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hello, and welcome to

2:35

revolutions.

2:40

Appendix five. the

2:42

triggers.

2:46

So far in the appendices, we've

2:49

taken our once successful sovereign

2:51

regimes to the precipice of revolution.

2:53

About ten, fifteen,

2:55

maybe twenty odd years before the revolution,

2:58

destabilizing this equilibrium enters

3:00

the picture caused by an increasing

3:03

inability of the Sovereign to balance competing

3:05

political interests in the ruling class

3:07

or manage the prevailing and

3:10

ever changing socioeconomic conditions.

3:13

Then, two to three years or so before

3:15

the revolution breaks out, This unstable

3:17

system gets hit with a shock that

3:20

hardens political divisions, draws

3:22

sharp battle lines and makes peaceful reconciliation

3:25

increasingly impossible. This

3:27

was especially true for those challenging

3:29

the regime. Not just because they were

3:31

afraid of what might happen if they backed down,

3:33

but because they now saw the Sovereign as weak,

3:36

incompetent, and ineffective. They

3:38

saw how the Sovereign behaved to all

3:40

these crises and shocks

3:42

and deem them uniquely vulnerable to

3:44

attack. So failing to press their

3:46

advantage would be an unforgivably missed

3:48

opportunity. And

3:50

so, everyone pushed on towards

3:52

the precipice. And

3:53

today, we are gonna talk about the moment everyone

3:56

plunges over the edge together. The

3:58

thing that takes all of this

3:59

from potential revolutionary energy

4:02

to kinetic revolutionary energy,

4:05

and

4:05

that is

4:06

the triggers. Now,

4:08

before we get into this, let's

4:10

remind ourselves that nothing

4:12

we have talked about so far guarantees

4:14

our revolution. In fact, even

4:17

at this late hour, no revolution

4:19

necessarily follows from any of the

4:21

conditions we've described so far. A

4:23

sovereign can manage its political equilibrium

4:26

and perpetuity. If this

4:28

equilibrium enters the picture, the sovereign

4:30

can regain its footing. it

4:31

can change, adapt, and reform.

4:34

Even after the shock to the system has

4:36

come around, there's

4:37

no guarantee that the crisis will

4:39

meet a dramatic revolutionary trigger.

4:42

More than anything else, revolutions are

4:45

rare.

4:46

They're so rare. They're super rare.

4:48

and that's partly why they're so fascinating

4:50

because they are so uncommon. The

4:53

uncommon draws our attention, the

4:55

commonplace does not. So

4:57

most of the time, the volcano gurgles

5:00

and shakes, but

5:01

ultimately does not erupt. The

5:04

logic is never if there is

5:06

potential revolutionary energy, then

5:08

there will ultimately be kinetic revolutionary

5:10

energy. We must

5:11

always always always keep this in mind.

5:14

If

5:14

you're a gambler and you would like to make a

5:16

fortune,

5:17

always bet against revolution.

5:20

Besides, if you lose that bet in revolution

5:22

happens, Maybe the revolution

5:24

will wipe out all your debts. So either

5:26

way, you can't lose. But

5:29

obviously, we are here talking about the

5:31

times revolutions did break out. when

5:33

all the conditions were ripe

5:35

and a trigger kicked that

5:37

energy from potential to kinetic.

5:39

So I want to start today by running

5:42

quickly through the trigger points as I see

5:44

them through all of our various revolutions

5:46

and then offer some thoughts on what

5:48

we see. Now what's interesting

5:50

about a revolutionary trigger is that it's

5:52

simultaneously only obvious in

5:54

retrospect because

5:55

at the time it's nearly impossible to tell if

5:57

this is just a dramatic event

5:59

or if it's a revolutionary trigger.

6:02

We won't know until we know the future.

6:04

But

6:05

at the same time, the trigger also needs to

6:07

have enough dramatic impact in the

6:09

moment that people recognize it

6:11

at the time as a big

6:13

deal something important that has happened.

6:16

So

6:16

nearly all the triggers we'll talk about today were

6:18

recognized as such pretty quickly.

6:21

Even if nobody planned for them to

6:23

happen and they just sort of blew up at

6:25

random because that's been a running

6:27

theme of the show, that certain

6:28

conditions prevail, that many

6:31

people are actively pushing towards a

6:33

revolution, but when the deal actually goes

6:35

down, almost no one predicts

6:37

or plans the actual literal

6:39

trigger in advance. They're

6:40

not planned. they

6:41

are simply capitalized upon by opportunistic

6:44

improvisation. Revolutions

6:46

are rarely scripted in advance

6:48

they are almost always ad libbed.

