tours in France.

26:16

Good and then I just keep reading, yet

26:18

far from fading into insignificance

26:21

his thinking has carried down the centuries

26:24

and still surprises

26:24

today. The answer then to

26:26

the first question is a big fat

26:29

N G. It is a huge

26:32

not given isn't it because we know that

26:34

he died 500 years ago,

26:36

we know that his the word genius

26:39

is associated with him. Does it say anything

26:41

that it was first given that name 500 years

26:44

ago? Nothing.

26:44

No, exactly.

26:47

So we're straight away in that first

26:50

paragraph a true false not given

26:53

question. If you then look

26:55

at the second paragraph, which

26:57

so then now the next question is the current climate

26:59

crisis is predicted to cause more deaths

27:01

than the plague. Read

27:04

the first sentence of the second

27:07

paragraph Nick. The renascence marked the

27:09

transition from

27:11

the 15th century to modernity and

27:13

took place after the spread of the plague in the 14th

27:15

century, which caused a global crisis

27:18

resulting in some 200 million

27:21

deaths across Europe and Asia.

27:23

So again straight away I mean

27:26

with almost no time to gather

27:28

your breath we've got the plague,

27:31

we've got the second question. So here

27:34

in that first sentence they've mentioned the

27:36

number of deaths from

27:39

the plague. Mm-hmm 200 million. Yeah,

27:42

so we haven't yet heard about the

27:44

climate crisis so why don't we read the next paragraph

27:46

because we obviously don't have enough information

27:48

yet to make a decision.

27:49

Today the world is on the cusp of

27:52

a climate crisis which is

27:54

predicted to cause widespread displacement

27:58

extinctions

27:58

and death. if left

28:01

unaddressed Good. Is

28:03

there any number of deaths there or anything saying more

28:05

death? There's no comparison yet No,

28:08

so I there's one sentence left in the paragraph

28:11

We've got to keep going because you never know what they're

28:13

gonna add there

28:14

Then as now radical solutions

28:16

were called for to revolutionize the way people

28:18

lived and safeguard humanity

28:20

against catastrophe

28:23

Nothing again, not given nothing.

28:25

So that's pretty harsh, isn't it? It's

28:28

who not given? Yes In two

28:30

paragraphs. The thing I would be noticing

28:32

at this point is these true false

28:34

not given questions are coming quite quickly

28:37

Right. There's nothing here about

28:40

what's the river that we're looking for? There's still nothing

28:42

about the titiano River and there's

28:44

nothing about his paperwork, right?

28:47

So at this point I'm

28:49

starting to think I have a feeling

28:53

There's

28:53

gonna be a lot of true false not

28:55

given questions in this first part of the

28:57

text And actually if you go

28:59

through and complete them You

29:01

will have finished all of the true false

29:03

not given questions By

29:05

the time you read the fifth paragraph on

29:07

that page, which has got the titino

29:10

River So this is all very strange,

29:13

right? Normally we have

29:15

half the true false not given before the

29:17

summary We have a break for the summary

29:20

and then the true false not given will return.

29:22

Mm-hmm

29:23

That is not the case So

29:25

I guess I'm saying this because really

29:27

good students Should think like

29:29

Nick and I really good students should be thinking. Oh,

29:32

this is a bit strange There's only two questions. This

29:34

is a bit strange. Boom. They're throwing me the

29:36

true false not given questions really

29:38

quickly Okay, all of those

29:40

things they're good thoughts, right? That's because

29:43

you're engaging with the text and engaging

29:45

with the text and the questions is

29:47

what really helps you find the answers Alright,

29:49

so let's then now

29:52

let's just

29:53

move To

29:55

the paragraph which is about the river From

29:59

which point we can start to focus on

30:01

these this long

30:04

summary. So we already know

30:06

step number one is we want to find that keyword.

30:09

I mean really before we look for the keyword

30:11

what would be the first thing you would advise

30:13

a student to do if

30:15

they are answering a summary completion

30:18

activity.

30:19

And definitely look at the instructions we want to know how

30:21

many words we can use in the gaps. Exactly.

