0:02

Hello

0:16

and welcome to SciShow Tangent, Sitch

0:18

the Delightly Competitive Science Knowledge Showcase.

0:20

I'm your host Hank Green, and

0:22

joining me this week as always

0:24

is science expert, Zari Reilly. Hello.

0:27

And our resident everyman, Sam

0:29

Schultz. I don't think you've

0:31

ever said hello and welcome to SciShow Tangent

0:33

in the five or whatever years we've done

0:35

this. What do I usually say? Just hello,

0:39

right? I

0:41

feel like you say hello and welcome every time. It's in

0:43

the script. I think I feel like I say hello and

0:46

welcome every time. This

0:48

feels new to me. Anyway, sorry.

0:50

Hi. That's how I start.

0:52

Hello and welcome. Hi, I'm your host, Sam

0:54

Schultz. Y'all,

0:57

we're all tired. Zari's

0:59

had a stressful but exciting

1:01

week. Sam did not sleep

1:03

well last night. I also got beat

1:06

up by a child while he

1:08

was sleeping. I want to know, what's

1:11

your go-to blanket? I have it in

1:13

this room. Yeah, I also have my blanket.

1:16

It's very old. Oh, is yours yellow too, Sam? Mine's

1:18

orange. Sam's looks very fuzzy. These are

1:21

just like the crappy Target blankets you can

1:23

get. Sorry, Target. I love these blankets. You

1:25

want to sponsor the show with these blankets?

1:27

This is also a Target blanket. Oh,

1:30

wow. It's like soft knit. But

1:32

the best thing about this blanket is that you can

1:34

put it over your head, and it's porous enough that

1:36

you can still breathe. So

1:39

you can immerse yourself in the darkness

1:41

or your sad cave or your calm. Yeah.

1:44

I can't do a knit blanket. It's too many

1:46

holes. Makes me too cold. I feel like it's

1:48

too many holes. I feel like that's like a

1:50

not a Montana choice to have a knit blanket.

1:52

Yeah, true. Mine is a gray blanket that was

1:55

purchased for me by the YouTuber Johnny Harris after

1:57

I did him a favor of some kind. which

2:00

is weird. And it's in

2:02

our house, it's called the conversation blanket because

2:04

it's the blanket that you get in

2:06

with somebody when you need to have a

2:08

conversation with them. What

2:10

the heck? What does that mean? Is

2:13

it like you need to be comforted by something

2:15

while you have a hard conversation? Or is it

2:17

like- Yeah, it's like Oran, we need to talk

2:19

about this thing that happened in school. And he

2:21

was like, I'll go get the conversation blanket. Oh.

2:24

Did he name it that or was it that

2:26

before? Yeah, he named it that. So poor little

2:29

guy. Oh. It's

2:34

a very good blanket. I should send you guys this blanket

2:36

because you have done many favors for me. And I only

2:38

did one favor for Johnny Harris. Did he know it was

2:40

a good blanket when he sent it to you? Oh yeah,

2:42

he's like, this is the blanket I get for everybody who

2:45

does me a favor. And I was like, that's weird.

2:48

Wow, I love that. Yeah, you're

2:50

stealing his signature move. To

2:53

be clear, I would love the blanket. True, it is a good

2:55

move. Do not not send it. You

2:57

are kind of encroaching on Johnny Harris's thing that

2:59

he's carefully established for himself. Yeah, because someday you

3:01

guys are gonna do a favor for Johnny Harris

3:03

and he's gonna send you a blanket and you're

3:06

gonna be like, ah, that's

3:08

nice and everything. No, I already have that

3:10

one. What's gonna happen is that someday he's

3:12

gonna do a favor for someone else, they're

3:14

gonna send him the blanket, and then they're

3:16

gonna say, Hank Green taught me about this

3:19

blanket and he sends it to everybody. And

3:21

then he'll be so mad. Let's

3:23

just think, yeah. I'm

3:25

gonna ruin his move. You could

3:28

buy the blanket company, print your face on

3:30

every blanket. And it's just like, you're welcome.

3:36

DSGB is exclusively blankets

3:38

now. Blanket of the month. Your

3:41

house will be filled up with blankets for you, no?

3:45

No, it's different. I only sold one

3:47

guy. I have one client. Johnny, if

3:49

you don't see him. That's Johnny Harris.

3:54

Every week here at SciShow Tangents, we get together to try

3:56

to one up a maze and delight each other with science

3:59

facts while also trying. to stay on topic.

4:01

Our panelists are playing for glory and for

4:03

Hank Bucks, which I will be awarding as

4:05

we play. At the end of the

4:07

episode, one of these two people

4:09

will be crowned the winner. What

4:11

were you going to call us? I don't know. Now,

4:14

as always, we're going to introduce this week's

4:16

topic with a traditional science poem. This week,

4:18

oh my gosh, it's from me. I hear

4:22

a lot that the dinosaurs died, and then

4:25

they got swept over with mud and

4:27

slime down into the earth where it

4:29

bubbled and boiled until many years later

4:31

they became the oil. The goopy black

4:34

glock that we slurp with propriety and

4:36

then burn, burn, burn it to fuel

4:38

our society. Black gold, Texas tea, petrol

4:40

for you, gas to me. But

4:43

that's not really what happened. It was

4:45

mostly plant matter. The dinosaurs were way

4:47

too dispersed and scattered. But oil isn't

4:49

just that stuff. Oh no, at first

4:51

it was anything you'd light for a

4:53

glow. Squish an olive or corn, sunflower

4:56

or peanut. Cook with it, clean with

4:58

it, do what you want. You could

5:00

burn all these oils, but you can

5:02

only eat some. They're different. It's clear.

5:04

But in some ways, there are one,

5:06

some chemical ways with long carbon chains,

5:08

whether it comes from a drill or

5:10

from grains. It powers our cars, it

5:12

powers our bodies, it powers the

5:15

most peculiar of hobbies. So wonderful

5:17

that we just can't get enough.

