0:03

This is Philosophy Bites with me, David

0:05

Edmonds. And me, Nigel Warburton. If

0:07

you enjoy Philosophy Bites, please support

0:09

us. We're unfunded and all donations

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would be gratefully received. For more

0:14

details, go to www.philosophybites.com. JL

0:17

Austin exercised a huge influence over

0:19

Oxford philosophy in the post-war period.

0:22

He was a leading exponent of what's usually

0:24

known as ordinary language philosophy, an

0:26

approach to the subject that begins from examining

0:28

in detail the particular ways in which we

0:30

speak. His importance, however,

0:32

was not just as a philosopher. His

0:35

biographer, Mark Rowe, has shown that Austin

0:37

played a pivotal role in the Second

0:39

World War as a brilliant intelligence officer.

0:42

David Edmonds discusses Austin with Mark

0:44

Rowe in this episode of the

0:46

Biographical Strand of Philosophy Bites, Biobites.

0:50

Mark Rowe, welcome to Philosophy Bites. Thank you

0:53

very much for inviting me. We're

0:55

talking today about JL Austin, a 20th

0:57

century British philosopher. Just give me a

1:00

thumbnail sketch of his life. So

1:03

Austin was born in Lancaster in

1:05

1911 into a family of architects.

1:08

The family suffered quite badly in the

1:10

First World War. Both his mother's siblings

1:12

were killed and his father lost all

1:14

his friends. And when the

1:16

father came back from the war, there was

1:18

very little architectural work. The firm had basically

1:21

survived by building churches and

1:23

people didn't want to build churches anymore. So

1:25

he had to find a job. And he

1:27

eventually found a job as bursar to his

1:30

mother's old school, St. Leonard's in St. Andrews.

1:32

So that's where the family moved. Austin went

1:34

to the local prep school. He

1:36

was clearly brilliant at classics and languages.

1:39

And he won an open scholarship to

1:41

Shrewsbury, where he went in 1924. Did fantastically

1:45

well at Shrewsbury and got an open scholarship

1:47

to Badie Law College, Oxford in

1:50

1929, where again, his academic

1:52

progress was spectacular. He got a first in

1:54

mods after the first five terms and then

1:56

in greats after the next seven terms. Then

2:00

took legal Souls exam became it all

2:02

sounds of fellow of in two years

2:04

later took a job as a juicer

2:06

at Maudlin College Oxford because that was

2:08

a permanent appointment rather than he also

2:11

submit your sister seventy as. And

2:13

it's there he begins to find speak

2:16

philosophically l the classifies I have been

2:18

in on pragmatism. he then had of

2:20

set of a discussion group with a

2:22

boat in another of other leading philosophers

2:24

and was just beginning says over stamps

2:27

your obsession himself when the war started.

2:29

So nice you forty he's called up

2:31

and he joins British intelligence and he

2:33

joins man fuck would emi fourteen which

2:35

is basically looking at what the Germans

2:38

were doing of Africa. Did favorite into

2:40

their then moved to a. Small.

2:42

Unit which been set up to look

2:45

at the coast to establish intelligence prior

2:47

to the day. After D

2:49

Day he'd transfers to Eisenhower, becomes

2:51

his auto battle sheath and ends

2:53

the war in Germany basically and

2:55

target in German prisoners and doing

2:57

this of minister to Jesus comes

2:59

back in forty six takes up

3:01

is also tutoring job he said

3:03

some Saturday morning group which became

3:05

quite famous for young juices. And

3:08

then a nice you Fifty Five,

3:10

he's invited to Harvard Way, had

3:13

a give a successful series of

3:15

lectures, house do things with words

3:17

he has back to California and

3:19

nice And Fifty Eight goes off

3:21

on a tour of Scandinavia in

3:23

Nineteen Sixty Nine. And when he

3:25

comes back he realizes quite ill.

3:27

The children see how exhausted is,

3:29

and within about three or four

3:31

months of falling ill, he died

3:33

of lung cancer aged forty eight

3:35

at the very beginning of Nineteen

3:37

Sixty. Said he dies

3:39

as young man. you touched briefly

3:41

upon his war experience. But until

3:43

you delved into Austen Know be

3:46

waiting you quite how pivotal role

3:48

he played in the war. Well,

3:50

the fact in the significance for

3:52

know and but there's only five

3:55

paragraphs or britain about it. in

3:57

Jeffrey Worn Ox Memorial lecture, What

3:59

I. The do was put some

4:01

detail on this in turn, five paragraphs

4:03

into twelve chapters, hats and show exactly

4:05

what he did and why he got

4:08

a reputation as a brilliant intelligence officer

4:10

and what role he played. Indeed, I

4:12

am why it was so important. So.