30:24

So this one you know quite common it says

30:26

one word only not always I saw a

30:28

couple of two words actually in the one that I was looking

30:31

at. So we can only use one word. What is

30:34

the important thing about the words that we use

30:36

Nick? We will take the word from the text and

30:39

we will not change the form of

30:41

the word whatsoever. So if we are

30:43

looking for a singular noun if we know it's a

30:45

singular noun and we find a plural

30:47

noun that looks like it could be correct we're

30:50

not allowed to change that into a singular. Exactly.

30:54

Exactly. That's the wrong word essentially. Yeah

30:57

if it doesn't fit the space if you need to change

30:59

it it's not the answer. That's the key thing. So

31:02

I would say that first sentence the

31:04

collection of Leonardo da Vinci's paperwork reveals

31:06

his design of a new city beside

31:08

the Titiano River is

31:11

just to help us find where this summary

31:13

begins. Now we

31:15

found that paragraph Nick what would you probably

31:17

recommend that the students

31:18

do before they continue? I think the

31:21

first thing that they can do is probably just have

31:23

a quick prediction of the type of word that's missing.

31:26

Yes. From 34. I

31:28

can see here we've got the word trade and less

31:31

polluted environment as well so maybe

31:33

they would be good words to highlight or underline

31:35

because we should find

31:36

that. Trade and polluted environment and

31:38

pollution. Now we're not we maybe

31:41

won't read those words exactly but

31:43

they will be paraphrased at least and the idea

31:46

will be the same.

31:47

Exactly. So I think you've summed

31:49

it up perfectly. We want to sort of read the sentence

31:51

and understand it. We want to try and see if we

31:53

could think of a word that would logically

31:55

fit the space. What could we do here? This was

31:57

to provide better something for trade.

31:59

and a less polluted environment.

32:02

So what could be better for trade in

32:04

terms of a design of a city? Well,

32:07

we can definitely predict the type of word that's missing. Yeah.

32:10

It looks like it's going to be a noun.

32:13

Yeah. And we could maybe try and guess what the actual

32:15

word is going to be.

32:16

Yeah. So I'm sort of thinking what would make trade

32:19

better? Roads.

32:21

Roads. Yeah. I

32:27

can only think of two words like financial conditions,

32:29

but no. Yeah. It's going to

32:31

be a city, isn't it? So

32:34

better... Environment.

32:34

Yeah. Environment.

32:37

Environment should be, I guess, because

32:40

it's better in a environment. We would need the article.

32:43

We would need an article and there's no article.

32:46

So better something. So there's probably going to be an uncountable

32:49

noun. So I think this is it.

32:51

So I'd be looking now both

32:53

for the keywords,

32:56

but not, as you said, exactly the keywords,

32:58

but some sort of power phrase and

33:00

a word which logically

33:03

fits and it's probably going to be similar to something

33:05

that I predicted. So, Nick, why don't you

33:07

read for us?

33:09

Why don't you just

33:11

read the whole of the fifth paragraph? Let's have

33:13

a look then. So it says, it's not easy to

33:15

identify a coordinated vision of Leonardo's

33:18

ideal city because of

33:20

his disordered way of working

33:22

with notes and sketches. So

33:24

there's a little reference to

33:28

paperwork, isn't there? The paperwork. Yes.

33:31

But from the largest collection of Leonardo's papers

33:33

ever assembled, a series of innovative

33:36

thoughts can be reconstructed regarding the foundation

33:39

of a new city along the Ticino

33:42

River which runs from Switzerland into Italy and

33:44

is 248 kilometers long.

33:50

He designed the city for

33:52

the easy transport of goods and

33:55

clean urban spaces and

33:58

he wanted a comfortable and spacious city. city

34:00

with well-ordered streets and

34:03

architecture. He

34:05

recommended high strong walls with

34:08

towers and battlements of all

34:11

necessary and pleasant beauty."

34:14

Wonderful. Now Nick, you read the whole paragraph

34:17

there very kindly because I asked you to, right?

34:19

However, if you had been in the exam,

34:22

would you have actually reached the end of the paragraph

34:24

before you stopped reading and wrote down the answer?

34:26

Probably not.

34:28

No, because what did

34:30

you recognise as you were reading? So we had

34:33

to provide better something for trade

34:35

and a less polluted environment. What

34:37

paraphrase did we find in that paragraph

34:40

for that?

34:40

Well, we've got goods, I guess,

34:42

which is kind of a simmence in an infotrade in

34:45

that context, and we've got clean urban

34:47

spaces which is less polluted

34:49

environment.

