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Again. Hello!

1:32

Again, thanks for joining us.

1:34

This is space nuts coming

1:36

up. We're talking no questions

1:38

about the expansion of space

1:40

again, the inside mission, and

1:42

gravitational waves. that's all coming

1:44

up on this edition of Space

1:46

Nuts. Damn. Channel.

1:51

English language. Space

1:53

next. To.

1:59

Space. And

2:04

during me as always prefer separate

2:06

what's an astronomer large hi Fred.

2:08

Hello Andrew, Very good. See you

2:11

again. Never. I've done. It

2:13

is time to talk questions and answers

2:15

from our audience. We got a few

2:17

texts questions to go through today and

2:20

the first one comes from nights and

2:22

now this this is a question we

2:24

have had probably many times. Where does

2:27

it? It's worth revisiting because you never

2:29

know what we and alone as we

2:31

heard the early on things can change

2:33

in the astronomical world at the I'm

2:36

that at that as at the flick

2:38

of a switch on the James Webb

2:40

Space Telescope, a substance. Sunlight in

2:43

the night? Ask Thirteen Point. Eight

2:45

billion years ago something happened. We

2:47

know. Where. We know that

2:49

whatever our weather was a big

2:51

bang, the big bounce, or a

2:53

big Macs. Ah, when we know

2:55

there was an event in a

2:57

seemingly centralized location, my question is,

2:59

if space is expanding, What is

3:01

it expanded into or on. Ah,

3:04

Even the singularity, if that's if incorrect,

3:06

should have been residing in something, right?

3:08

Ah, thanks for making my evenings cried.

3:10

Every podcast is listen to the moment

3:13

it is dropped and I cherish each

3:15

and every one. Ah you to a

3:17

fabulous and have been a part of

3:20

our lives since day one of a

3:22

great holiday or we're back and I

3:24

can like out why they or answer

3:26

ah the a it's an old chestnut

3:29

this one wow what are we expanding

3:31

into or that although he goes out.

3:33

Ma'am what could be week spending on?

3:36

that's an interesting angle. Well

3:39

yes, yes it it is Sullivan

3:41

Us. That. This the were

3:43

putting it on. The. So.

3:46

I think in the the problem is. That.

3:49

We apply our.

3:52

Common. Or garden everyday

3:54

logic. To. Problems

3:57

of Cosmologist in. the

3:59

don't necessarily work on those

4:02

logical principles like

4:05

parallel lines never meeting and things like

4:07

that, which is

4:09

actually, it is logic, but

4:11

it's geometrical logic

4:13

of an unusual kind. So

4:17

the observation that we can make, and

4:19

I guess there's two or three of them, that

4:22

relate to this, we can observe

4:24

that the universe is expanding because

4:27

we've got this signature

4:31

velocity distribution of galaxies that the

4:33

further away a galaxy you see,

4:36

the faster it is moving

4:38

away from you. And that's exactly what you will

4:40

get from space that is

4:42

expanding. We also

4:45

know that as

4:48

far as we can see, there isn't an edge to it.

4:52

We can see a horizon and

4:55

that the easiest one to envisage

4:57

is the cosmic microwave background radiation

5:00

where you're looking so far

5:02

back in time when you look out into space

5:05

that you're seeing the flash of the Big Bang, which

5:07

is now stretched from

5:09

light waves to radio waves, microwaves

5:11

by the expansion of the universe.

5:14

So the

5:17

likelihood is that

5:19

the universe just goes on beyond that. And

5:22

if we were, there's nothing to suggest that's

5:24

not the case. If we were somewhere else

5:26

in the universe and looked

5:28

out from our vantage point, which is different

5:30

from where we are at the

5:32

moment on our galaxy, from somebody else's

5:35

galaxy somewhere else, we

5:37

would see the same thing. We see cosmic

5:39

microwave background radiation and lots of galaxies all

5:41

expanding away from us. So

5:46

the question about what's it

5:48

expanding into, we don't

5:52

even know whether that's a meaningful question

5:55

because it's

5:58

actually compressing the thing. into

6:00

our own perception

6:03

of space and time. Whereas

6:06

there are possibilities,

6:10

certainly in terms of the

6:13

geometry of the universe, there are possibilities that

6:15

might say, well, it doesn't have an edge.