5:19

But what is it then? This

5:22

wonderful, terrible, powerful stuff. Sorry,

5:24

what's the oil? Oh, that was great. That

5:26

was really good. You had so many rhymes. So

5:29

Sootheen in a way too? Yeah,

5:31

I've got a lot of rhymes. I've

5:33

kind of gotten stuck into a particular

5:35

scheme. It's based on children's books is

5:38

where I got that. I

5:42

used to read a lot of those. You know, I'm reading

5:44

less children's books now, which is terrible

5:47

and very sad because that reads

5:49

by himself. He's like,

5:51

I just want to read my book

5:53

by myself. This is a conversation blanket

5:55

for one. Me and the book. I

6:00

mean, you kind of defined it. I don't

6:02

know that I did. Well,

6:04

you defined it in its many, many forms. I

6:08

don't think oil is a precise word as much as

6:10

it has a vaguely chemical definition. I

6:14

feel like we use the word oil for any

6:16

number of liquids. That

6:20

you can burn. Yeah, that

6:22

you can burn that are, and like

6:24

they're more or less

6:27

flammable to the surface. More or

6:29

less flammable to, like, they're usually

6:32

smooth and sticky and

6:34

slippery. Right, because like alcohol

6:36

will burn, but that's not oil

6:38

because it's not thick. And

6:40

it's not, is alcohol

6:42

insoluble in water? Or like

6:45

mixes with water easily? No, it mixes with water. So

6:47

alcohol mixes with water. Oils generally

6:49

are inmissible or insoluble in

6:52

water. They mix with other

6:54

oils or like

6:56

other organic solvents, but not

6:59

polar water. They mix with

7:01

nonpolar substances. They're mostly, like chemically speaking,

7:04

they're mostly hydrocarbons, which are

7:06

molecules with carbon chains, so carbon atoms that

7:08

are connected to each other, and then a

7:10

bunch of hydrogen atoms sticking off of those

7:12

carbons. Sometimes there are

7:15

other additives in there. You throw in an

7:17

oxygen, you throw in a silicon, things like

7:19

that. But largely, like those

7:22

hydrocarbons are the base of a lot

7:24

of oils. But these

7:26

descriptions apply to food

7:29

oils, animal and vegetable oils, fuel

7:31

oils like petroleum, mineral oils,

7:33

which are actually just... Oh, right,

7:36

mineral oils. I forgot about those. I'm

7:38

over here trying to figure out what the hell mineral

7:41

oils are. What is a mineral oil? So it's,

7:43

again, like an imprecise definition.

7:47

I think they were called mineral oils to

7:50

juxtapose them with animal

7:52

and vegetable oils. There's the

7:54

categories in 20 questions. You've got animals,

7:56

vegetables, and minerals. mineral

8:00

oils are oils that come from

8:02

rocks, but oils that come from

8:04

rocks are just petroleum derivatives. They're

8:06

still organic molecules. They're still made

8:09

of carbon and hydrogen, but because

8:11

we extracted them from rock, then

8:14

we categorized them under mineral oil.

8:16

And mineral oils are, even

8:19

though they're made of the same organic

8:21

molecules as food oils, they aren't digestible

8:23

by us. Sometimes they can be

8:25

toxic, depending on what the additives are in there. But

8:28

it's just another category as

8:31

part of that. That makes sense. If

8:33

I freeze an oil, is it still an oil? I mean,

8:36

that's a good question because is butter

8:39

an oil? Butter

8:41

is not an oil. Wax isn't an oil.

8:44

The wax is different chemically. This is a

8:46

one where my brain

8:48

says there's probably a chemical, molecular

8:51

definition of this, and there's not. It's

8:53

just sort of like, it's nonpolar and

8:55

it's carbon chains and it's slippery. I

8:58

feel like slippery is such a big

9:00

important part of it. The

9:03

lubricant. Yeah. With skin oils,

9:05

it makes our skin slippery. If

9:07

I collected enough of my skin oil, could I put it in

9:09

a genie lamp and burn it with a wick? Probably.

9:13

The answer is yes.

9:15

I'm almost certain. I'm

9:17

thinking of the somehow

9:20

worst version of that question is could you fry

9:22

an egg with it? Just

9:24

pour a bunch of cereal in. The

9:27

answer to that is also yes. Yeah, I think

9:29

it's awesome. We could totally do that. Could

9:32

I form it into a candle and light it

9:34

and burn? Yeah, maybe. These

9:36

are all the great new P4A perks that you're

9:38

coming over. Well, it's like Shrek's little candle ear

9:40

while he pulls it out. Oh,

9:46

yeah, Shrek did. Yeah, we're not

9:48

the first people to think of this. The word

9:50

oil sounds interesting to me. I would love to

9:52

know where it came from. The English word oil

9:55

is from the French

9:57

word. love

10:00

to make things fancy and oil sounds like a very

10:02

fancy word where you kind of mush all the letters

10:05

together. It's from the

10:07

Latin word oleum, which comes from a

10:09

Greek word that sounds basically the same

10:11

that meant olive oil. Oh, yeah,

10:13

like olive was related to the word

10:16

Elia, I think how you would say it,

10:19

which means like olive tree or olive fruit. So

10:21

the first oil that we

10:23

talked about was specifically olive oil. And

10:26

then from there, it

10:28

broadened to other types of

10:31

oily substances. That's super interesting.

10:33

Because of course, I think that's like when you say oil,

10:35

the first thing I think of this, the

10:37

ground oil crude oil. So

10:39

petroleum, oleum is in

10:41

there. The Latin word oleum is in

10:43

there. And so Petra means rock, and

10:45

oleum means oil.

10:48

And so it's mineral oil again.