34:50

Exactly. So if we're going to write

34:52

a word here after better, what

34:55

was to provide better, what for trade,

34:57

better?

34:57

Transport. Yeah, because

35:00

easy means better

35:03

when we're talking about transport. So boom,

35:06

that's our first answer. So I'd

35:08

be feeling quite good now because although we've got this

35:10

long summary, that first one wasn't too difficult,

35:12

I don't think, to find.

35:16

The summary then continues and there's

35:19

quite a lot of words between that

35:22

answer question 34

35:24

and the next question 35. Yeah.

35:27

Should we just skip those words because there's

35:29

nothing missing or do you think it would be a good idea

35:31

to read them?

35:32

No, we should understand what's written

35:34

there. We need to understand. Yes. So,

35:36

and we'll talk about something even

35:39

more important. Well, there's nothing more important than understandable.

35:41

We'll talk about one more thing in a minute. So can you read

35:43

the next sentence then in the

35:46

summary?

35:46

In the summary. So although Lea Adadavinci's city

35:49

shared many of the ideals of his

35:51

time, some of his innovations were

35:53

considered unconventional in their design.

35:55

Right.

35:56

So just

35:59

like we do.

35:59

do when we listen. You know, we've got note completion

36:02

for listening. There'll be notes which

36:04

are completed. We don't ignore those. As

36:06

we're listening, we listen for those

36:08

because they guide us. That

36:11

sentence is going to be here soon,

36:14

right, in the actual passage. So I

36:17

would be looking for that as I continue

36:19

reading. So we've got the city

36:22

shared ideal. Some of his innovations

36:24

were considered unconventional in their design.

36:27

Plus the reason... So that sentence is

36:29

important because

36:29

it's going to guide us, show us

36:32

what bit we can ignore in the text. Also,

36:34

the sentence that includes the answer

36:37

starts with they. They

36:39

included features that can be seen in some

36:42

tower blocks today. So we're looking for these

36:44

tower blocks. That they,

36:46

what does that refer to Nick? Innovations.

36:50

Innovations, unconventional innovations.

36:53

If you just skipped that sentence, you

36:56

wouldn't know.

36:57

What they is referring to, yeah. No. And

36:59

therefore you're not going to

37:00

understand the text. So what we're looking

37:03

for now is some

37:05

unconventional innovations that can be seen

37:07

in tower blocks today. So I think that

37:09

tower blocks is probably a

37:11

good word, isn't it? And then such

37:14

as something on the exterior

37:16

of a building. Where is the exterior of

37:18

a building, Nick? It's

37:19

the outside, isn't it? Yeah.

37:21

So at this point, now, did we read

37:24

anything about exteriors of buildings? Not

37:26

in the previous paragraph, no. No. So

37:28

really we can just, let's keep going then with

37:30

paragraph six. His

37:34

plans for a modern and rational city

37:36

were consistent with Renaissance ideals,

37:38

but in keeping with his personality,

37:41

Leonardo included several innovations

37:44

in his urban design.

37:45

Right. So why did you stress

37:47

innovations then? What have you just seen? That's one of the

37:49

key words that we're looking for, isn't it? Yes.

37:52

That was, basically that

37:54

sentence is almost identical to the next

37:57

sentence in the summary, isn't it? So this

37:59

should be given us confidence.

37:59

that the the answer is coming.

38:01

We haven't heard anything about unconventional

38:03

though yet. I suppose that's the only word

38:06

that's really missing. And it

38:08

says next then second second sentence Leonardo

38:10

wanted the city to be built on several levels

38:12

linked with vertical outdoor

38:14

staircases. This

38:16

design can be seen in some of today's high-rise

38:19

buildings. So there's your synonym for tower blocks,

38:22

but was unconventional at

38:24

the time.

38:25

So

38:28

we've got like a perfect storm of all

38:30

the key words that haven't we. Unconventional

38:34

high-rise building. So once you get

38:36

to that point where you're seeing all of the words you

38:38

really want to just go back again read

38:40

the sentence and start thinking have I read something

38:42

that can fit. So they included

38:45

features that can be seen in some tower

38:47

blocks such as something on

38:49

the exterior of buildings.

38:52

Have we read anything about exterior

38:55

there? We did we read the word outdoor. Yes.