6:19

For example, it's like

6:21

the idea of, in

6:23

fact, this is quite a good analogy actually. If

6:26

you think of your

6:29

perception of the universe reduced

6:32

to two dimensions, now we normally think

6:35

of two dimensions as being

6:37

on a piece

6:39

of paper, a flat surface, but

6:41

it could equally well be on a curved surface

6:43

like a balloon. So

6:46

if you have your perception

6:49

of space sitting on the surface

6:51

of a balloon, it

6:54

expands as you

6:56

blow up the balloon. And

6:59

yes, in our view

7:02

that we've got, it

7:04

is expanding into an additional dimension,

7:06

which is the third dimension of

7:08

space. So maybe it will

7:11

turn out that we will discover that

7:14

there are hyperdimensional spaces

7:17

within what we've been thinking of as the

7:19

universe, but maybe the universe is just part

7:22

of something much smaller. So if

7:24

you thought, sorry, I'm rambling a bit

7:26

here, Andrew, but we've got a universe

7:28

that's got three dimensions of space and one of

7:30

time. But if it

7:32

was embedded in a fifth dimension or something,

7:35

in the

7:37

same way that the balloon

7:39

is embedded in proper space, then

7:42

it maybe is expanding

7:44

into something else. That's a complex

7:47

way of describing something quite

7:49

simply, which is we don't really know. But

7:52

we think there are possibilities, there

7:56

are geometrical possibilities that would allow

7:58

that to happen. universe not to have

8:00

an edge and be expanding,

8:02

but to be expanding perhaps

8:06

in relation to something like an

8:08

additional dimension. We haven't seen

8:10

any evidence of extra dimensions yet in

8:13

any sense. But

8:15

there are some very astute people that

8:18

do believe that that may be a

8:20

possibility. Yeah. And that there

8:22

are multiple universes as well. Yes, of course.

8:25

And what's the other one I

8:27

heard that the universe is folding

8:29

back on itself? That's another one I heard.

8:31

A bit

8:33

like a pile of washing. Yes,

8:36

yes, the universe is just a

8:38

massive laundry. Well,

8:43

it is a rather dirty place, isn't it? I mean, it's

8:46

just full of dust. Absolutely

8:48

dust and gas and humans.

8:50

Yeah, just the masses.

8:53

Yeah, that's right. All right.

8:55

Thank you, Nate. The answer

8:57

is yes, it's

8:59

expanding. It's expanding at an accelerating rate

9:01

and what it's expanding into, we

9:04

do not know. Lee Stevenson

9:08

has sent us a question. Hi, guys. I'm

9:10

an avid listener since discovering your show around

9:12

six months ago. You are funny

9:14

and educational at the same time. Which

9:17

one of us? Okay. It's

9:20

a great show. My question is, how

9:23

can we learn so much about Mars

9:25

interior from the inside mission? I can't

9:28

figure out how we got the knowledge

9:30

we have from a single point of

9:32

reference down to the estimated location of

9:34

meteor impacts. This has been puzzling me

9:37

for quite a while. And

9:39

I hope you can explain and educate

9:41

me. Best wishes, Lee, an Englishman in

9:43

Spierenja. Well, not

9:45

that big a hop from England to

9:47

Sweden, so stop showing off. Actually,

9:50

I saw this question

9:56

and meant to check it out because I've

9:58

been ill for the past few days

10:00

I haven't really had time. But

10:02

there is some very very clever work

10:04

that's been

10:08

done by the

10:10

Insight team and

10:13

I think it involves of

10:15

course it like all seismology now

10:18

you know most seismology you've got

10:20

a volcano or something that erupts

10:23

or there's something

10:25

hits the ground and you

10:27

pick up by a network of

10:30

seismographs or seismometers all over the

10:32

planet this is on Earth of

10:34

course you pick up the echoes

10:36

of that particular

10:40

seismic event whether it's

10:42

a reflection of the

10:46

core mental boundary or whether it's

10:48

a refraction past the core

10:50

these are all things that you can pick up

10:52

but it's fairly easy to understand what's going on

10:54

that you can explore the inside of the Earth

10:57

by having multiple sample

10:59

points by that mean

11:01

you know lots of seismographs all over well

11:05

on Mars you don't you don't have

11:07

that you've got one little seismic you're

11:09

one little lander in sight

11:11

which I think I'm right and certainly

11:13

is now default it's yes the Switched

11:16

it off in there last year it's

11:22

got one sensor so how do you know

11:25

when you are listening

11:28

to the seismic

11:30

signal of a meteorite hitting Mars

11:32

13,000 kilometers away or something like

11:34

that but it's a very very

11:36

good question now because

11:39

I meant to look this up I'm not going

11:41

to give a definitive answer here but we might

11:43

we might take that down there's a bit of

11:45

homework Andrew but I'm guessing it may

11:48

be to do

11:50

with the fact that seismic waves

11:52

don't just come in one variety

11:54

there are If

11:57

I remember I these P waves and S waves. The

12:00

pay ways I think of pressure

12:02

waves and s waves are sheer

12:04

ways which is two different ways.