6:52

So as we go through what I think of

6:54

as the triggers of the revolutions that

6:56

we've covered so far in the show, your mileage

6:58

may vary. You might disagree with me here and

7:00

there. But I am gonna offer what

7:02

my read is on all of these events.

7:04

So in the English revolution, for example,

7:07

we have this sixteen thirty nine to

7:09

sixteen forty one crisis after

7:12

the shock to the system that was the bishop's

7:14

war. There's

7:15

the short parliament, the impeachment of William

7:17

Law, the trial and execution of Stratford,

7:19

the rebellion in Ireland, which I

7:21

actually referred to in the podcast specifically

7:23

as a direct trigger of the Civil

7:25

War. But

7:26

I think the even more direct trigger

7:29

was

7:29

when King Charles showed up at parliament on

7:31

January the fourth sixteen forty two

7:33

to arrest the five members.

7:36

This attempted use or patient of parliamentary rights

7:39

sparked outrage in the city of London.

7:41

Students, apprentices, journeymen, and clerks,

7:44

all took the streets in the days that followed

7:46

creating such a tunnel. The King

7:48

Charles and his family had to secretly flee the

7:50

city on January tenth.

7:52

And this is when things went

7:54

from confrontation

7:56

to revolution. The

7:57

Sovereign was driven from his capital,

8:00

leading to parliament's militia ordinance,

8:02

which gave them the right to raise armed forces

8:04

without the need to consult their runaway king.

8:06

And that directly

8:07

set up the civil war.

8:10

Charles himself, as we know, would not

8:12

return to London until he himself,

8:14

face trial, and execution. Now,

8:18

the trigger for the American revolution is obviously

8:20

the shot heard around the world, the

8:22

battles of Lexington and Concord.

8:24

This is famous. We made it famous. It's

8:26

almost impossible to disentangle ourselves

8:29

from it. Though it is worth mentioning

8:31

that The battle of Lexington in Concord was actually the

8:33

fourth time British regulars had gone out

8:35

to secure colonial munitions.

8:37

There was

8:38

the powder alarm around Boston in

8:40

September seventeen seventy four, then again

8:42

in Portsmouth, in December seventeen seventy

8:44

four, then Salem, in February

8:46

seventeen seventy five, And only

8:47

then do we come to the events in Lexington and

8:50

Concord in April of seventeen

8:52

seventy five? It's also worth noting that

8:54

just five days later, there was a thing called

8:56

a gunpowder incident down in Williamsburg, Virginia,

8:59

bidding lord Dunmore against a militia

9:01

race by Patrick Henry. So Why

9:04

was Lexington in Concord the trigger and all

9:06

those other things just things that happened?

9:08

Who knows? That's just the way

9:10

things go. Now, in the

9:12

French revolution, it's also impossible

9:14

to disentangle ourselves from the

9:16

cataclysmic earth shattering fall of the

9:18

Bastille in July seventeen eighty

9:20

nine. That

9:21

is the traditional, historical,

9:23

dramatic beginning of the French revolution even if

9:25

a bunch has stopped leading up to that moment,

9:27

but is also a part of the French revolution.

9:30

but the fall of the mistill was not really the

9:32

trigger, was it? The

9:34

trigger came three days earlier. When

9:36

Louie the sixteenth fired, Controller

9:38

General, Jacques Lacare. That's

9:40

what set off all that decisive unrest

9:42

in Paris. As the Parisians believe,

9:45

Lacare's dismissal, was a prelude

9:47

to the king shuttering the national assembly and

9:49

ordering regular soldiers to occupy

9:51

Paris. So when the king made

9:53

this incredibly provocative move, they rose

9:55

up in defense of the revolution

9:57

that had only just then

9:59

gotten going. Now

10:01

none of these first three triggers was premeditated

10:04

as I said most things are improvised

10:06

on the fly, just things happen and

10:08

people respond. Now in

10:10

future appendices, we'll get to

10:12

the second revolutionary waves

10:14

that often follow the first waves. And many

10:15

of those involve triggers that are in

10:17

fact planned in advance, the insurrection of

10:20

August the tenth, Lenin's October

10:22

revolution, etcetera, etcetera.