4:15

He goes on to play an important

4:17

role in D Day, but it all

4:20

begins with him starting out as an

4:22

intelligence officer is it does. He joins

4:24

a screw could emi fourteen, and basically

4:27

he was working on North Africa and

4:29

what had happened in North Africa. At

4:31

the end of lesson forty, the Italians

4:34

been extremely badly defeated, and Austen suddenly

4:36

realize that the Germans were going to

4:38

send troops to reinforce their defeated allies.

4:41

He was the first one to see

4:43

that the Germans were transferring. The Africa

4:45

Coal and General Romo into North Africa

4:48

which is obscene. The beginning of a

4:50

two or three is very hard fought

4:52

campaign. he had any been working until

4:54

his for about five or six weeks.

4:57

He was a part time trainee. He

4:59

was helping people out with some of

5:01

you know hum drum routine tasks and

5:04

suddenly he saw something that everybody else

5:06

have missed a major strategic turn in

5:08

German policy and people were pretty impressed

5:11

by this I think so when they

5:13

then wanted someone to. Lead a

5:15

new units look at the coast of

5:17

France prior to and Allied land which

5:20

they knew must take place at some

5:22

point he was based in charge of

5:24

is it was cool the Advanced Intelligent

5:26

Section When he took it over, there

5:28

were only four or five people employed

5:30

there, so his job was to analyze

5:33

where the British and American troops should

5:35

land effectively. Yes, he was in charge

5:37

of intelligence. From the North of Holland,

5:39

the Den held right down to the

5:41

Spanish Frontier, looking at all possible places

5:44

where the landing. and take place are

5:46

looking into business for about thirty miles

5:48

inland so they wanted to know things

5:50

well for example the composition the beaches

5:52

would it support armored vehicles for example

5:54

you know where the mine fields where

5:56

the reverse where the tank trump's where

5:58

the ditches where the gun positions Austin's

6:00

unit was in charge of basically all

6:03

man-made defences, but he also had a

6:05

role yet to coordinate all the other

6:07

intelligence. So things like the

6:09

physical geography of beaches, which was actually done

6:11

by another unit, putting together everything

6:13

the Allies might need for successful landing.

6:16

And how do we judge his success? It

6:18

was extraordinarily successful. I mean, one thing to look

6:20

at is the Dieppe raid in August 1942, which

6:23

was a complete disaster. One

6:25

of the reasons why it was a complete disaster

6:27

and why something like 6,000 troops were taken prisoner

6:29

and 1,000 were killed is that nobody

6:31

had looked hard enough at the composition of the

6:33

beaches. They tried to land 50 tanks on the

6:36

beaches, and it's discovered that the tanks couldn't move

6:38

because the beaches were made of large, hard pebbles.

6:40

So when a tank tried to climb up the

6:42

beach, all it did was dig a hole for

6:44

itself in the beach and gradually sink and then

6:46

had to be abandoned. And

6:48

they realised, this was a disaster, if we're going

6:50

to do this properly, we're going to have to

6:53

know absolutely everything about the composition of beaches. For

6:55

example, just before Bd Day, there

6:57

was a worry that a scientist before the

6:59

war had gone for a swim off Aramange,

7:01

where they were thinking about landing, and he

7:03

said, the sea was turbid with what

7:05

I think was peach. And

7:08

they suddenly realised, if there's mud or peach just

7:10

under the surface of the beach, then we can

7:12

have the same problem as at Dieppe. So there's

7:14

an immense amount of work on things like aerial

7:16

photographs. They looked at historical accounts going

7:18

back to the time of William the Conqueror to find out

7:20

about the composition of his beaches. They realised,

7:23

for example, that the Romans had actually

7:25

mined peats on these beaches. And

7:27

eventually they sent swimmers across with sort of

7:29

augers to press into the sand to see

7:31

how far under the beach you had to

7:33

press before you found mud. And they

7:35

came back to England and reported that actually there's

7:38

about 18 inches of cover and that should be

7:40

enough to support armoured vehicles. And

7:43

as a result of his efforts, many fewer troops died

7:45

than were expected. That's certainly true.