10:53

All right, you guys, that means it's time

10:55

to move under the quiz portion of our

10:58

show. And would you believe that it's happening

11:00

again? It's the gauntlet. Let's

11:02

see what the rules are this

11:04

time. Are you are

11:10

you all ready to learn

11:12

about the gauntlet again? The

11:14

rules are entire page walk.

11:17

No, they're not. They're not but

11:19

they're not not far off. Okay,

11:22

so we're gonna have a series of

11:24

seven questions of decreasing difficulty. I will

11:26

be directing the questions to you from

11:28

one to seven,

11:31

asking just one at a time and you

11:33

could choose to answer or pass. You

11:35

answer and are correct, you

11:38

get the points of the question number.

11:40

So if it's the first

11:42

question, you get seven points, question six gets you

11:44

six points. If you're wrong, you'll lose that

11:46

amount of points and your opponent can steal

11:49

for that same point. But if they're wrong,

11:51

they don't lose any points. Why don't ask

11:53

questions. If your opponent attempts to steal the

11:55

question and gets it wrong, the question will

11:57

be off the table for future rounds. If

12:00

you pass, your opponent will get asked the

12:02

next question. It's a little less difficult.

12:05

After we have gone through all the questions,

12:07

we will revisit any past questions. Only this

12:09

time, they can't be skipped. If

12:12

you get the answer wrong, your opponents can

12:15

steal from you and remember to pay attention

12:17

to all the questions because you might get

12:19

some clues to help you out with those

12:21

harder questions. Today, the

12:24

gauntlet will not just be a game,

12:26

but a tour through the

12:29

history of that most

12:31

hallowed-up-ingredient-in-American cuisine. What'd you say?

12:34

I thought maybe you were going to say, we

12:36

would die if we lost. Yeah, not just a

12:38

game. It's a lifestyle. No,

12:42

it's a tour of a

12:44

hallowed-American ingredient, Crisco. Oh.

12:46

Okay. Is Crisco even an oil? We

12:49

don't know for sure. Sam,

12:52

this first question is for you. Crisco was

12:55

launched in 1911, and

12:57

it quickly became popular as the

12:59

first solid shortening made entirely from

13:01

a liquid plant oil. However, the

13:04

company that made Crisco didn't actually

13:06

state what that plant was in

13:08

their advertising. What plant is

13:10

Crisco made from? Oh,

13:13

no. I have

13:15

to pass, I think. I think that's the right

13:17

call. I'm not going to try to

13:19

steal because that will knock out the question for

13:21

the future. You want to save that.

13:23

You want to save that for the future and see if

13:25

it comes back. You get a hint, maybe. All

13:29

right. Question number six for Sarri.

13:31

Today, Crisco is manufactured and sold

13:33

by a company called B&G Foods,

13:35

but they aren't the original manufacturers

13:37

of Crisco. What was the original

13:39

company that made and sold Crisco?

13:42

Hint, you have heard of this company. I'm

13:46

going to pass. I think. Okay.

13:50

Yeah. I'm going to

13:52

pass, too. Okay. You don't lose points if

13:54

you get it on the pick up. I know, I know, I know.

13:56

All right. Sam, question number

13:58

five, shortly after the release. of

14:00

Crisco, the manufacturers published a book

14:02

called The Story of Crisco, which

14:05

was written by Marion Harris-Neil. The

14:07

book contained 250 tested recipes, as

14:09

well as a brief explanation of

14:11

quote, the Crisco process, the chemical

14:14

technique that allowed for a liquid

14:16

oil to be turned into a

14:18

solid fat. What is the technical

14:20

term underlying the Crisco process? Uh,

14:24

I wasn't gonna pass just to make it interesting, but now

14:26

I gotta, cause I have no idea. And I bet

14:28

sary knows. Yeah, yes. It's a

14:31

chemistry term. Uh, it's

14:33

hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is the

14:35

right answer. We have our first points of the

14:37

gauntlet awarded. Well, I'll just... Well

14:41

done. This is the

14:44

best I've ever done. This is the most

14:46

points I've ever had in a gauntlet. I

14:49

can really sense your excitement from here.

14:55

So hydrogenation is when you add hydrogen atoms

14:58

across double bonds, uh, and it takes those

15:00

double bonds and it turns them into single

15:02

bonds and that turns liquids

15:04

into solids when it comes to

15:07

these long chains. The 19th century

15:09

scientist Paul Sabatier uncovered, uh, the

15:11

process they could make hydru... do

15:13

hydrogenation. Other scientists have adapted that

15:15

over the years and it

15:18

became Crisco due to the fact that the

15:20

result didn't, uh, need refrigeration and could be

15:22

stored for quite a while, unlike

15:24

other solid fans. Question

15:26

number four, sary, you get this one as well. Instead

15:29

of describing the ingredients of Crisco, the

15:31

story of Crisco contains the incredible, uh,

15:34

line, Crisco is Crisco and

15:36

nothing else. Uh...

15:39

That's kind of scary.

15:41

It also describes Crisco

15:43

as, quote, a strictly

15:46

veg... vegetable product. So

15:48

just f... so we're

15:50

clear. We didn't put any animals

15:52

in this thing, even though it

15:54

was not made from a vegetable.

