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1:01

thanks for joining us. So and yet another

1:03

episode of Space Nuts! My name is Andrew

1:05

Doctor your host and it's good to have

1:08

your company again. Thanks for joining us

1:10

coming up we'll be looking at. An

1:13

old chestnut expansion Speed of

1:15

The Universe The theory is

1:17

again under the spotlight due

1:19

to. For a

1:22

change normally conflicting evidence. So

1:25

we'll talk about that. And.

1:27

A giant volcanoes been discovered

1:29

and it was hiding in

1:31

plain sight. guess way. Yeah.

1:34

You're right, We'll be talking about

1:36

that on this episode of Space

1:39

Nuts Dame. Journal.

1:44

Emissions Liquid Space next.

1:48

To. Space

1:52

Nice. Meal.

1:55

And joining us to explore all of

1:57

that is Professor Bread What's on Astronomer

1:59

at Large? Hello Fred Hello Andrew

2:01

could see you're smiling face again.

2:03

you to else either needed last

2:06

summer So yeah yeah yeah improving

2:08

I added. A

2:10

I generally don't suffer Jet lagged a

2:12

very long, but this time it's really

2:14

hit me hard and I think it's

2:17

got everything to do with the fact

2:19

lib dem I'd managed to sleep on

2:21

the flight home, which was bad because

2:23

we got home at eight o'clock in

2:26

the evening. Know and I a calculator

2:28

probably slept seven hours on the plane

2:30

cause it left in the evening. Some

2:32

any good? No, yeah no. and then

2:34

when we got back across, I didn't

2:37

really feel that sleepy. So.

2:39

I'm. And and it's

2:41

taken me a long time to adjust the

2:43

i'm starting to get a move or back

2:45

which is good. ah and dumb the a

2:47

getting over the illness the came with it

2:50

on it did it a Do not recommend

2:52

having a heavy called out of it or

2:54

whatever it is I had in conjunction with

2:56

Jetlag. They do not like each other and

2:58

I have. They fought tooth and

3:00

nail so else in Europe. Not a

3:02

fan combination but I'm sure it's nor

3:05

and uncommon in this day night. that

3:07

dumb. Yeah, we're getting. we're

3:09

getting through. It's been a bit of a

3:11

long haul. Boom booms I'm how you know

3:13

how things. Fine. Thanks

3:15

I'll be testing due to my

3:17

upcoming trip as well so us

3:19

but will be will be fine

3:21

will be fine he I can't

3:24

wait to talking about that and

3:26

yet damn as it's it's in

3:28

fact when this episode his ass

3:30

probably around the same time as

3:32

you'll the everything mean events that

3:34

era attending so rather be good.

3:37

Friend left side get stuck into it.

3:40

We've got a Kepler. really amazing topics

3:42

to talk about. Things we've talked about

3:44

before, one of which was talked about

3:46

many times before. the other we haven't

3:48

because it's only just been discovered. Will

3:50

get to that shortly. But let's talk

3:52

about this situation with the expansion speed

3:54

of the universe. We get a lot

3:56

of questions from the audience about it

3:58

in the news again because. An

4:01

old. A theory has

4:03

sort of been confirmed by

4:05

yeah, more evidence from at

4:07

a news source and and

4:09

that's. A. And that I

4:11

mean it's great but is also got

4:13

paypal same will hang on a minute.

4:16

This topped work doesn't doesn't add up

4:18

with this. Still a hole in the

4:20

information and we can't figure it out.

4:22

it's it's. really quite an intriguing scenario

4:24

and. The real head

4:26

scratcher. And there's a

4:28

lot of arts crafts scratched heads

4:30

in the a suit. with the

4:33

business it's agencies he suggested that

4:35

and it's so ah what what

4:37

do we took him out, lead

4:39

sir as the sound the radio

4:41

let some pick the story but.

4:44

We. We have a number of

4:47

different ways of measuring the expansion of

4:49

the universe and what we talking about

4:51

here. Andrew is the expansion of the

4:53

universe. Now you know the woods and

4:56

will take him out you back in

4:58

the day of the City of Origins

5:00

of the Universe. We talking about the

5:03

expansion speed now and astronomers have got

5:05

a slightly curious way of expressing that.