7:47

The British and Americans were expecting up to

7:49

30% casualties. That's killed,

7:51

wounded, taken prisoner, missing. Possibly 30,000 or 40,000

7:54

troops could be casualties at the end of

7:56

the first day. You know, they thought it

7:58

might be as bad as that. the first

8:00

day of the Somme, for example. In

8:02

actual fact, the casualties overall turned out to

8:04

be about something like 3% or so, very

8:06

much less. And they actually had an investigation.

8:08

And the official report said, well, one of

8:10

the main reasons why this landing went so

8:12

well was because the intelligence was so good.

8:14

And they picked out two units. One is

8:16

a group called I.S.T.D., which is in charge

8:18

of the physical geography. And the other one

8:20

was Austin's group called the later intelligence section,

8:22

which is charged with manmade defences. And they

8:24

said it was so good because we knew

8:27

where every machine gun was, every anti-tank ditch,

8:29

every kind of defence. We knew what the

8:31

German troops were, we knew how experienced they

8:33

were, and we could take countermeasures. So

8:36

he actually received official praise for

8:38

being one of the people who made

8:40

D-Day such a success. That's

8:43

his war effort. Let's get back to

8:45

the philosophy. He's known as the father

8:47

of ordinary language philosophy. What is ordinary

8:49

language philosophy and how did Austin get

8:51

interested in it? Modern

8:53

language philosophy is the idea

8:56

that philosophical problems arise because

8:58

philosophers subtly misuse ordinary

9:00

expressions. And if you

9:02

show them that they are misusing ordinary expressions,

9:04

then they'll no longer want to ask those

9:07

questions. It became fashionable to say that philosophical

9:09

problems aren't solved, they're dissolved. They would be

9:11

shown to be pseudo questions. So it's like,

9:13

what time is it on the sun? Which

9:15

you think is a rather hard question. How

9:17

long after we answer that? And then he

9:19

writes, it's actually an unintelligible

9:21

question. So how

9:23

did he get interested in it? Well, I think

9:25

there are two reasons. First of all,

9:28

his whole training had been in languages. So

9:30

he was a brilliant classicist. He spoke

9:32

fluent French and excellent German, had a

9:34

working knowledge of Spanish and Russian and

9:37

so forth. So he was immediately attracted

9:39

by that. I also

9:41

think that he was quite

9:43

influenced by Wittgenstein. Wittgenstein

9:45

had returned to Cambridge in 1929. Austin

9:49

began to find his philosophical feat with his

9:51

discussion group, they said about all sorts in

9:53

1937, by which time

9:55

Wittgenstein's views were fairly familiar. The

9:57

manuscripts of the typescripts of the British.