15:56

At the time, companies weren't required

15:59

to disclose an... ingredients must with

16:01

their food that changed with the passage

16:03

of the fair packaging and labeling act

16:05

in what decade Was

16:08

that act enacted? Okay,

16:12

I'm now I've got five whole points I

16:14

can afford to lose them all right 70s

16:21

Right god I'm

16:24

so scared. I only point I'm

16:27

gonna guess it was like I don't think it could have been

16:29

the 60s Cuz I think

16:31

it was shit about anything in the 60s Did

16:34

they but could have been the 80s is

16:37

the 80s? It was the 6th It

16:41

was passed in 1967

16:46

or it was passed in 1966 and it was enacted in 1967 under a good old

16:48

friend Lyndon

16:51

B. Johnson just so that we

16:53

had the information we need to be able to decide

16:55

between products So it products don't say

16:57

things like Chris go is Chris go Nothing

17:01

else we promise I

17:04

Was just trying to imagine like Don Draper reading

17:06

the back of a package and seeing what the

17:08

ingredients were and I couldn't Couldn't pick

17:10

ya he'd be so mad if you were

17:12

he to look at the back of a package and see

17:15

the ingredients I think would he be a

17:17

madman? Maybe he'd be a madman He'd

17:20

be a bad man. They're regulatory capture

17:22

is exactly this today. That's what the

17:25

dads all say Regulatory capture that's what

17:27

my dad says all the time Alright,

17:30

it's Sam's turn to try and get

17:32

this one Right Chris go ended up

17:34

replacing lard in many households for a

17:36

variety of reasons like the fact that

17:38

it had a more neutral flavor And

17:41

could accommodate more dietary restrictions and

17:43

a few years before Chris go

17:45

burst onto the scene the author

17:47

Upton Sinclair published a fictional novel

17:49

Detailing the horrors of the meat packing

17:51

industry. Do you know the name

17:53

of that book? I do it's

17:55

called the jungle nice Coming

17:58

in with that non Science, no, it's

18:00

the same shulps are every man. I know

18:03

a little bit about the arts, very little,

18:05

but I learned this in high school. It

18:07

includes a scene featuring vats of lard

18:10

and the men who cooked them, who

18:12

sometimes fell into the vats. The

18:14

whole point was to gross people out, and

18:16

Upton Sinclair was very effective. His book was

18:18

part of a broader movement that triggered public

18:20

outcry about conditions in the marketplace,

18:23

and that led to the passage of

18:25

the Food and Drugs Act, which prohibited

18:27

the sale of food and drugs that

18:29

are misbranded or adulterated. Hooray, good job,

18:32

Upton Sinclair. Yeah, the regulatory capture continues.

18:35

Yeah, it does. Sari, if

18:38

you look at Crisco's website today,

18:40

their page for the, quote, all

18:42

vegetable shortening product describes

18:44

it as the original classic blue

18:47

no pantry can do without. But

18:50

a quick look at the ingredients list shows that

18:52

there are two oils, neither of

18:54

which are the original oil. Can

18:57

you name the two? Mmm.

19:01

My mom used Crisco so much. Canola

19:05

oil, sunflower oil? This

19:08

is how you get into trouble in this game. Oh

19:10

no. Because neither of those are correct.

19:13

Oh, neither. I

19:16

would have given for one. I'll give

19:18

you for one. I don't know any

19:20

other oils. It's not, it couldn't be

19:22

like olive oil or coconut oil. That

19:24

sounds disgusting. Is that right? No,

19:26

no, it's not. Absolutely not. That can't

19:29

be. It

19:31

is soybean oil and

19:33

palm oil. Oh,

19:35

that makes sense. Neutral. Yeah. I

19:38

wasn't thinking neutral enough. All right, Sam, we're

19:40

at the bottom of the gauntlet. In 1920, the

19:42

United States Supreme Court handed down a decision on

19:45

the case of Procter and Gamble versus the

19:47

Brown Company. The makers of Crisco had

19:50

sued the Brown Company for

19:52

producing a shortening product through

19:54

a similar hydrogenation product or

19:56

process. What is the name

19:58

for the exclusive right? Over an

20:00

invention is it having

20:03

the patent for it. Yeah Yeah,

20:09

their product was called cream

20:11

crisp both with a K

20:20

And they ended up selling their their

20:22

their patent to Procter & Gamble Due

20:25

to the cost of the case possibly I

20:27

kind of like it the

20:29

crisp is confusing Yeah, well, I guess cuz

20:31

you fry stuff. Oh You

20:33

crisp the stuff up in the cream. Yeah.

20:35

Yeah, don't say that sherry

20:39

Remember that Crisco was launched in 1911

20:41

and it was not made of

20:43

palm or soybean oil But it was made of

20:45

an oil. That's not a vegetable oil. Can you

20:47

tell me what it is? Ah I

20:51

Mean, I guess it is a vegetable oil, but it's not oil

20:53

from a vegetable oil from vegetable. Well,

20:55

they some um I'm

20:58

gonna guess sunflower again What

21:01

are they like? Is it like

21:03

flax seed that's closer cotton seed.

21:06

I sure just said cotton. I'm so

21:08

stupid. Okay Yeah,

21:13

yeah cotton seed oil which turns out

21:15

as the edible oil is just You

21:18

don't think about it that no Cotton

21:20

seeds had to been moved

21:22

from being considered a sort of side product of

21:24

car cotton harvesting to an ingredient that can be

21:26

used for stuff and after

21:29

chemists developed techniques to make the

21:31

smell and color more appealing to

21:33

consumers that started happening a lot

21:35

more and the Companies had made

21:37

large substitutes that used cotton seed

21:39

oil mixed with animal fats before

21:42

But now they were just gonna do it all cotton

21:44

seed oil All right, Sam

21:46

Chris go is manufactured by a

21:48

company Proctoring gamble. That's

21:51

right. Very gamble. I listened to that one

21:53

too, but Question

21:55

you didn't get it and that's

21:58

it. I think I

22:00

think that we, yeah, that's it. What is the score?

22:03

I don't know, it's gonna be, this is looking good for Sam. The

22:06

score is Hanks opening up

22:09

the thing and it's, oh

22:12

my god, it's Sam at

22:14

10 and Sari at negative

22:16

eight. Next up,

22:19

we're gonna take a short break and then it'll

22:21

be time for the fact off during which time

22:23

Sari needs to bring her A

22:25

game. Sash

22:30

of Tangents is brought to

22:33

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22:45

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22:47

always a sticking point for me. I

22:49

love to cook, but I am for some reason

22:52

so shy about cooking for other people and I

22:54

really don't want anyone to see me cook because

22:56

what if I'm doing it wrong and they say,

22:58

what are you doing? And

23:00

I'll go, I don't know. That's

23:03

how I always behave in people's kitchens. I'm

23:05

just like, what are you doing?