38:59

So here they wanted linked with

39:01

vertical outdoor and what are they outdoors?

39:03

Staircases. Staircases.

39:06

Yeah. So this design,

39:09

i.e. the outdoor staircases, can be

39:11

seen in today's high-rise buildings.

39:14

So you know this is why you've got to read the whole thing.

39:16

If you're just

39:18

scanning for high-rise buildings

39:21

you're going to start with

39:23

the sentence this design

39:25

can be seen in today's high-rise building.

39:27

But the answer is...

39:28

Sentence before, they kind of reversed it

39:30

haven't they? They've reversed it.

39:33

This is why you know if you

39:35

read and understand and then try

39:37

and put the answer in it is a lot better. However

39:39

if you are scanning and you do find

39:42

high-rise buildings and you see that the sentence

39:44

begins with referencing this,

39:46

it's always a good idea

39:48

to go back and read the previous sentence so you can understand

39:51

what this is. Absolutely

39:54

and to be honest you know if you got really really

39:56

good you can start using

39:58

these things to very very quickly. quickly, almost

40:00

pinballed to the right word.

40:03

You know, well, it's not here, it's got to be before and it's

40:05

got to be before and after this. So,

40:08

you know, if you're really, really good,

40:10

like Nick and I, you know, you might not need

40:12

to for these questions to read everything through, but I think

40:15

it is so much easier if you do, you

40:17

know, unless you're going for world record IELTS

40:20

and need to do the whole test in like 20

40:22

minutes,

40:24

just read. Okay, so what have we got

40:26

now? It says, I like, so the next paragraph

40:28

starts with the sentence in the summary says,

40:31

Leonardo da Vinci wasn't only an architect.

40:34

I have a feeling that's a

40:37

guiding sentence as well. That's probably,

40:39

you know, once you read architect or not just

40:42

an architect, that's going to tell us the

40:44

next answer is coming. So what's

40:46

the next sentence, Nick, with a space?

40:50

His expertise in

40:52

something was evident in

40:55

his plans for artificial canals within

40:57

his ideal city.

41:00

Right, so if you're going to make a plan for an artificial

41:02

canal, what would you need to be an expert

41:04

in? Probably

41:08

physics or something like that. I'm like

41:10

water? Well, if you,

41:13

well, because an architect, if you want to build

41:15

a canal, you need to be more than just an

41:17

architect. You need to understand how

41:19

wide it needs to be, like how much water it can

41:21

hold, etc, etc.

41:24

So it's not just, you know, designing the facade of a building

41:26

or

41:28

the shape. So there's going to

41:30

be some other skill

41:32

that he's blessed with. Yes,

41:35

I agree. All right, so why don't you start with this next paragraph

41:37

then? While in the upper layers of the city, people

41:40

could walk undisturbed between elegant

41:42

palaces and streets, the lower layer was

41:44

the place for services, trade, transport

41:46

and industry. Nothing yet. But

41:49

the true originality of Leonardo's vision was

41:51

its fusion of architecture

41:53

and engineering.

41:55

Hello. So we've got

41:58

there our architect, so it wasn't only an

42:00

architect. So we've got architecture.

42:06

So what is it saying? He's not just an architect, he's also

42:08

an engineer clearly. An engineer.

42:12

Well, let's keep going. Leonardo

42:14

designed extensive hydraulic. There's

42:17

a word which means water. Hydraulic

42:20

plants to create artificial canals. Hello

42:22

throughout the city.

42:24

So I think that's going to be our answer there,

42:26

isn't it? And

42:28

does the word engineering fit? It

42:31

does. Yeah. So the canals

42:34

regulated by clocks and basins. So, you

42:36

know, I kept reading that thinking, is there another

42:38

specific word exactly for water? But

42:40

actually he was

42:42

an expert in architecture and

42:45

engineering. So

42:46

they've done that in a really clever way, I think

42:49

actually. Okay, good.

42:52

So we've then got an extra

42:54

sentence again, which says in

42:56

the summary, he also believed that the height

42:59

of houses could relate to the width

43:01

of streets in case earthquakes

43:04

occurs. I mean, that's pretty incredible.

43:05

We've got a nice earthquakes word

43:08

there. Yes. So there's

43:10

no space there. I'm still reading it because

43:12

I want to know what I'm going to read next and I can forget.