12:06

That. The A You know the

12:09

medium that this is being

12:11

transmitted through a vibrate and.

12:14

And. It, it actually is akin to. A

12:16

see a wave will be a bit like a light waves.

12:19

Which. Is a transverse wave as who

12:21

I'm calling it, electromagnetic radiation? Where the

12:23

P wave will be like a sound

12:26

waves because sound is transmitted by pressure.

12:28

But my brother's variations in it's in

12:30

a medium is gonna have a medium

12:32

to transmit it or not. I suspect

12:34

that you can do things with those.

12:37

Like. The kind of things that we

12:39

do. With. Fast radio bursts

12:42

in astronomy where you know

12:44

that they saw. The

12:46

longer wavelengths signals are gonna

12:48

come. Slower. Than

12:50

the higher. Side.

12:53

Shorter wavelength signal gentle was that's the

12:55

high frequency signals are going to where

12:57

I first and that's what causes that's

12:59

dispersion. the less you get the distance

13:01

something without actually knowing his redshift, you

13:04

get the dispersing because he notes that

13:06

he transmit has it to transmit through.

13:09

What? We think of I as empty space

13:11

and his at see a lot of

13:13

electrons a big very excited that so

13:15

you can pick up information by that

13:17

some guessing it's something like that route

13:19

but I will look that up cassette

13:21

such a good question and as a

13:23

said or so and so yes homeless.

13:26

Who's. Do some research into them

13:28

soon. Budgetary politicized so that that

13:30

they can detect an impact so

13:32

far away and actually isolate it

13:34

some. it's location that strong the

13:37

same exactly and have point question

13:39

and and inside did can go

13:41

there with the intent of studying

13:43

the interior of my so it

13:45

had equipment that was designed to

13:47

pick up these kinds of activities

13:50

I am that would go halfway

13:52

to answering blaze questionable, Put it

13:54

in the homework for homework folder

13:56

and and for the record insights

13:58

mission and it in December. Twenty

14:01

Twenty two About damn fourteen months

14:03

ago he had before. The. Able

14:05

take yeah thanks lenses Thank you

14:07

Lay And to our final question

14:09

for this episode from Wayne. Greetings

14:12

gentlemen long time Patreon support a

14:14

thank you wine We appreciate it.

14:16

Our first on question and I:

14:18

what kind of gravitational wave if

14:20

any is generated by a supernova

14:22

would days be detectable by like

14:24

a like out level? The horrible

14:27

dad jokes. Keep up the kids.

14:30

And bled someone life than that's one.

14:34

Meets. Widow and Surface ssssss, This

14:36

actually hard to find some of them.

14:38

Some of them as a soon As

14:40

I mean, I've I've found thousands. But

14:43

Damn Ninety Nine Point Nine Percent of

14:45

them are not a worthy. Must.

14:49

You must have a different website. I don't mean

14:51

the road they just said so. the airport. Oh

14:55

yes, Sir Paul and blew. Up

14:58

as so I am that the

15:00

a Supernova does it make a

15:02

gravitational wave and either service to

15:04

question if I can expand on

15:06

a bit is ah ah. gravitational

15:08

waves different according to what causes

15:11

them. To. Well

15:13

as that, the answer to that is

15:15

certainly yes. And. You. Know

15:17

the the things that we can

15:19

measure would lie Go. A

15:22

T in terms of gravitational

15:24

waves is the amplitude and

15:26

frequency of the waves. And

15:29

the rate at which it decays.

15:33

Or at a increases in in the

15:35

case of the. Merging.

15:38

Neutron stars, What

15:40

you get is this church where

15:42

the. Signal. Issue Chancellor

15:45

transfer it to audio becomes you're

15:47

in love because see that the

15:49

spinning around one another and them

15:51

when they actually merged the thus

15:53

the Church does for the goes

15:55

applied that but A think I'm

15:58

and eight once again I'm. There's

16:00

some. Dry. Gail

16:02

From the the bottom of my memories

16:04

of research into this quarter. Quite

16:07

neatly a few years ago, that

16:09

what, what what causes Just give

16:11

me some. I'll

16:14

be better when assaulted the new dose of

16:16

anti by two years since that which it

16:18

mildly I say very. The chemistry must really

16:20

tick you off. Of

16:23

of tell you have never been as

16:25

ticked off as I was when I

16:27

discovered what it was so figure yeah

16:29

that's right yeah that one little bit

16:31

me yeah I'll I'll refrain from showing

16:33

you what it all young thank you

16:35

just because we we out we are

16:37

on you tube at the moment totally

16:39

get banned know within go by and

16:41

for showing horrible stuff anyway. So

16:44

just go back to it so

16:46

foot to generate a gravitational waves

16:48

you got have an accelerating months.