23:09

Step away from the stove. Well,

23:12

you know, with my friends, that's

23:14

how it goes. But I do

23:16

want to cook for people. So what

23:18

if there was a way that I

23:20

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27:17

right, everybody, now it's time to get ready for

27:19

the facts of the hour. Our panelists have brought

27:21

science facts to present in an attempt to blow

27:23

my mind and after they have presented their facts,

27:26

I will judge them and award Hank Bucks any

27:28

way I see fit. But to decide who goes first,

27:30

I have a question to a few. The

27:32

price of olive oil has gone up

27:34

this past year due to dry weather

27:36

in the Mediterranean, leading to intense droughts

27:38

that have reduced the production of olive

27:41

oil. And with the

27:43

increases in olive oil prices, thieves

27:45

have been stealing from oil mills.

27:47

On August 30th, about 50,000 liters

27:50

of extra virgin olive oil was stolen

27:52

from a Spanish oil mill. About

27:55

how much is that volume of

27:57

olive oil worth in dollars? Uh,

28:00

a $20, $20 per liter is that expense?

28:04

That's expensive for all of, but this is fancy

28:06

olive oil. This is extra virgin olive oil.

28:09

If it's legit, the

28:11

20 times 50,000 is a million dollars, million dollars

28:15

of oil, $1 million. I'll

28:18

guess, uh, $500,000. The

28:22

answer is Sam's just killing

28:24

it today. $450,000 oil expert. He

28:29

didn't even have to do math because Sarah did

28:31

all the hard work for him. Thank you, Sarah.

28:33

According to the numbers I have, Sam won. So

28:35

you get to go first. All right.

28:38

Just to give you a little peek behind the

28:40

curtain, sometimes Sarah will throw me a few leads

28:42

for the fact off that she didn't use. My

28:44

cheating continues. Uh,

28:48

one of her leads was quote, a

28:51

guy in Missouri was hired to stop dust

28:53

storms and did it by dumping motor oil

28:55

everywhere. So now it's a super fun

28:57

site. While this is technically true, uh,

28:59

it really undersold what

29:01

a horrible nightmare this event actually was. And

29:04

I'll tell you about it now. So Times

29:06

Beach, Missouri was a small middle lower class

29:08

town, 17 miles outside of St.

29:10

Louis by the 1970s, many of the roads

29:12

in times beach were still dirt because the

29:14

city couldn't afford to pave them. And

29:17

they had a big dust problem

29:19

as a result. But there was

29:21

this guy in Missouri named Russell

29:23

Bliss, who was seemingly renowned for

29:25

his dust suppression abilities. Though he

29:28

was a waste oil disposal specialist

29:30

by trade. He also owned

29:32

a horse arena and he had taken to

29:34

spraying his waste oil around his property, which would

29:36

keep it dust free for months. He

29:38

had performed the service for other horse owners

29:40

around the state. And in 1971, he was

29:43

hired by times beach to spray down their

29:45

dusty dirt roads. But what the

29:47

people of times beach didn't know was that

29:49

several of the horse tables Bliss sprayed down

29:51

at those horse tables, but

29:54

then days birds were dropping dead, horses

29:56

were developing lesions and losing hair and

29:59

the people who lived. in and around the

30:01

horse stables were getting nosebleeds, headaches, diarrhea,

30:03

stuff like that. It got so bad

30:05

that many of the stables had to

30:07

scrape off all of the sprayed topsoil.

30:09

So the CDC got involved with this

30:12

pretty quickly, and they found traces of

30:14

dioxins in the soil. And

30:16

dioxins are a group of extremely toxic

30:18

chemicals that are often the byproduct of

30:21

industrial processes. So they make living

30:23

things super sick, they cause cancer, developmental

30:25

issues, immune system damage, stuff like that.

30:27

And they stick around for a really

30:29

long time. And then what the CDC

30:31

figured out from there was that Bliss

30:33

had gotten a contract to dispose of

30:35

dioxins from a Missouri

30:37

based factory that produced Agent

30:40

Orange, the extremely terrible herbicide

30:43

used by the United States in the Vietnam

30:45

War in an effort to thin out the

30:47

jungles in Vietnam. And a byproduct of making

30:50

that terrible stuff is the also terrible dioxin.

30:53

So Bliss had been taking the barrels

30:55

of dioxin, mixing them with his waste

30:57

oil, and then going around the state

30:59

spraying dusty places with this combination to

31:01

get rid of both of them at

31:03

the same time. So the CDC did

31:05

a little bit of cleanup related to

31:07

the stable topsoil in 1974 and

31:10

75. But it doesn't seem like they

31:12

looked into where else Bliss sprayed the

31:14

oil too much. And nobody did

31:16

until 1979 when the EPA started to investigate the Agent

31:18

Orange factory.

31:21

And they came up with a report

31:23

of several locations that were contaminated, but

31:25

they didn't do anything with that list

31:27

until a public interest group leaked it

31:29

to the press and the press got

31:31

involved. And on that list

31:33

was Times Beach. So basically the FDA

31:35

was forced by public pressure to go

31:38

start testing Times Beach. And guess

31:40

what? It was heavily contaminated even after a decade,

31:42

a decade after the spray treatment.

31:44

And the town was on a floodplain and

31:46

it flooded regularly. So every time the water

31:48

would rise, the contaminants would spread farther and

31:50

farther and get into the water. By the

31:52

end of all the testing, it turned out

31:54

that Times Beach had 50% of

31:57

the total dioxin waste in the entire state.

32:00

So it accounted for half of the waste

32:02

just in this one town. In 1982, the

32:04

CDC declared that Times Beach was uninhabitable and

32:06

the whole town was bought for $36.7 million.