43:15

The design of many cities

43:17

in Italy today follows this

43:20

something. So when we're talking about this,

43:23

what was that referring to in general there then,

43:25

Nick? It's going to be an

43:27

example of something, isn't it? Or

43:29

something mentioned from the previous sentence. I

43:32

think something about, to summarize

43:34

this design with the earthquakes, right?

43:37

So

43:38

let's keep reading.

43:41

So it's the bottom of that paragraph.

43:43

Leonardo also thought.

43:45

Leonardo also thought that the width of the

43:47

streets ought to match the average height of

43:49

the adjacent houses. So that's kind of what

43:51

we read there. A rule still followed

43:53

in many contemporary cities across Italy

43:55

to allow access to sun and reduce

43:58

the risk of damage from earth.

43:59

We've got our key word at the end. They've

44:02

done the same thing here as in the previous

44:04

paragraph So they've given us the

44:07

second sentence at the end

44:09

of this paragraph and the third sentence is

44:11

some is hiding in the middle

44:14

And I think I found the word which

44:16

would fit Mm-hmm

44:18

design of many cities in Italy

44:20

today follows this what and

44:23

in the text it says a rule still

44:25

followed in many

44:27

contemporary cities across Italy

44:30

It's a rule follows this rule. It's a rule.

44:32

Yeah a rule still followed

44:35

That's tricky because that's actually

44:37

a reduced relative clause. It should be a rule

44:40

which is still followed. So it's passive

44:42

Right, so Italy follows the

44:44

rule. So it's a rule that is still

44:47

followed So exactly that is a rule but

44:49

again all of this summary is just playing

44:51

isn't it with the organization of information? Everything's

44:54

there. We're just moving sentences.

44:56

As you said, we're using passive. We're using

44:59

active That's why you've got to read it all

45:02

and then go back and sort of your brain will

45:04

probably organize it all for you to be honest

45:08

Okay, we've

45:09

only got a couple of paragraphs left, but

45:11

we've got three answers so the next

45:14

sentence with the missing word says while

45:16

some cities from Something

45:19

times have aspects that

45:21

can also be found in Leonardo's designs

45:24

His ideas weren't put into practice until

45:26

long after his death

45:29

What type of word are we going to look for in that

45:31

question? Well cities from something times

45:34

Yeah, and what would be like if you throw out some

45:36

words that could go in there from

45:37

what sort of times ancient times Yeah,

45:41

it's gonna be a summary of a time period isn't

45:43

it from ancient times from

45:46

I know

45:47

Victorian times I don't

45:49

know. Yeah So while some cities

45:52

from some at times have aspects that can also

45:54

be found in Leonardo designs So

45:56

we're looking for some sort of time period. So

45:59

let's read the

45:59

next paragraph Nick. Although some

46:02

of these features existed in Roman cities

46:04

before Leonardo's drawings there

46:06

had never been a multi-level compact city

46:09

which was thoroughly technically conceived.

46:13

It's just there isn't it? Roman. There

46:15

we go. Roman times. So they kind

46:17

of change it, it doesn't say Rome, it doesn't say the Roman

46:19

period, it says in Roman cities

46:22

but that means in Roman

46:24

times. Okay what's the next one

46:26

with the gap? Beep is one

46:29

example of a city that

46:31

was redesigned in the 19th century

46:34

in the way that Leonardo had

46:36

envisioned. So we're looking now for

46:38

the name of

46:38

the city aren't we? Yeah it must be. Now

46:41

just out of interest though Nick if you've got the 19th

46:44

century what years are the 19th century?

46:46

1800s. Yeah so it's like 1801 or 1800. 1899. Yes

46:49

so if you've

46:54

ever with centuries you need to go back in terms

46:56

of the year. So the 19th century is actually 1800

46:59

to 1899. Okay let's start then with indeed. Indeed.

47:08

It wasn't until the 19th century

47:11

that some of his ideas were applied

47:13

for example the subdivision

47:15

of the city by function with services

47:17

and infrastructures located in the lower levels

47:20

and wide and well-ventilated boulevards and

47:24

walkways above for residents.