16:50

Ah, and that's why. Neutron

16:52

stars in orbit around one of the

16:55

non another. To generate strong.

16:57

Gravitational. Waves because you go

17:00

to objects which oh spinning

17:02

around each other, our revolving

17:04

around each other. and that's.

17:08

Basically constitutes an accelerating

17:10

masks now with a

17:12

supernova. And

17:15

the in any sense, we

17:17

don't know that much about

17:19

these details but supernovae. He.

17:22

So. It generally speaking are

17:24

symmetrical. So. You have

17:26

an explosion. And

17:29

you. But. You have

17:31

stuff going out in all

17:33

directions, which kind of cancels

17:35

itself out so you're not

17:37

really. Generating. A

17:40

huge about the of As as soon as they're in

17:42

the background I can hear it. I know, I know

17:44

there is. Try to ignore him and they could is.

17:47

that this just such a

17:49

pain it's the money's money

17:52

sent me a cartoon this

17:54

morning but showing your home

17:56

a little dog dressed in

17:58

arma ah with a sword

18:00

in one hand and a shield in the other and

18:02

he said how small dogs think of themselves when

18:06

somebody rings the doorbell that's

18:09

exactly what he's like he's

18:11

still only a puppy he's only 10 months old so you've

18:14

got to give him some you

18:16

know understanding maybe one day he won't do

18:18

that anymore anyway he

18:22

he is definitely an accelerating mass

18:24

when anybody comes to the door

18:26

and will probably generate his own

18:28

gravitational wave or whatever so

18:31

so but just to carry

18:33

this a little bit further i have

18:37

seen the question of whether a

18:41

neutron star itself

18:44

which is often the end product of

18:47

a supernova explosion whether the

18:49

neutron star that will be left behind

18:52

because it's rotating whether

18:54

that would generate a

18:57

gravitational wave but

19:00

it's because it's only rotating it's not

19:03

a mass being accelerated you

19:05

know linearly it wouldn't unless

19:08

it has mountains on it and you and

19:10

i have spoken before about these millimeter high

19:12

mountains yes we could know that neutron

19:15

stars might have so if it's got

19:17

a few millimeter high mountains on it

19:20

then it will generate generate

19:24

a gravitational wave but to the best of my knowledge

19:26

nothing has yet been seen by LIGO or

19:29

the other detectors that actually represents that

19:31

oh so a great question there

19:34

you know from from Wayne you

19:36

might be interested to know Fred that Wayne is

19:39

actually watching us on YouTube

19:41

right now and apparently our YouTube

19:43

listeners and viewers are pretty excited

19:45

by the fact that Wayne's question

19:48

happened up happened to be served up right

19:50

now so that that doesn't happen often so

19:53

that's really good no thanks thanks for thanks

19:55

for the question and thanks for watching Wayne

19:57

sorry i've got a straight answer but i'll

20:00

Once again, have a look at the details. It's a while since

20:02

I looked at all this stuff. Very good.

20:04

All right. Thank you, Wayne, and thanks

20:06

for listening, and good to have you along live.

20:09

And if you do have questions

20:12

for us, remember you can send

20:14

them through via our website, spacenutspodcast.com

20:16

or spacenuts.io, and click

20:19

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20:21

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20:23

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20:25

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20:30

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20:32

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20:34

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20:36

gotta do it again, don't forget

20:39

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20:41

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20:44

all do it, don't they, the people on YouTube?

20:47

Don't forget to hit the subscribe button below. So

20:49

there we go, I've just done it. And

20:52

that brings us to the end of another program. Thank

20:54

you so much, Fred. Pleasure,

20:57

Andrew. Good to talk again,

20:59

and we'll speak again soon. We will

21:01

indeed. Professor Fred Watson, astronomer at large,

21:04

getting over his tick bites, and to

21:06

Hugh in the studio, who

21:09

just gets ticked off all the time. And

21:11

from me, Andrew Dunkley, thanks so much for

21:14

your company. Looking forward to joining you again

21:16

on the next episode of Space Nuts. Bye-bye.

21:20

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