5:08

It is ah because the

5:10

the bottom line is with

5:13

an expanding universe. the further.

5:15

Away you look. The. Faster something

5:17

is receding from you and that

5:19

is just standard geometry. The further

5:21

away is it the fastest moving

5:23

That was Hubble's discovery bucking on

5:25

T Twenty Nine and the speed.

5:29

That is that the that things

5:31

are moving away from us. Ah

5:33

measured in units of kilometers per

5:36

second. Thus, the speed with can

5:38

understand that, but it's kilometers per

5:40

second per mega passing. In other

5:43

words, Well. Let

5:45

me just tell you a make

5:47

of parsec is Isamu a million

5:49

pass x one parsec is three

5:51

point two six light years Omega

5:53

passing Mega Parsec Three point Two

5:55

six million light years to you

5:57

have the the the numbers that

5:59

were. Common more commonly familiar

6:01

with astronomers use perfect and Mega

6:04

Parsec because that's the measurable quantity.

6:06

You can't measure light? Yes, that.

6:08

but we can turn the measured

6:11

quantity very into a lie Year

6:13

which actually is A is a

6:15

nicer way of expressing things. It's

6:18

while most people can get their

6:20

heads around the distance like channels

6:23

him. yet. so the the fall

6:25

you that the Hubble Telescope A

6:27

arrived on and. Remember

6:30

when the Hubble Telescope was

6:32

launched back in Nineteen Ninety?

6:34

One of it's main. Aims:

6:38

The main aim of the mission

6:40

was to. Measure. The expansion

6:42

velocity of the universe in other

6:44

words, measure the Hubble constant And

6:46

that was because at that time

6:48

and I remember this very clearly,

6:50

that was huge disparity, indifference attempts

6:52

on what this custom was ranging

6:54

from fifty kilometers per second to

6:56

make it affects her make it

6:58

possible to one hundred kilometers per

7:01

second per make it perfect. In

7:03

other words, they differed by a

7:05

factor of two two groups of

7:07

astronomers who were both convinced they

7:09

were right but that that that.

7:11

Values were so far apart

7:13

they could never be reconciled,

7:16

And it turned out when

7:18

the Hubble Telescope did it

7:20

work and measured not expansion.

7:22

Devalue was almost exactly the

7:24

average of those two fifty

7:27

and one hundred seventy three

7:29

kilometers per second per mag

7:31

percent. And that is now

7:33

he accepted value coming from

7:35

the Hubble Space Telescope. And

7:38

however, The. Problem is

7:40

that there are other ways

7:42

of measuring the Hubble Constant

7:45

and they involve looking back

7:47

at the Cosmic Microwave background

7:50

radiation. Which

7:52

is an early as you

7:54

know. We've talked about it

7:56

many times before. It means

7:58

we're looking so. Far in space

8:00

that we're looking so far back in

8:03

time that we're seeing back to a

8:05

time when the universe was still luminous

8:07

where he being actively the that the

8:09

that the last vestiges of the flesh

8:11

of the Big bang and and in

8:13

fact some with were looking back to

8:15

within about three hundred eighty thousand years

8:18

of the the been Now that cosmic

8:20

microwave background radiation I call it the

8:22

cosmic wallpaper cause it's behind everything else

8:24

that we see in the universe was

8:26

also because he's got patterns on it

8:28

like oh old fashioned. Wallpaper often

8:31

did of those persons ah

8:33

caused by actually acoustic oscillations

8:35

within the the fireball of

8:38

the universe to a slightly

8:40

warmer and slightly cooler zones

8:43

On that that Cosmic Microwave

8:45

background radiation. By studying know

8:48

who's you can arrive at

8:50

a value of the Hubble

8:53

constant. The

8:55

problem is. He doesn't agree

8:57

with the. Hubble. The

8:59

the message at the Hubble Telescope

9:01

used wishes to look at. I

9:03

didn't say this is to look

9:05

at that particular type of variables

9:07

succeed. variable stars which ah have

9:09

a known brightness. they are and

9:11

what we call standard candles and

9:13

so that gives his are those

9:15

Hubble Telescope observations gives you seventy

9:17

three kilometers per second per ninety

9:19

percent not looking at me. Cosmic.