32:11

2,000 residents had to leave their homes

32:13

and Times Beach became one of the

32:15

most toxic sites in the country. And

32:17

it, along with a couple other disasters

32:20

from around the same time, were what

32:22

spread the creation of the Superfund Environmental

32:24

Remediation Program. So then the legal ramifications

32:26

for Bliss and this Agent Orange factory

32:28

were basically nothing. Because they did everything

32:31

that they did before there were

32:33

any regulations on dumping hazardous waste.

32:36

But on the slightly plus side, in

32:38

1997, the cleanup was officially completed and

32:40

today it's a beautiful state park. But

32:42

the people still can't live there. They

32:44

lost their houses. The cleanup

32:47

just doesn't exist anymore. That doesn't happen

32:49

that often where people, where you just

32:51

straight up, don't,

32:53

a town just stops existing. That was

32:55

Terry's fun fact for me. I

32:59

mean, I knew it was bad, but he

33:01

started texting me about how bad it was.

33:05

When I got to the Agent Orange part, I was like, what

33:08

the hell? Oh, come on. They were doing some stuff in

33:10

the 70s. Sheesh. I mean,

33:13

to get a contract to dispose of dioxin

33:15

and then be like, I know what I'll

33:17

do. I'll put it on the area that

33:20

is most dusty and the

33:22

actual problem I'm attempting to solve is that

33:25

it blows up into the air a lot.

33:27

Yeah, he pretty much messed up the whole

33:29

state. I think there were sites all over

33:32

the whole state that were like this. Times

33:34

Beach. I tried to find Times

33:37

Beach, but I couldn't. Now it's

33:39

the Route 66 National

33:41

Park or something like that, State Park.

33:43

Yeah, I feel like I still wouldn't

33:45

go there. Well, you know

33:47

what? I'm from Butte and that's the largest superfund

33:49

site in the country. It's

33:52

true. They built a

33:54

beautiful baseball diamond right over all

33:56

the toxic waste and it's fine

33:58

and I'm fine and tuna's fine. And everybody

34:01

that's right. Everybody's fine. Yeah,

34:03

who isn't still underground. All

34:06

right. What do you got? So

34:08

my first sentence is human-made oil

34:11

spills are extremely rough on the environment

34:15

You know, I think we

34:17

learned that and whether

34:20

the petroleum So specifically

34:22

speaking about like petroleum spills is crude

34:24

oil or refined in some way These

34:26

mixtures of hydrocarbons can be toxic to

34:28

all kinds of living things and they

34:30

are hard to clean up But in

34:32

my very basic understanding there are two

34:34

main parts to this cleanup process So

34:37

one part of this is trying to contain the spill

34:39

So keeping it from seeping into the ground or spreading

34:41

too far in the ocean and the second is to

34:43

try and soak up the oil so that it can

34:45

be removed from the environment and Either

34:48

retransported like squeeze out in squeezing out

34:50

water from a rag Or

34:52

trashed or something. I'm not going to talk about

34:54

land oil spills right now But the removal process

34:57

for ocean spills is tricky in its specific way

34:59

because you either need to sort of skim the oil

35:01

off the surface because Like we're

35:03

talking about water and oil are don't mix Or

35:07

you need to get something that will soak up

35:09

the petroleum but not too much water And there

35:11

are of course material scientists working on

35:14

polymers that can either Absorb

35:16

with a B which is soaking the

35:18

oil inside kind of like a sponge

35:20

or Absorb with a

35:22

D which is grabbing onto oil

35:24

molecules with the surface kind of

35:26

like a duster like one of those

35:29

things But other researchers are looking towards materials

35:31

that already Exists that do one of these

35:33

two things like peat moss or sawdust and

35:35

it turns out that we have some really

35:37

fantastic Cleanup materials in our

35:40

trash cans and shower drains human

35:42

hair. Oh Of

35:47

human hair I hate I Shed

35:50

so much of it and I hate the texture of

35:52

human hair, but super valuable Because

35:55

each strand has a few layers the inner

35:57

ones like the cortex are where the while

36:01

the outer layer called the cuticle is made

36:03

of overlapping dead cells that are kind of

36:05

like scales made of proteins like keratin and

36:08

some lipids. And most importantly for this fact,

36:10

the cuticle of the hair is really

36:12

water repellent, but it is really

36:15

good at adsorbing oils. So

36:17

that's adsorbing with a D, the

36:19

surface grabbing thing. And

36:21

both the oils that our bodies

36:23

naturally produce and petroleum floating in

36:25

a body of water. So

36:28

the idea to use hair to clean up

36:30

oil spills apparently traced back to an Alabama

36:32

hairdresser who was watching TV in 1989. And

36:36

he saw an otter whose fur got covered

36:39

in oil in the Exxon Valdez spill in

36:41

Alaska's Prince William Sound. So he

36:43

did an experiment. He gathered a bunch of

36:45

hair from his salon into some pantyhose and

36:48

then put that little boom with some used

36:50

motor oil into a kiddie pool in his

36:52

backyard and then just watched as the hair

36:54

soaked it all up. I mean, did he

36:56

have some idea that that was going to

36:58

work or was he just... He

37:00

saw the otter. He saw the otter. He was

37:02

like... I guess the otter really sucked

37:04

up the oil. Yeah. It's

37:07

like that otter did. So I have all this

37:09

extra hair. I'm just going to give it a shot.