47:28

It's an idea that can be found in George

47:31

Eugene Houseman's renovation of

47:33

Paris under Emperor Napoleon

47:35

III between 1853

47:38

and 1870. Yeah

47:43

I have a feeling I mean what's the answer? It's Paris

47:45

of course. It's Paris. I

47:47

don't really know there's no kind

47:50

of distracter for this question

47:53

I don't know why a student would write

47:55

anything other than Paris because

47:57

there is no other city there unless

47:59

someone

47:59

might write Roman potentially

48:02

I guess because they don't because it says Roman

48:05

cities they might have got confused

48:07

but anyway I mean so far Nick

48:10

although it's a really long summary

48:12

how difficult would you say is at this point

48:15

too difficult to be honest is it

48:17

if you're I think if you're reading your understanding

48:19

you're carefully going through I would

48:22

be quite happy at this point yeah

48:25

we've only got one question left

48:27

so in the summary the final sentence

48:29

says his ideas are also relevant

48:32

to today's world where building

48:35

something no longer seems to

48:37

be the best

48:38

approach so we're looking

48:41

for building something is not good

48:43

so that's going to be a noun again isn't it

48:45

yeah um let's

48:48

see or should we predict the

48:50

missing word do you think I'll

48:52

be honest Nick I've done it so you predict because

48:55

I was thinking what could we be building building

48:59

skyscrapers building I was

49:01

thinking of a type of house

49:05

maybe it's about the amount of space

49:07

that's used up because

49:10

this obviously type of design obviously takes up

49:12

a lot of space so

49:14

maybe it's something to do with that um

49:17

we're building maybe it's an advert by building

49:20

widely or something I don't know let's have a look what

49:22

they say anyway okay today Leonardo's

49:24

ideas are not

49:26

simply valid they actually suggest a way forward

49:28

for urban planning many scholars think

49:30

that the compact city built upwards instead

49:33

of outwards integrated with

49:35

nature especially water systems with

49:37

efficient transport infrastructure could help

49:39

modern cities become more efficient and sustainable

49:42

this is yet another reason why Leonardo

49:45

was aligned so closely with modern

49:47

urban planning and centuries ahead

49:49

of his time

49:51

so we've got two we got

49:53

upwards and outwards haven't we yes

49:56

and they want to build up they're the only nouns that fit

49:58

so where building

50:01

no longer seems to be the best approach.

50:04

So what is the... I was right. Yes. Because I said

50:06

building wide, didn't I? You

50:08

were right. You did. So it says, built upwards

50:11

instead of outward. So upwards is the new

50:13

approach. Outwards. Instead of outwards,

50:15

which is the old approach. That one

50:17

I think is quite tricky. I think a lot of students

50:20

might not recognise outwards as a noun.

50:23

There's words like efficient and sustainable,

50:26

but they don't fit the space because they're

50:28

adjectives and we need a noun.

50:31

That's difficult. But by this point,

50:34

it won't matter because the reading exam will

50:36

be finished. You'll put your pen down.

50:39

You will already have forgotten it because you will be

50:41

waiting now to start writing.

50:43

You poor things. So I

50:46

did that today. I thought it was kind of interesting because it

50:48

is such an unusual part three, Nick,

50:50

right? It is. Yeah,

50:51

I agree. 100%. It's very unusual. But

50:55

previewing the text, understanding how the

50:57

question works, how you're going to approach it, all

51:00

of that saves time and

51:02

confusion in the exam. I think that's what...

51:04

If you're a good student, you should be practising.

51:07

Every time you look at a passage, what are the questions?

51:10

How am I going to tackle them? I'm not going to waste time

51:12

reading all the questions first. I'm going to know

51:15

what's going to appear when and

51:17

I'm going to target each question

51:19

in each paragraph. That's how you

51:21

save time, right? Not by

51:24

scanning and jumping back and forth

51:26

between the questions because you just miss answers.

51:29

Okay, Nick. So that's

51:31

our lesson today. Next week, I'm actually

51:33

ahead of the game thanks to my rest, my

51:35

COVID-enforced rest. I think next week,

51:38

we might have a look at some current speaking

51:40

topics. More importantly, we might

51:42

do a little bit of teaching, a bit of teaching

51:44

or vocabulary that might be useful

51:47

for the current question. So if you're interested

51:50

in a bit of vocabulary, come back next

51:52

week. Until then, have

51:54

a good one. We'll see you soon. Bye-bye.

51:56

Ciao, ciao.

52:02

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52:06

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52:11

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our own personal opinion. You

52:16

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52:22

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52:25

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