9:22

Microwave background radiation you get sixty

9:24

seven kilometers per second per make

9:27

it possible and which is

9:29

a it's sort of almost at

9:31

ten percent difference not yet,

9:33

but getting on that way. So.

9:38

Ah that is what we call the

9:40

Hubble tension That is what were his

9:42

people that we are getting a different

9:45

answer and in a in a way

9:47

you know back in Nineteen Ninety when

9:49

the Hubble Telescope was launched people would

9:52

have to stick know that difference because

9:54

they would have said well you know

9:56

that near enough to tempted to for

9:58

us to know. What's going on?

10:01

but today where he? that era

10:03

which my peers t supervisor learned,

10:05

Professor Mark of Lumina that was

10:08

described as a an era of

10:10

precision cosmology. We are in an

10:12

era of precision cosmology. In other

10:15

words, we can measure these promises

10:17

much more accurately. The we have

10:19

a could before and so this

10:21

difference from the Cosmic Microwave Background

10:24

radiation sixty seven kilometers per second

10:26

with mega parsec to the Hubble

10:28

telescopes seventy three kilometers. Per second

10:31

delay. Perfect. That is a problem

10:33

and it's something that we would

10:35

like to understand and we don't

10:38

So that's the banks to her

10:40

is now. Enter the James Way

10:42

I noticed too and J W

10:45

S T wish we are as

10:47

I'm sure many people were hoping

10:49

would absolutely and solve this problem

10:52

and say okay at this is

10:54

exactly what's happening and that didn't

10:56

happen. Since the

10:58

folks that didn't want what the

11:01

to dead the James Webb Space

11:03

Telescope has done is come from

11:06

the Hubble telescope value they flew

11:08

that the same. So this the

11:10

same stars they've loot with a

11:13

much bigger telescope than the Hubble

11:15

penetrated much further into space. Because.

11:18

It's have been a big a

11:20

mirror and what they get is

11:22

the same answer. And and by

11:24

the way this is research led

11:27

by at a recent Johns Hopkins

11:29

University. he was one of the

11:31

three people who got the Nobel

11:33

Prize for the discover in the

11:36

expansion the accelerated expansion of the

11:38

universe As so he's nuts. Somebody

11:40

you know that you can with

11:42

your space research is top ranked

11:44

research done on the top rank

11:47

telescopes and. It basically gives the

11:49

same answer. In fact, not basically. it

11:51

is exactly the same answer. Seventy three

11:53

kilometers per second per mag. Perfect as

11:56

the Hubble Telescope did. A what they're

11:58

doing is the using. They

12:00

are a combination of these

12:02

suffered variable stars and another

12:04

distance indicator which we call

12:06

type one a supernova eat.

12:08

these are exploding stars the

12:10

always wind up with the

12:12

same maximum brightness from so

12:14

you can you could describe

12:16

these types of stars a

12:19

standard candles that because say

12:21

they are luminous and they

12:23

have a standard brightness and

12:25

you can he can describe

12:27

the work done on the

12:29

Cosmic Microwave. Background Radiation as being

12:31

the standard rulers because you're measuring

12:33

the separation of hot and cold

12:36

spots on the Cosmic Microwave background

12:38

radiation. A A A glow itself

12:40

ah and standard of so we

12:42

describe those a stand to do

12:44

this because they are telling with

12:46

we kind of know what those

12:49

separations ought to be. We can

12:51

measure how they lose. Somebody.

12:54

Has suggested. The

12:56

possibility of a technique called

12:58

standard Sirens and I've come

13:00

across that term before, but

13:03

I liked it very much.

13:05

It's where you can use

13:07

gravitational waves. So

13:10

ah, using gravitational waves and

13:12

I guess the standards are

13:14

in just because they they

13:16

do that but actively the

13:18

same frequency ranges set. This

13:20

audio wastes a standard Sirens

13:22

from Gravitational waves might one

13:24

day help. To resolve this problem

13:27

but at the moments. We

13:29

simply don't have accurate enough values. The

13:31

Ira bars are too big a so

13:33

we don't have a secure enough values

13:35

to use the standard siren method to

13:37

resolve the issue, but that might be

13:39

the way goes at the moment. Knob

13:42

Ascension remains with us and we don't

13:44

know what the expansion rate of the

13:46

universe is. Well.