10:00

book and the Brown book were circulating. Austen

10:02

didn't go off to war until the middle of 1940, so

10:05

I assume sometime in those four years

10:08

he read the book and the Brown

10:10

book. I think it's basically he was

10:12

interested by sort of linguistic questions anyway

10:15

and the influence of Wittgenstein suddenly came

10:17

together just before the war and

10:19

then there's a kind of five-year pause

10:22

while he thought about these things before

10:24

he went back to professional philosophy and

10:26

also to say that as a classicist

10:28

he was very interested in Aristotle

10:30

and Plato and clearly if you look at

10:33

the early Socratic dialogue Socrates is asking questions

10:35

like you know what is piety,

10:37

what is courage and so forth and

10:41

there were good grounds for those in that those

10:43

are actually linguistic questions what do we mean by

10:45

piety, what do we mean by courage and Austen

10:47

actually says sometime after the war the method was

10:49

actually discovered by Socrates. Wittgenstein of

10:51

course also talks about problems

10:53

dissolving in the analysis of

10:55

language so how does Austen's

10:58

ordinary language philosophy differ from a Wittgensteinian

11:00

approach? There are a number of differences

11:03

I suppose the most obvious one is

11:05

that Wittgenstein tends to talk about large-scale

11:08

problems rather general

11:10

words and his problems survive

11:12

in translation so he's interested in knowledge, he's interested

11:14

in mind, he's interested in emotion and those kind

11:17

of things and clearly you can ask those questions

11:19

in German or French whatever right

11:21

Austen tends to be interested in

11:23

almost near synonyms in English and

11:26

distinguish between them for example doing

11:28

something deliberately doing something intentionally or

11:30

doing something on purpose or between

11:33

the difference between a

11:35

tool and the utensil or an

11:37

instrument for example and he would

11:39

spend some of his Saturday morning

11:41

sessions discriminating between these things or

11:43

what's the difference between driving with

11:45

care and driving with attention. Now

11:48

Wittgenstein never goes in for that

11:50

kind of very minute distinctions

11:52

which basically you only find in English

11:54

And there are all sorts of other differences. Wittgenstein

11:57

for example, is very interested in error. The

12:00

sympathize you repeat that makes air as you think

12:02

that language itself lead you astray. He's interested in

12:04

how you got into this model in the first

12:06

place. The things you have to understand how he

12:09

got into it to get out of it is

12:11

almost like a sort of psychoanalyst trying to really

12:13

look at how he's from the right now they

12:15

get oven Austen is is not really interested of

12:18

my you made was they hit us into by

12:20

that that you have made this mistake had. Now

12:22

how we can get outfit Austin is much more

12:24

that Molson Scum school masterly such as a six.

12:27

Got into modeling need sorted out. And.

12:29

What is the ultimate objective

12:31

is the point to just

12:33

achieve. Linguistic. Clarity.

12:36

Conceptual clarity is that. The.

12:38

End in itself. I think initially

12:41

it was between about nice and

12:43

forty five or sixty five. I

12:45

think that was Austin's view that

12:47

basically if you got complete linguistic

12:49

clarity then these so called philosophical

12:51

questions would ultimately dissolved and basically

12:53

philosophy could be wound up on

12:55

would be as an end. but

12:57

his views after that change. I

12:59

think he thought that after ten

13:01

years of effort it didn't look

13:03

like any philosophical problems been particularly

13:05

cleared up and be controls were

13:08

asked questions about what exactly has.

13:10

Been results will be seminars

13:12

investigation conducted. Also, Austin

13:14

can't walk or something else. Paychecks

13:17

noticed by briefly describe what's be

13:19

checks are and space sleep what

13:21

you do in using language in

13:23

using sentences. When people start grammar

13:26

school you'll tell therefore consensus questions,

13:28

exclamations, descriptions and commands and using

13:30

that passes within the first thirty

13:32

seconds of the lesson and picks

13:35

a new of again but Austen.

13:37

Good luck with these and began

13:39

to ask questions about well, where

13:41

does promising fit into those for.

13:44

Kinds of Census for example is the

13:46

command is the question does if none

13:48

of so, what about congratulating have that

13:50

fit and again that doesn't quite fit

13:52

to said We need really need to

13:54

rethink this whole business about kinds of

13:56

sentences or what we do with sentences

13:58

newcomer to see or speak. Basically

14:01

he divides the speech act into

14:03

three parts. The first part is

14:05

location which is what as she

14:07

said of the census, there's then

14:09

the elocution act which is what

14:12

you do when using sentence for

14:14

example, promising, excommunicating, marrying, naming whenever

14:16

tennis. The pearl extracts which is

14:18

the effects of what you say

14:20

was is mostly boring, surprising, astonishing,

14:22

depressing, and so forth. And with

14:25

this threefold classification of language, he

14:27

just much better job of giving

14:29

an overview. Of what we do with

14:31

language which is the foundation of. A

14:33

new academic subjects which is that Now

14:35

stuff hidden from ah sweet and in

14:38

Linguistics said this sounds like he's doing

14:40

philosophy in a very different way from

14:42

his early years when he's to specs

14:44

and when the our ordinary language is

14:46

actually lose on that's completely true. I

14:48

think there was a real sea change

14:51

for example, speech checks is a theory

14:53

and Austen and the and his of

14:55

the Wolves or Kill theories. Second, he

14:57

comes up with a whole new vocabulary,

14:59

whole new jargon of his you Phoenix

15:01

panic effects and so forth. Whereas before.