10:24

But the

10:24

first time we get to something that seems

10:27

truly premeditated comes with

10:29

the Haitian revolution.

10:30

It arrives in August of seventeen ninety

10:33

one with theois came on ceremony.

10:35

There was

10:35

no immediate threat from the colonial

10:38

authorities that drove the Haitian slaves

10:40

into revolt. there was no especially

10:42

provocative thing they did. The

10:44

slaves just saw an opportunity, got

10:46

together, and they didn't.

10:49

Now with Spanish American independence,

10:51

it's obviously going to be a vast

10:53

array of events out there because we're talking about

10:55

things that unfolded across an entire

10:57

continent. But we can point to those

10:59

first cries of freedom in

11:01

eighteen o eight and eighteen o nine and eighteen

11:03

ten, mostly triggered by news from

11:05

Spain that there was this new national hunt

11:07

that had taken over and was inviting

11:09

participation from the American component to the

11:11

Spanish empire. In the

11:13

specific case of Gran Colombia though, we can turn

11:15

to April eighteen ten When

11:17

a small group from Spain arrived

11:20

claiming to represent a Regency

11:22

Council that other people onboard the

11:24

same ship told the locals didn't

11:26

really exist. It wasn't actually a

11:28

thing. And

11:29

so within days, a large crowd

11:31

was marching to confront the captain general in

11:33

Caracas.

11:34

They demanded their own Hunter that would be

11:36

answerable only to the king himself

11:38

who

11:38

wasn't actually in power.

11:40

This got them all rolling downhill towards a

11:43

formal declaration of independence by

11:45

the end of the year.

11:45

Now

11:47

in eighteen thirty, we have as clear a

11:50

cut trigger as we're ever likely to

11:52

find. It's

11:52

King Charles the tenth publishing the four

11:54

ordinances July the twenty sixth eighteen thirty,

11:57

which immediately sets off a wave of popular

11:59

resistance, the formation of barricades by

12:01

the people of Paris. and the self

12:03

directed recall of the National Guard

12:05

soon

12:05

to be placed under the command of old General

12:07

Lafayette. The

12:08

trigger here is easy. It's the

12:11

four ordinances. once

12:12

again, the regime has done something

12:14

provocative and people are rising up

12:16

in response. Now in

12:18

eighteen forty eight, we know the final

12:21

crisis this revolved around the banquet campaign,

12:23

with Francois Guizot ordering the

12:25

last and biggest of the planned banquets

12:27

shuttered in February eighteen forty

12:29

eight. But though

12:30

tumultuous unrest started immediately

12:32

on February twenty second, it

12:34

was not actually clear what the ultimate

12:36

result of this unrest would be. nor

12:38

how much if anything the

12:40

regime would

12:41

have to concede in order to restore order.

12:44

And this was true until about nine thirty

12:46

pm on February the twenty third eighteen

12:48

forty eight when French troops fired on Parisian

12:50

demonstrators, leaving scores of dead

12:52

and wounded. This moment

12:54

was referred to then as the massacre

12:56

of the Capricenes and

12:57

the crisis into a revolution.

13:00

This is the moment. This is the trigger.

13:02

Louis Philippe was riding out of Paris into

13:04

exile by noon the very next

13:06

day. And as for the rest

13:08

of Europe, as we talked about in season

13:10

seven, when you make a circuit around the

13:12

continent, you can basically track the

13:14

beginning of each revolution in

13:16

Germany or Italy or Austria or

13:18

Hungary, but how long it took to

13:20

deliver news bulletins from

13:22

Paris. That

13:23

was the trigger there.

13:25

what happened in Paris. At

13:28

the

13:28

third time, we see news bulletins

13:31

serving as a revolutionary trigger, I think the

13:33

first was Spanish America, the second was

13:35

Central and Southern Europe in eighteen forty

13:37

eight, is the collapse of the Second Empire

13:39

into the third Republic, which

13:41

began as soon as news of the Battle of

13:43

Sedona arrive. As with Spanish

13:45

America, it was similarly triggered by

13:47

news of a massive political

13:49

vacuum opening up. The emperor had

13:51

been captured, what are we gonna do

13:53

now? let's

13:54

declare another republic. The

13:57

trigger for the Paris Commion, on the other hand,

13:59

was far

13:59

more standard issue. where

14:01

the regime does something and people

14:04

mobilized to resist. And it's

14:06

in fact very similar to the American revolution.