37:11

This is how the story was reported in like a

37:14

science direct like NASA press release. So who

37:16

knows? Could be editorialized. Could have gone through

37:18

a lot more steps. So we

37:21

then worked with NASA researchers at the Marshall Space

37:23

Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama to investigate and test

37:25

on the system further. And from what I could

37:27

tell, they started publishing those results in 1998. And

37:31

now like in 2015 and 2020, there

37:34

are studies investigating like different

37:36

textures of human hair and their adsorbency

37:38

or even different animals like human hair

37:40

versus dog fur. By and large, it

37:42

seems like human hair is just as

37:45

or more effective than other synthetic polymers

37:47

or natural materials like moss or sheep

37:49

wool or duck feathers that have

37:51

been tested for oil spill cleanup. It's

37:54

more environmentally friendly because hair is often

37:56

just trash anyway. So you're using

37:58

that waste product and it's global. available

38:00

wherever there are people. From what

38:02

I can tell, this is where I'm speculating a

38:05

little bit more. I guess the downside is that

38:07

we don't necessarily have huge public pipelines

38:10

for hair or like receptacles for them. So

38:12

you see it pop up in some news

38:14

articles about environmental disasters and people like using

38:16

human hair for cleanup, but I

38:19

don't think it's made the cut for disaster response

38:21

toolkits because we don't have a way of like

38:24

mobilizing hair salons

38:26

in the same way that we

38:29

do of like telling

38:31

material scientists to synthesize a bunch of

38:33

a polymer. I feel like we could

38:35

mobilize the hair people. There must be

38:37

so much haircut every day, like a

38:39

ridiculous amount of haircut every day. I

38:41

guess it's like how you get it

38:43

from the salon. Like

38:46

you can't make it cost money. Ideally

38:48

they get paid a little bit for

38:51

their work, but you can't make it like, okay, now

38:53

walk to the post office with your

38:55

bag of hair. You can't do

38:58

that. There's got to be a price. Like

39:01

there is an amount that the hair is worth.

39:04

I just think it's probably very low and

39:06

also contingent upon the oil. They're being oil

39:08

spills, which we don't want. That's

39:10

true. Like the best solution is no oil spills

39:13

to move away from petroleum-based power.

39:15

Or like, you know

39:17

how the United States has cheese caves or

39:20

like storage space for a bunch of things? Like

39:22

what if we just had a strategic

39:25

hair reserve? Yes. Yeah,

39:27

exactly. And then we like

39:29

do a really good job of

39:32

converting to renewable energy. And then

39:34

30 years from now, 50 years from now,

39:36

they're making YouTube videos like, would

39:39

you believe that the United States government

39:41

has a hair cave? Sorry,

39:44

does that have to do anything to make it good

39:46

at it? Do they have to like take the oils

39:48

that are in there right now out to make it

39:50

even better? Well, you got to tie it together. You

39:52

got to make it into like a mat or a

39:54

big panty hose or something. Go for panty hose with

39:56

it. Yeah. All right. Well, that

39:59

really changes. That changes things for

40:01

me. I think it doesn't change things for

40:03

me. Sam's gonna run away with it, because

40:05

you have a big deficit to make up.

40:09

That first game has to matter at least a

40:11

little bit, right? But they were both very good

40:13

facts. And I strongly

40:15

am in favor of doing

40:17

good things for the environment. But

40:21

I guess both of those things did

40:23

result ultimately in good things for the

40:25

environment. Creating some strong regulations. Regulatory capture!

40:28

I gotta look it up after the podcast. All

40:32

right! Well that means we have to

40:35

rapidly move on to the to ask

40:37

the science couch where we ask the

40:39

listener a question. To our couch, we'll

40:42

finally hone scientific minds. CritterKeeperOnDiscord asks, What

40:44

makes a fat trans? Saturated? Monosaturated? Polyunsaturated?

40:46

And why does that matter for our

40:49

health? Great question. Is this

40:51

just buzzwords? I mean, these are

40:53

all actually chemical words. And they

40:55

do matter for your health. Saturated

40:58

means that they have... Is

41:01

it that they're saturated with hydrogens? And so

41:03

there are no double bonds, is that what

41:05

it means? Yes. Yeah. So if you have

41:09

a double bond, then there's like an area where

41:11

there isn't a hydrogen,

41:14

because you're bonded to carbon instead of being

41:16

bonded to hydrogen. And so it's not saturated

41:18

with hydrogens anymore. And there

41:20

are many different ways. So if there's

41:23

multiple, then it's polyunsaturated. And

41:25

there's also trans and cis

41:27

unsaturated, where it depends

41:30

on where the hydrogen gets

41:32

added. And that can make the fat either sort

41:34

of like have a double bond, but still be

41:37

straight or have a double bond and be kinked.

41:40

And the kinked ones, I

41:42

think, are like what

41:45

you do in hydrogenation, where you make Crisco, because

41:47

that makes... They like stick to each other more.