13:48

Near we we we know to

13:50

numbers. this is it. Reasonable to

13:53

numbers but we don't know which

13:55

ones rise to fear site. The

13:57

James Webb confirming the data from

13:59

Hobbled does not absolutely guarantee that

14:02

that number is right. The other

14:04

numbers sixty seven kilometers per make

14:06

a pass x which was based

14:09

on the a Barrier acoustic oscillation

14:11

as theory. Our evidence that the

14:13

difference is six ah which is

14:15

a big number in in a

14:18

in in an era as you

14:20

said were, accuracy is. Becoming

14:23

the norm, You.

14:26

Can throw you on the spot. He friend

14:28

you have any theories about what's the difference?

14:30

Mcveigh why. Exists some it is the

14:33

big is probably a dumb question though ass because

14:35

no one knows the answer. No,

14:37

but what I mean. One

14:39

possible answer is really in

14:41

trading and that's. You

14:44

know there is there a phenomenon? a play

14:46

that we don't yet? Understand or

14:48

know about new physics. The universe might

14:50

not be as we think it is.

14:53

We've got this very neat and tidy

14:55

views of the universe, sunsets of philly,

14:57

ambitious things would you think that is

15:00

talking about a whole universe? We

15:03

might have neglected something that we

15:05

have not yet discovered. You.

15:08

Know. That. Certainly a

15:10

basic series or or correct

15:12

relativity works perfectly. Quantum theory

15:14

works perfectly. And

15:17

but they themselves are not reconcile

15:19

double so that that's another attention

15:21

as well. But the the hubble

15:23

tensions made come down to something

15:25

that we just have not. Discovered.

15:28

Yet and when we do, he

15:30

might change ah view of the

15:32

universe. Markedly new physics

15:34

if I put it that way. Physics

15:36

that we don't yet understand. I could

15:38

open the door to all kinds of

15:40

different things. extra dimensions, all sorts of

15:42

things of that song, so it's very

15:45

exciting. Any so, where the several tensions,

15:47

the plugin to keep from chipping away

15:49

at it until we get an answer

15:51

and somebody have come along with a

15:53

theory that has a how what is

15:55

there was a fist I mention than

15:57

they did this to the other four

15:59

am. Yeah. That. Could be the

16:01

answer, but we don't know yet. Okay, Let

16:05

me throw a curveball. I am just

16:07

because you don't know when my having

16:09

it all adds to it's had inner

16:12

Cities accountable, but that if if we

16:14

do find some new piece of information

16:16

that answers the question, could that then

16:18

put a dent in Einstein's theory of

16:21

Relativity? And. It

16:25

was equally yeah. I always thought

16:27

he was wrong. He always wanted

16:29

to be to revamp. Yeah, so

16:31

and yet as yes, all tests

16:33

improvement in right? Yes, with a

16:35

very high degree of precision. Man

16:37

so hunts what it might show,

16:40

says that's Einstein's Relativity is only

16:42

part of the story. act in

16:44

a in a similar way to

16:46

Einstein's theory of Relativity that the

16:48

General Theory which is all about

16:50

Gravity that showed that Newton's Theory

16:52

was only part of the story.

16:54

Newton's theory was really really well.

16:57

until you get into high gravitational

16:59

fields and that doesn't work a

17:01

tool. but you didn't have a

17:03

high gravitational fields and it works

17:05

really well. But and and it's

17:07

well enough that it is telling

17:09

us. Part. A story. It's

17:11

another complete story. Maybe the same is

17:14

true with General Relativity with Einstein's theory

17:16

that it's tunes past the story, but

17:18

not complete thing. One

17:20

more point out with Hubble tension, somebody

17:22

is going to ask the question as

17:25

to whether or not the influence could

17:27

be dark energy or.matter of both eyes

17:29

that a possibilities. Well, they're all taken

17:31

into account in the concerns of fifteen

17:34

a week. We do know about them,

17:36

but they're all taken into a cast.