15:03

He'd rather disapproved of jargon and be

15:06

suspicious of it. Thirdly, he clearly for

15:08

that Silsby should be done as a

15:10

kind of team effort and there's no

15:12

sign that Austin actually worked as his

15:14

here's be set where the team is,

15:16

something he came up with by himself

15:19

and actually he's no longer doing linguistics

15:21

glossary which is a message applicable to

15:23

all areas of loss. Me is now

15:25

concentrating on a new topic called the

15:27

Philosophy of Language which has a beginning

15:29

to come into existence largely through Boston's

15:31

and work which is a. sub discipline

15:34

philosphy it it's a whole new area

15:36

and as a behave as you fifty

15:38

six his budget to pay because it's

15:40

and cans of the end of which

15:43

he outlines a three stage model of

15:45

philosophical inquiry the first stages where you

15:47

kind of survey the entire area and

15:49

do what he calls linguistic fundamentals you

15:52

can tremendous detail how we actually use

15:54

words the second stage is more theoretical

15:56

when philosophers and scientists and other researchers

15:58

begins collaborate on forward models and

16:01

theories and then testing them. The

16:03

third stage is when that subject really

16:05

gets going, breaks away from

16:08

philosophy and acquires a new

16:10

name as do the practitioners. And Austen would

16:12

give examples like, for example, psychology in the

16:14

19th century was not part of philosophy, whereas

16:16

now it's not. Simply mathematical logic started off

16:18

with philosophers but now is a subject here

16:21

in its own right. And in our own

16:23

time we might think about something like artificial

16:25

intelligence, which was initially largely of interest to

16:27

philosophers and now the departments of artificial intelligence

16:29

were carried on. And clearly his

16:31

own theory of speech acts is a good

16:33

example of the second stage because philosophers and

16:35

linguists are actually concentrating on giving a more

16:37

precise theory of speech acts. And it's quite

16:39

possible that speech acts would eventually break away

16:42

and become a whole new area of linguistics.

16:44

And they're very good sides that that is

16:46

actually happening. We've talked about Austen's

16:48

war work, we've talked about his philosophy.

16:50

On the face of it they sound

16:52

like two entirely different domains. What,

16:55

if anything, is the connection between them? There's

16:58

an interesting letter which Austen writes to his wife

17:00

at the beginning of 1941 where

17:03

he says, I'm slightly dazzled because

17:05

I'm used to working on imponderables where

17:07

nobody really knows how to solve

17:09

them and nobody's actually that interested in

17:11

the answers. Whereas suddenly

17:13

I'm being asked very specific questions

17:15

like how many tanks are

17:18

there in a particular storage

17:20

site. And it's absolutely vital

17:22

I get the questions right and men's lives

17:24

depend on it. And when he's

17:26

writing these letters you can actually see him thinking,

17:29

why don't we do philosophy like that? And

17:31

the way they worked out answers to intelligence questions was

17:33

a general question would come in. It was

17:36

then broken down into smaller questions and given out

17:38

to specialists. The specialists would then research it. They

17:41

would all then get together in a kind

17:43

of seminar, they would report their

17:45

findings. And then Austen would

17:48

write a general report about the intelligence

17:50

findings and then this would be passed

17:52

on to the relevant authorities. And

17:55

he clearly thought, why don't we do philosophy like that? Why

17:57

does it have to be so individualistic? Why is it a

17:59

matter of individual duty? geniuses, you know, having

18:01

insights in McGarrat's. Surely

18:03

it should be conducted by committees

18:05

of intelligent people with assigned roles. And

18:07

when he started to set up this

18:10

group in Oxford, actually initially in 1947,

18:13

his Saturday morning group, he insisted

18:15

that, you know, they had a table, they

18:17

sat round it, somebody took minutes, research

18:20

projects were assigned. For example, HLA Hart,

18:22

the lawyer had to go for research

18:24

baseball, the rules of baseball for a

18:26

year. They would then feed back.

18:28

And I think Austin did sort of actually

18:30

tried writing some sort of general summaries and

18:32

reports on what they discovered. So

18:34

it had actually an immediate effect on

18:36

how he conducted philosophy. I mean, clearly he looks

18:38

at the positivists thinking, you know, they were serious

18:40

sober men into a certain they did quite a

18:42

lot of collaboration. But he was

18:45

thinking of a much deeper notion of collaboration.

18:47

And I think he thought for

18:49

a number of years, although for the cycle results

18:51

were not quickly coming, he thought eventually they would.