41:50

And that makes it more of a solid fat instead

41:52

of a liquid oil. And

41:55

that's worse for you, I think, because

41:57

it like they goop up inside of

41:59

your... Blood vessels maybe how

42:02

did I do sorry? Given

42:06

that you were not prepared to answer this

42:08

question and like call back to your

42:10

chemistry knowledge Yes saturated

42:12

is saturated with hydrogen atoms unsaturated

42:15

means there's a double

42:17

bond at least one that is Making

42:20

it so that there isn't the maximum number

42:22

of hydrogen atoms that could be bonded to

42:24

those carbon atoms in them in the molecule

42:27

Cysts and trans are a little bit

42:29

harder to picture unless you're familiar with

42:31

molecular structures The best way to

42:33

think about it is like so the double bond if

42:35

you imagine it as a line the cyst double bond

42:37

Means things are sticking up in the same direction the

42:40

trans double bond means that the like the sides

42:42

of the molecule on the on the sides of

42:45

the double bond are like opposite

42:47

of each other and it's like sticking up and down

42:49

and cysts

42:52

unsaturated fats Keep

42:55

the fatty acids from packing tightly together. So

42:57

the cysts That's

43:00

our liquid at room temperature

43:02

and then the trans Unsaturated

43:05

fats are the ones that can pack

43:07

more tightly together and become a solid

43:09

and so typically Saturated

43:12

fats are animal fats

43:14

solid at room temperature unsaturated

43:16

fats are usually vegetable fats Liquid

43:20

at room temperature and then trans fats

43:22

are what happens when you perform

43:24

some chemical reactions on those liquid

43:27

vegetable oils And

43:29

turn them into a solid like

43:31

Crisco. So chemically that's what's going on

43:33

and Then the nutrition

43:36

wise we said we're gonna do this part

43:38

fast And I

43:40

guess I can say I Am

43:43

NOT a nutritionist and I'm scared of

43:45

nutrition because there's so much

43:47

misinformation Yeah, right The

43:50

nutrition literature particularly is so

43:52

dominated by trends of the

43:54

time and food industry funded

43:58

studies and There are

44:00

studies that say fats are bad and proteins are bad, or

44:03

sugars are bad, and things like that. But

44:05

to explain a little bit of the biochemistry,

44:07

the main ways that we ingest fats in

44:09

food are fatty acids, which

44:11

are just these chains that can be

44:13

saturated or unsaturated. You can

44:15

ingest them as long-chain fatty acids, short-chain fatty acids,

44:18

things like that in food. Or

44:20

these fatty acids can be joined together in groups

44:22

of three in molecules

44:24

called triglycerides, which

44:28

are often in animals

44:30

or plants, oils, or

44:32

other fats. It is also how

44:35

our bodies store unused

44:37

calories. We

44:39

have triglycerides that get

44:42

stored in our fatty tissues and also

44:44

float around our blood streams. Then

44:47

the third kind of

44:50

oil-related, fat-related compound in our

44:52

bodies is cholesterol, which

44:55

is used in lots

44:57

of different ways. It's needed to make

45:00

vitamin D. It's related to hormones,

45:02

building hormones. It's used to build

45:04

cells. It's very, very important. Your

45:08

liver and intestines make most of the cholesterol

45:10

that you need in your body, but some

45:12

of it can come from the foods you

45:14

eat as well. All of

45:16

this to say is that when you eat food, you

45:19

eat fatty foods, if you eat oily foods, you

45:22

ingest fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol.

45:25

That can change the amount

45:27

of how much stuff is floating

45:29

around in your bloodstream. A

45:32

lot of what I found is that we don't

45:35

know exactly why that is the case. We

45:39

are worried and we have seen people who

45:42

ingest a large amounts of

45:45

fatty acids, particularly saturated fats,

45:47

trans fats, and a

45:49

lot of cholesterol, who then have

45:51

plaque build-ups, fatty build-ups,

45:54

in their blood vessels, which then makes it harder

45:56

to pump blood, which then can lead to hardening

46:00

of your arteries or heart

46:02

attacks or cardiovascular problems. And

46:05

so that's why people are like, limit your

46:07

cholesterol, limit your triglycerides

46:10

and things like that. So something about

46:13

eating too much messes

46:15

with the balance of how your body has

46:18

evolved to regulate itself and that's

46:20

why. But there isn't, I

46:22

don't think it's like a lot of the food articles

46:24

on the internet are like, don't eat this because it's

46:26

bad, don't eat that, and a lot of

46:28

that is like, listen to your own doctor, eat balanced

46:31

meals, and like I

46:34

think it's I think it's over-reductive to be

46:36

like one specific type of oil or fat

46:39

is bad because there are

46:41

all these interconnected systems. It's

46:47

also, even if I knew what was

46:50

healthy, I have no confidence in my

46:52

ability to act

46:54

upon that knowledge. I'm

46:57

not smoking cigarettes and I feel great. Like

46:59

that's like, wow, good job me, that's fantastic,

47:01

like you really you really hit it out

47:03

of the park. We know that one's bad

47:05

and you're not doing that. So if

47:08

you want to ask the Science Couch your question, you can

47:10

follow us on Twitter at SciShow Tangents where we'll tweet out

47:12

topics for upcoming episodes every week or you

47:14

can join the SciShow Tangents Patreon and ask

47:16

us on our Discord. Thank you to Jacob

47:19

on Discord and at Kathelm on Twitter and

47:21

everybody else who asked us their questions. If

47:23

you like this show and you want to

47:25

help us out, it's very easy to do

47:27

that. First, you can go to patreon.com/SciShow Tangents

47:29

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47:34

Shout out to patrons Les Akers for their

47:36

support. Second, you can leave

47:38

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47:40

read them and it helps us, helps people find

47:43

the show. And finally, if you want to

47:45

show your love for SciShow Tangents, just tell

47:47

people about us. Thank you for joining us.

47:49

I've been Hank Green. I've been Sari Reilly.

47:51

And I've been Sam Schultz. SciShow Tangents is

47:53

greeted by all of us and is produced

47:55

by Jess Stempert. Our associate producer is Eve

47:57

Schmidt. Our editor is Seth Glicksman. Our story

47:59

editor is... Our social

48:01

media organizer is Julia Buzz Desiels. Our

48:03

editorial assistant is Devoki Chakravarti. Our staff is

48:06

designed by Joseph Sounamedish. Our executive producers are

48:08

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48:10

course we could not make any of this

48:12

without our patrons on Patreon. Thank

48:14

you and remember, the mind is not a message of the

48:16

Lord. But

48:35

one more thing. When

48:38

you need some help getting the poop out

48:40

of your intestines, aka pooping, laxatives can help

48:43

in lots of different ways. Some soften your

48:45

poop by adding water to them. Some

48:47

stimulate your intestinal muscles. Some

48:50

lubricate your insides to make everything

48:52

nice and slippery. Specifically, eating or

48:54

enemying a dose of mineral oil,

48:56

which is an indigestible petroleum derivative

48:58

that you should not be cooking

49:00

with, can create a

49:02

slip and slide through and out of your

49:05

intestines. Just a little fun fact

49:07

from us. If

49:11

it's really slippery in there, it'll just shoot right out.