17:38

Sorry lot know that somebody with the

17:40

answer suffer for it is that when

17:42

I phone back on after I stopped

17:45

ringing anyway so. Fair.

17:50

Enough for dummies that? well it.

17:52

it's. It's

17:55

it's one of those questions. It

17:57

will remain mysterious until somebody some.

18:00

Where he will probably win a

18:02

Nobel prize. Come the up with

18:04

that light bulb moment for possibly

18:06

a stained could stand it candle

18:08

moment promotes I will will have

18:11

to wait and states and with

18:13

the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation diminishing

18:15

or assume it's diminishing will come

18:17

a time with we can't rely

18:19

on that anymore. And.

18:23

It is diminishing in the

18:25

sense that, ah, that. That.

18:29

Radiation that we see that sort of wall

18:31

of radiation which is what it is that

18:33

is that see moving away from us of

18:35

the speed of light. But

18:39

ah, And. And and

18:41

over time those patterns what we

18:43

call the burial it caustic oscillations

18:45

which you refer to the patterns

18:47

in the in the wallpaper. they

18:49

will change but we talking about

18:52

millions if not billions of years

18:54

ago that a bit of time

18:56

the southeast. He suggests that with

18:58

we we've got time to work

19:00

on the under a rock sounds

19:02

good, not going to when we

19:04

need it's Bs some fancy digs.

19:08

If you'd like to read up on that story, it

19:10

is a really fascinating. Raid it's our

19:12

science alert.com space nuts and

19:14

Er doctor He He weighs

19:17

Professor Fred Watson's. Something

19:22

if know it's easy to get our

19:24

think the best price online. Arsenal

19:27

manager has offices on my mom.

19:30

Court has he has no the

19:32

cycle. Animals is

19:34

evil, the assholes lowest from on

19:37

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Restriction supply. See site for details. Space

20:23

Months now. friend to a discovery

20:25

that has been confirmed in there

20:28

Will Be No Doubt And that

20:30

is a major announcement at the

20:32

fifty fifth Lunar and Palette Pat

20:35

Planetary Science Conference in Texas. The

20:37

other guys ah that they have

20:39

discovered a new volcano beyond earth

20:42

and not surprisingly, it's on Mars.

20:44

It's a monster. And

20:48

Spain in our face. All this time we

20:50

just haven't really noticed. It's probably due to.

20:52

Weathering more erosion. one of your

20:55

Nicholas that.yes a new was not

20:57

new but new to us you

20:59

volcano and mass. Yeah,

21:01

we. I mean We We know

21:04

of several volcanoes of Mars and

21:06

including the. The. Highest mountain

21:08

in the solar system, Olympus

21:10

Mons twenty three kilometers high

21:12

above the the planes of

21:14

Mars, a huge huge volcano.

21:16

Ah and this new discovery

21:18

which I'm a I just

21:21

mentioned at the beginning of

21:23

our chat about it is

21:25

Certs is by Doctor possible

21:27

he has a fantasy scientists

21:29

with the Seti Institute ah

21:31

and also the Miles Institute

21:33

based at Nasa Ames and

21:35

he is the lead author.

21:37

Of the study.

21:39

Ah so what?

21:41

Ah, Pasco

21:44

and and his colleagues

21:46

have done is. Loots,

21:49

Arts, many. Have

21:52

what you michael aerial photos

21:54

of Mars. The

21:56

He the Lived does the

21:58

images imagery taken from orbiting

22:01

spacecraft of which there have

22:03

been many since Marina Nine,

22:05

Nineteen Seventy One. I

22:08

am combined it with the

22:10

radar measurements the basically measurements

22:12

of the height of the

22:14

features on mars is surface

22:16

which have come from other

22:18

said spacecraft. Mars Express is

22:20

one that so got gods

22:22

her radar a bonus the

22:24

European so them sorry the

22:26

European Space Agency's a spacecraft

22:28

most express another suits to

22:30

the the built up a

22:32

topographic map of miles and

22:35

what this looks at is

22:37

a region which. Is called

22:39

knocked. His labyrinth is so

22:41

lebron to ah under nine

22:43

consider ways a labyrinth of

22:45

features. And basically

22:47

features of the night. I guess

22:49

because sir, not this is what

22:52

that means. I'm. So.