14:08

The regime was trying to take the cannons of Paris

14:10

the same way the British had tried to secure the powder

14:12

of the American colonies and the

14:15

people rose up in opposition.

14:18

And the

14:18

Mexican revolution followed immediately on

14:21

the heels of the clearly rigged

14:23

presidential election of nineteen

14:25

ten. And while the arrest of

14:27

Francisco Madero and thousands of his

14:29

supporters in June nineteen ten

14:31

probably

14:31

planted some very fertile revolutionary

14:34

seeds, The real final

14:36

trigger that drove Madero and his inner circle

14:38

into revolution was the

14:39

National Congress ratifying the

14:42

fraudulent election in October nineteen

14:44

ten. This is

14:45

when they reelected porphyria Diaz to the

14:47

presidency and more provocatively made

14:49

the hated Ramon Corral, vice

14:52

president, and de facto heir. This

14:54

was the immediate trigger for

14:56

Madero to publish the plan of San

14:58

Luis Potosi and raise a

15:00

revolutionary army in the north.

15:02

Now, the

15:04

Russian revolution of nineteen o five comes with

15:06

one of the most infamous of all triggers, the

15:08

events of Bloody Sunday, This is when

15:10

the Tsar's troops fired on unarmed protesters

15:13

and drove nearly all segments of Russian

15:15

society into a vast revolutionary

15:17

push to

15:17

demand fundamental political reform.

15:20

But

15:21

what's kind of funny about the trigger of the

15:23

revolution of nineteen seventeen, one of the

15:25

greatest revolutions in human history?

15:27

is that it was not about the regime

15:29

doing something provocative or some apocalyptic

15:31

piece of news from abroad. It's

15:34

just that February twenty third nineteen seventeen,

15:36

Petrograd was just It was just a really

15:38

nice day. It was

15:40

warm and comfortable after a very

15:42

long and very cold winter. So

15:45

it's

15:45

weird to go through all these and then write down

15:47

that the trigger for the nineteen seventeen revolution

15:49

was just that it was a nice day.

15:52

But that's

15:52

what happened. It's why the

15:54

protests surrounding International Women's Day

15:56

were able to roll so seamlessly into demonstrations

15:58

from the Petrograd Garrison

15:59

than It

16:00

was so nice. Everybody wanted to

16:03

be outside. History, man. It's

16:05

crazy.

16:06

though So

16:07

these triggers all come in many shapes

16:10

and sizes. But what nearly all of

16:12

them have in common is that the Sovereign

16:14

made some kind of final provocative move.