18:54

Now by 55, I explain, I think

18:56

that he'd gone to lose

18:58

faith in that idea. And basically,

19:01

after 1955, we see Austin change

19:03

from an Oxford linguistic philosopher to

19:05

an international philosopher of language, because

19:08

his work in speech acts was taken up

19:10

most seriously in the States. And

19:12

Austin thought that his futures philosophy lay there. And

19:15

he also thought that his influence in Oxford was

19:17

basically coming to an end, he thought he'd reached

19:19

the summit, the apple jay of everything you might

19:21

achieve in Oxford. And he was

19:23

beginning to look beyond Oxford. So you see

19:25

this change from an Oxford ordinary language

19:28

philosopher to an international philosophy language

19:30

basically focused on America and on

19:32

Scandinavia. And as an

19:34

Oxford ordinary language philosopher before this

19:37

transition with his Saturday group and

19:39

so on, were the aspects of

19:41

his personality which were conducive to

19:44

this kind of business committee meeting

19:46

approach to resolving philosophical problems. Yes,

19:49

I mean, Austin was a fairly

19:51

austere remote individual to people who

19:53

weren't intimate friends and members of

19:55

his family. People described

19:57

him as rather headmasterly, you know,

20:00

to be on your best behavior and

20:02

you wanted to impress him. I think

20:04

something else that's worth bearing in mind

20:06

is that many Dons in Oxford had

20:08

served in intelligence and knew about the

20:10

glamour of Austin's military career. And to

20:12

them, he was a very successful, formidable,

20:15

much decorated senior officer. And

20:17

I think some of that authority still

20:19

carries on into post-war Oxford. So yes,

20:21

he was very good at running committees.

20:23

I mean, he was extremely funny. He

20:25

made you laugh while apparently disapproving. And

20:28

it was said that when Austin died and Grice

20:30

took over the same seminar, I mean, Grice is

20:32

an absolutely excellent philosopher. He's a first-rate philosopher of

20:34

language, but it said that the seminars never

20:36

went quite so well. He just wasn't

20:38

quite so good at sort of bringing

20:41

out the best in people. And after

20:43

seven years, the group eventually dissipated. So

20:45

yes, Austin's analytic remoteness

20:47

and also his authority were

20:49

excellent for conducting these kinds

20:51

of sessions. And finally, now

20:53

that you have a deep

20:55

insight into his life and

20:58

personality, has that given you

21:00

also a more profound appreciation

21:02

of his philosophy? I

21:05

think his later judgment turns out to

21:07

be right. I mean, I think his

21:09

attempt to conduct

21:12

philosophical inquiry like intelligence

21:14

officers conducting inquiries into

21:16

military intelligence is very

21:18

important in the history of philosophy. It was

21:20

worth trying once. Similar,

21:22

his very minute investigations of

21:25

the nuances of English were

21:27

worth trying once, but

21:29

nobody does philosophy in that way

21:31

anymore. It's history, it's now in

21:34

the past. Whereas his

21:36

work on speech acts is still

21:38

very much alive. And as I

21:40

said before, the theoretical

21:43

stuff is largely constructed in linguistics

21:45

and it's become a kind of semi-science

21:48

and academic subject in exactly the

21:50

way he predicted. So I think

21:52

speech acts is his major contribution

21:54

to posterity. I want to

21:56

be said that it's very unusual for a philosopher

21:58

to come up with a theory. about

22:00

an area of intellectual life that's never been

22:02

mapped before and everybody takes

22:05

this up and thinks this is pretty much

22:07

right. Yeah I mean there's been obviously lots

22:09

of tinkering with Illicutiacs and what are Perlicutian

22:11

effects and so forth but basically people think

22:13

yeah this is right let's take this over

22:15

and let's develop this. That's very very unusual

22:17

in the history of philosophy. Even with Wigerson

22:19

you can't say well he was certainly right

22:21

about that and everybody now agrees with it.

22:24

So that's really a rather unique contribution

22:26

by Austen to come up with this

22:28

theory about this utterly neglected area

22:30

of grammar and come

22:32

up with something so illuminating. So that's a

22:35

very important contribution. Mark Wowe,

22:37

thank you very much indeed. Thank you very much. I

22:39

enjoyed it very much. For

22:48

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22:50

to www.philosophybytes.com. You

22:52

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