22:54

It's a it's some centrally

22:56

yeah I'm a director. What

22:59

you might call a tangled

23:01

area of geology, the labyrinth

23:03

of the night named back

23:05

in the early days of

23:08

Mars exploration and but at

23:10

so. It is easy

23:12

to see why people have

23:15

missed this but when this

23:17

group of scientists have looked

23:19

in detail at a church

23:21

service to the end of

23:24

for notice a labyrinth us

23:26

they find a basically all

23:28

the symptoms symptomatic structure of

23:30

a volcano ah an arc

23:33

of of me says it's

23:35

have raised hills a bit

23:37

which slowed down hill away

23:39

from the high area. The

23:42

summit area and this extends

23:44

out more than two hundred

23:46

kilometers away from what they

23:49

actually. The speculate was

23:51

the cold air of the the volcanic vents.

23:54

Probably once. containing.

23:56

A Lava lake A We see

23:58

lava lake satisfy. Jupiter's moon

24:01

ios a week we can

24:03

see their effects said they

24:05

real so we think that

24:07

this saw this scientists think

24:09

that the still zero on

24:11

this new volcano are newly

24:13

discovered volcano also contained a

24:15

lava like it is being

24:18

pulled. The

24:21

the not to spokane know that

24:23

sir the name that is being

24:25

given to it because it is

24:27

so. Close to

24:30

the not to slither into so

24:32

region of fantastic discovery. Really extraordinary

24:34

isn't it? Yeah it is. And

24:36

it's a it's a big one

24:38

is over nine thousand meters in

24:40

high than a diameter of four

24:42

hundred and fifty kilometers or two

24:44

hundred ninety miles and eight of

24:46

them. Speak. American. Twenty nine

24:48

thousand, six hundred, Yeah,

24:50

I'm. From. New sea

24:52

level as opposed to use it to

24:55

the summit to so call it sea

24:57

level en masse. Know it's got some

24:59

weird name like the standard Dayton or

25:01

something like that, but the essence he

25:03

said he was what had simple. Standard

25:07

measurement and see A and

25:10

dumb says it's funny though

25:12

because some. Curiously,

25:14

are you know the northern hemisphere

25:17

of Mars is is generally speaking

25:19

below That. And.

25:22

We think that the northern hemisphere of mouse

25:24

once other and ocean in it and so

25:26

that datum is probably not far off what

25:28

would have been sea levels and. Even

25:31

though the see gone but the but the

25:33

you know the standard is the sites so

25:36

is yes that that's the bottom line. wait

25:38

we measure any trouble upset and in fact

25:40

I think in this case is probably not

25:42

the local typography. it's an all of this

25:45

volcano, the newly discovered one and. The.

25:48

Major for other volcanoes that's er

25:50

en masse. It

25:52

including Olympus Mons which is on

25:55

the edge of this area but

25:57

the some answer three other ones

25:59

public. The smog. Listen to

26:01

to more they are in

26:04

a region that called of

26:06

Tarsus A the sauces rise.tosses

26:08

depending on how you with

26:10

you correctly pronouncing it on

26:12

us it's It's a high

26:15

profile little region and. That.

26:18

The thinking is that this was

26:20

a sort of bounds caused by

26:22

magnetic pressure underneath that gave rise

26:25

to the sauce is rise and

26:27

the volcano's have popped out through

26:29

that limpets monjeza the edge. But

26:32

notice of the not you notice

26:34

volcanoes is also on that high

26:36

high ground region so it's it's

26:39

fairly you do it justice fairly.