16:16

This isn't true of all of them, but it's true of

16:18

most of them. The trigger that

16:20

triggers revolution is almost

16:22

always the

16:23

regime doing something. They

16:25

try

16:25

to take our guns, they try to take our rights, they

16:27

try to take our lives, The

16:29

initial

16:29

trigger is pulled by the regime

16:31

and the explosion

16:32

of kinetic revolutionary energy

16:34

that bursts forth is

16:36

almost always a defensive response to

16:38

some kind of perceived threat or

16:40

provocation. But

16:42

what is it that the trigger

16:45

unleashes. What is

16:47

the huge difference that comes from one of

16:49

these triggers that makes the after so

16:51

much different than the before? And

16:53

what

16:53

I would say is that

16:54

the trigger unleashes

16:57

popular

16:57

forces. Popular

17:00

force verses that come bursting onto the political

17:02

scene like the Kool Aid Man. Whether

17:04

in the form of crowds or demonstrators

17:07

or Mark barricade builders, militias, or full

17:09

blown, organized armies. The

17:11

political confrontations that have thus

17:13

far been going on in the political

17:16

society now have a large

17:18

mass mobilization element that is

17:20

uncontrolled and uncontrollable by

17:22

the prevailing sovereign. That's

17:24

what the trigger triggers. That's

17:26

when an intractable political crisis

17:28

becomes a full blown revolution

17:30

when the people get in on

17:33

the action. Now,

17:34

no doubt, many of you out there listening

17:36

have perhaps been surprised by

17:38

the early centrality that I have placed

17:40

on ruling class divisions

17:42

as the vital precursor of revolutions rather

17:44

than talking about popular upheaval,

17:47

grassroots pressure, social movements,

17:49

kind of things that come from out side, the narrow band of the

17:51

ruling class. These

17:53

popular forces come with agency in direction

17:55

and purposes beyond

17:57

anything the ruling class is interested in, so why not make

17:59

them the center? the center But

18:02

my read on all these events that we've

18:04

covered is that absent

18:07

irreconcilable differences inside the ruling

18:09

classes, those

18:09

popular forces can't make

18:12

a revolution. They

18:12

can only make a revolt or an

18:15

insurrection or an uprising. A

18:17

united ruling class is a very tough

18:19

nut to crack. Unless

18:21

that popular energy links with

18:23

defecting elements from inside the ruling class who

18:25

have the resources and authority and

18:27

leverage necessary to actually make

18:29

the thing happen, This

18:31

revolt will most likely burn out or be

18:34

suppressed. Only

18:34

when the ruling class is divided

18:36

and when a major faction is ready,

18:38

willing, and able to ride popular waves

18:40

rising up in the street, do

18:42

we

18:42

get a revolution? Now

18:45

that said,

18:45

there's a crucial distinction then to be made

18:47

the other way. If a

18:49

breakaway group from inside the ruling class takes power without

18:52

introducing any popular forces, it's

18:54

what? It's probably just a

18:56

coup d'etat. So

18:58

if popular uprisings without

19:00

elite support are merely revolts,

19:02

and elite clicks trying to seize power

19:04

without popular support is merely a

19:07

coup. then I think that maybe we can sharpen our definition

19:09

of a political revolution. I said that

19:11

it was when the existing

19:13

structure of political power

19:15

How power is exercised, justified,

19:18

legitimized, defended, and

19:20

transferred is displaced by a force

19:22

originating beyond the bounds of that

19:24

existing structure and

19:25

is replaced by something different. I should now

19:27

add

19:27

the notion that the

19:29

force originating beyond the bounds of

19:31

the existing structure has to have

19:33

some sort of broad popular element

19:36

and some kind of element

19:38

inside the ruling class. there

19:40

needs to be a cross class alliance for it to

19:42

count as a revolution. Now,

19:45

it's also important to qualify everything I've

19:47

just said by saying that it is not in

19:50

fact case that there were no popular forces at work in

19:52

our various revolutions prior to the

19:54

final trigger being pulled. It's

19:56

not the case that trigger necessarily

19:58

brings people out into the

19:59

street for the first time.

20:02

Let's

20:02

remember here that there was plenty of mob violence

20:04

and destruction of property in Boston carried

20:06

up pretty routinely in the 1760s

20:09

and 1770s. Before

20:10

the fall of the Bastille, France saw

20:13

routine grain riots for years. to say nothing of things like the

20:15

day of the tiles and the REVEY owned

20:17

riots. We often see

20:18

marches and protests and even violent

20:20

clashes taking place prior to

20:22

the great rebel a stationary trigger. What

20:25

makes

20:25

the trigger a trigger is that

20:27

it fuses the interest of that breakaway click

20:29

in the ruling class and a popular

20:32

force now backing them up. They

20:34

are now pushing in the same direction

20:36

towards a very irregular solution

20:38

to their collective political problems.

20:41

But the entrance of a popular element does

20:43

complete the cross class alliance I think is so

20:45

vital to a successful revolution. We

20:49

now have an armed force

20:51

populated with individuals ready to fight

20:53

against the prevailing regime and taking orders

20:55

not from any institution of

20:57

the old regime. from their own new

21:00

chain of command, which

21:02

terminates with some pocket of the old ruling

21:04

class now setting itself up as

21:06

the new ruling class. The

21:08

trigger

21:08

locks into place what is effectively a

21:11

whole shadow society, featuring

21:13

everyone

21:13

from wealthy elites to middle

21:15

class professionals and intellectuals

21:18

artisans

21:18

and workers and soldiers and peasants.

21:20

All of them are

21:21

now linked by a new set

21:23

of binding ties, often

21:26

defined by all those new ideas that we

21:28

talked about, which are now floating around

21:30

out there. This shadow

21:33

society is going to try to displace the

21:35

old

21:36

society. Another

21:38

thing we have to mention when we're talking about all

21:40

this stuff is that though a popular

21:42

force is now present. and

21:44

the people have now entered the picture. That

21:47

does not mean that the people are a single

21:50

united entity. nor

21:52

that popular forces represented anything close

21:54

to a majority of the inhabitants of

21:56

whatever kingdom, empire, or

21:58

republic were talking about. the

22:00

people, capital t, capital p,

22:03

are an

22:04

invocable political concept.

22:06

Not a description of these

22:09

sentiments of the overwhelming majority of the

22:11

population. As you may have

22:13

noticed, the popular forces

22:15

unleashed by our various revolutionary triggers

22:17

are often just a subset of the population

22:19

of a single major city

22:21

like Boston or Paris or Petrograd.

22:23

And even when

22:24

the revolution spreads to include

22:26

other regions and cities and villages,

22:29

It's not like the revolutionaries ever make up

22:31

a true majority of the population.

22:33

Not only are there plenty of people,

22:35

from rich elites on down to poor

22:37

peasants who will be ready to uphold and defend

22:39

the former regime. Let's

22:41

face it. Most

22:42

people, most places, most

22:44

of the time, are apolitical. They

22:47

don't

22:47

care. They're

22:48

just trying to ride the thing out.

22:50

So the kinetic revolutionary

22:53

energy unleashed by the trigger these

22:55

popular forces are never actually

22:58

representative of the people

23:00

everywhere united. That's

23:02

just never going to be a thing

23:04

that happens. nor is it even

23:06

necessary. It's just that

23:08

so many of those people are in fact

23:10

willing to march out into the

23:12

streets. that the sovereign regime can no longer control

23:15

events. That's what we mean by popular

23:17

forces entering the picture. they

23:19

had become

23:19

too big for the regime to

23:22

control. And that right

23:23

there is the rub.

23:26

That's the point. That's

23:26

the crux of the thing.

23:29

In the grand scheme

23:29

of things, I think what's really going on with

23:32

these triggers, what they do when

23:34

they turn political confrontations in

23:36

the ruling class into full blown revolutions,

23:39

is that they open up the great challenge to the sovereign's

23:42

last bulwark of power, their

23:44

preponderance of force. That

23:47

preponderance of force is what

23:50

kept everyone and everything in

23:52

line. It's what the Sovereign

23:54

has that practically makes it a sovereign,

23:56

a monopoly on the legitimate use of force.

23:59

Until the

23:59

revolutionary trigger gets pulled, this preponderance of

24:02

force is not questioned. However,

24:05

consciously or tacitly up until that

24:07

trigger point, it's taken for granted that

24:09

the Sovereign can deploy coercive

24:12

force far beyond that which can be deployed by any

24:14

rival or challenger. But when

24:16

the trigger

24:17

is pulled, it

24:18

breaks the mass high binding those old

24:21

political arrangements and it brings

24:23

popular forces out into the street and sets

24:25

up a physical contest for

24:27

power. This is a challenge to the Sovereign's claim to a preponderance

24:29

of force in the most direct way

24:32

possible. It's like challenging the reigning champ

24:34

to a fight. If

24:36

you think you're so strong,

24:38

prove

24:38

it. And as

24:40

we've seen, our

24:41

existing ASEAN regimes, our

24:44

sovereigns, their

24:45

weak, and

24:46

incompetent and ineffective,

24:48

and it is

24:49

not at all clear they will be able to prove

24:52

it. So

24:54

next week,

24:54

we're gonna move on to the first

24:56

stage of the actual bona fide

24:59

revolution. no more disequilibrium

25:01

or shocks to the system or triggers.

25:04

But now a raw contest for power

25:06

pitting a weak ineffectual but still

25:08

powerful Leviathan against

25:10

a force enjoying maximum

25:13

revolutionary unity. Now

25:15

if you've paid

25:15

even a little bit of attention in the

25:18

podcast, you know that that period

25:20

of maximum revolutionary unity

25:22

is very fleeting and

25:24

never ever

25:25

outlast the death

25:26

of Leviathan. But

25:29

before we

25:29

go, I just want to remind everybody that

25:31

I am coming to Boston, Washington

25:33

DC, and Newark live and in person on

25:35

October twenty sixth, twenty seventh,

25:37

and twenty ninth. I just got back from my

25:39

run through Austin in San Francisco and Seattle.

25:42

It went great. The shows are super fun

25:44

and I love being out there. So

25:46

please get your tickets while

25:48

you can. And

25:48

if you're in Boston, Washington, DC, or Newark,

25:50

I will see you there. And if

25:52

not, I will see you

25:53

here next week. for

25:56

appendix six.