26:42

Good place to look if you're gonna

26:44

try and find to do volcano. This

26:47

region where the suppose probably cause my

26:49

my mustique pressure is a good place

26:51

to move of is a curious thing

26:53

about me as is that it's at

26:55

one end of the some valleys met

26:57

them Marineris south Acquiesce I noticed that

26:59

correct to as if I was don't

27:01

bring that up it's it's quite a

27:03

fascinating bad part of the atlantic around

27:05

this is randy Ecuadorian ratings are a

27:07

life and not even valets mariner as

27:09

you got the new volcano you got

27:11

a string of three. Years and

27:13

to the west and then Olympus Mons

27:16

on the internet regime it's It's a

27:18

really amazing area it is that tries

27:20

to funny Smart marinara, the marina valleys.

27:24

Biggest terms: Canyons in the Solar System as

27:26

far as we know. about six years you

27:28

center at one end of it the it

27:30

makes it look very much as though. You

27:34

know, Back. In the times

27:36

when Miles was warm and wet,

27:38

water flowed one way or the

27:40

other and probably away from the

27:42

not is volcano a down to

27:44

Us regions in the Northern hemisphere.

27:46

Months to go with the building

27:48

up a picture of that's the

27:51

only geography of mass and it

27:53

would have been quite spectacular with

27:55

the volcano's and gigantic current standings.

27:57

a a one time to be

27:59

out and buy a house with

28:01

a camera system and yeah, absolutely.

28:03

The other interesting thing that's come

28:05

up in this story is that

28:08

and glacial ice and yet they're

28:10

already talking about this new discovery

28:12

being a potential location for landing

28:14

zone because of some of the

28:16

potential resources in and what other

28:18

information might be able to be

28:20

gained from the kinds of things

28:23

that some you might discover. Yes,

28:25

it's already identified as the possible

28:27

landing sites are there, but you're

28:29

right sense. And this sense I

28:31

feel ice is thought to lie

28:33

underneath some of the volcanic because

28:36

it's. So you know it's

28:38

probably pre days or the volcanic

28:40

activity. That means it's going by

28:42

almost to the dawn of the

28:44

solar system. Three Point Eight. Three

28:46

Point Nine. Thirty four billion years

28:48

ago. Really extraordinary

28:50

yeah, extraordinary him and discoveries that

28:53

route fantastic work by this team

28:55

of scientists they've They've identified all

28:57

kinds of volcanic features you know,

29:00

the since other stuff that sense

29:02

he gets of things called ruthless

29:04

cones which harm them. Basically.

29:07

Mounds that us around a

29:09

volcano the this is Tim

29:11

Ferris lava flows, pyroclastic deposits

29:13

us so all that you

29:15

know the the the rock

29:17

and and dust that comes

29:19

out of a volcano. ah

29:21

with we hear about pyroclastic

29:23

clothes on the it's on

29:25

on our own planet a

29:27

very very dangerous because they've

29:29

got carbon dioxide is well

29:31

in the atmosphere the can't

29:33

breathe in the but this

29:35

I cinders promise. All sorts

29:37

of stuff coming down and it's all

29:40

there in this region around the knocked

29:42

his for kind of so to purpose

29:44

of working thing. Indeed,

29:47

yet send out with a raid

29:49

it. Catch that story at the

29:51

fees.org website out that see end

29:54

of this sub particular program and

29:56

don't forget that if you would

29:58

like to. Wow! Follow up

30:01

at any time. Jump on our

30:03

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30:05

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30:21

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30:23

turns out that don't really understand

30:26

it better or comes down to

30:28

statistics in the and. Ah

30:30

and Fred that brings us to the and

30:32

thank you so much Ah to Pleasure Andrew

30:34

You haven't done the pointing down to the

30:37

button there but the Us when you press

30:39

yes I'm somewhat see a very good this.

30:42

I'll see you next time. Maybe a to

30:44

do with Isis in some time. Again,

30:49

It's very possible minutes I think.

30:51

Your assistant. Professor

30:53

Fred what's that astronomer? A large power? same

30:56

here at that Space Nuts and hoping it

30:58

can join us on our cue and I

31:00

episode coming up very very soon and thanks

31:02

to you in a studio for what I

31:05

do not know, but thanks anyway and will

31:07

catch on the next episode of Space Nuts.

31:09

Until then. I'm I. Have

31:17

my little an apple podcasts modify

31:19

I had radio and pull your

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favorite podcast plan you can also

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