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1:00

Space Time, Series 27 Episode 52, for broadcast on 29

1:02

April 2024. Coming

1:08

up on Space Time. Stardust

1:10

from a supernova confirms a new

1:12

type of star. Good news

1:15

for NASA with the historic

1:17

Voyager 1 spacecraft finally phoning

1:19

home. And New Zealand's Electron

1:21

rocket launches NASA's new solar

1:24

sail satellite. All that

1:26

and more coming up on Space Time.

1:30

Welcome to Space Time with

1:32

Stuart Gary. Welcome

1:50

to Space Time with Stuart Gary. in

2:00

the Astrophysical Journal claims the tiny

2:02

particle was created in an only

2:05

recently discovered type of hydrogen-burning supernova

2:07

which exploded long before our solar

2:09

system was even born. The

2:12

discovery by Nicole Neville and colleagues

2:14

from Curtin University was made after

2:17

the authors identified grains with an

2:19

unusual isotopic composition. Most

2:21

meteorites that arrive on Earth are composed

2:23

of material that formed in our solar

2:25

system out of the protoplanetary disk which

2:28

also formed the Sun and planets 4.6

2:30

billion years ago. But

2:33

occasionally, such as with this sample,

2:35

meteorites can also contain tiny particles

2:37

known as pre-solar grains. These

2:40

originate from stars which were born,

2:42

lived and died long before the

2:44

Sun came into existence. Clues

2:47

that these particles are relics from other

2:49

stars are found by analysing the different

2:51

types of elements inside them. To

2:53

do this, the authors used a technique

2:56

called atom probe tomography. This

2:58

analyzes the particle and reconstructs

3:00

its mineral composition at an

3:02

atomic scale, revealing hidden information

3:05

within. Neville says

3:07

these particles are like celestial time capsules

3:09

providing a snapshot into the life of

3:11

their parent star. You see

3:13

minerals created in our solar system

3:15

have very predictable ratios of certain isotopes

3:18

that is variants of elements with different

3:20

numbers of neutrons. However,

3:22

this sample has a ratio of magnesium

3:24

isotopes that is very distinct from anything

3:27

in our solar system. That

3:29

means its origins had to be interstellar.

3:32

The studies co-author Phil Bland from Curtin

3:35

School of Earth and Planetary Sciences

3:37

says the results were literally off

3:39

the charts. The most

3:41

extreme magnesium isotope ratio from previous

3:43

studies of pre-solar grains was about

3:47

But the grain in this sample has a value of 3025,

3:50

the highest ever recorded. This

3:54

exceptionally high isotopic ratio can only be

3:56

explained by its formation in a recently

3:58

discovered type of study. star, known

4:00

as the hydrogen-burning supernova. Hydrogen-burning

4:04

supernovae are the remnants of a type

4:06

of star that has only recently been

4:08

discovered at about the same time as

4:10

the authors were analyzing their meteorite sample.

4:13

The atom probe has therefore provided a

4:15

new level of detail, hoping astronomers understand

4:18

how these stars are formed. Bland

4:20

says new discoveries from studying rare

4:23

particles in meteorites are enabling scientists

4:25

to gain fresh insights in the

4:27

newly discovered cosmic events well beyond

4:29

our solar system. Bland

4:31

says it's quite amazing to think that

4:33

atomic scale measurements carried out in the

4:35

lab in Perth could be linked to

4:38

a recently discovered previously unknown type of

4:40

star deep in the cosmos. This

4:42

is the work that a former

4:44

PhD student has done the cold

4:47

level and she was a graduate

4:49

at Curtin University both degree and

4:51

PhD. What she's done here is

4:53

look at very ancient meteorites, ones

4:55

that are really quite well preserved

4:57

but not an awful lot happened

5:00

on the asteroids that they come from in

5:02

terms of the geology. There

5:05

are grains in rare meteorites that

5:07

actually come from other stars before

5:09

the solar system forms. It's

5:12

kind of the last trace of the

5:14

pre-person material that was the cloud of

5:16

dust and gas that then the

5:19

sun and the planets formed from.

5:21

What she's done is used these

5:23

really amazing high resolution techniques to

5:25

study and found this one grain

5:27

that is pretty unique that actually

5:29

comes from a type of star

5:32

that was only

5:34

recently discovered by astronomical

5:36

techniques. It's really

5:38

fascinating. This type of star

5:40

is called a hydrogen supernova. Tell me

5:43

about it. Yes. It's

5:45

really, we don't know an awful lot actually. One

5:48

Of the things that we

5:50

get from pre-solar grains is

5:52

the ability to complement the

5:54

astronomy by establishing details of

5:57

the chemistry and the isotopic

5:59

composition. You know what's going on

6:01

in a star? what's going on in

6:04

a supernova the only get so much

6:06

from astronomy so being able to kind

6:08

of have a little pieces that in

6:11

the lab means that you can then

6:13

soon a lot of you models about

6:15

what's happening in those stars. you're in

6:18

a supernova and so it's crazy. but

6:20

you can actually use hundred micro know

6:22

smaller drains to give you information about

6:25

galactic habitually release. So the to think

6:27

that I'm fascinated by is really trying

6:29

to. Get at if he thinks

6:31

is all of the sources for

6:34

all of the ingredients that was

6:36

there in the cloud of dust

6:38

and gas that than contributed said

6:40

the material in our solar system.

6:42

One of those was one of

6:44

these hydrogen burning supernova and it'll

6:46

be really fascinate now to sign

6:49

or I was that kind of

6:51

local to that occurred locally in

6:53

our region of the galaxy just

6:55

before or during a crease and

6:57

as those stars or was it

6:59

like. Previous generation was it kind

7:01

of in l a long time

7:03

before and that cloud and just

7:06

kind of accumulate. It's from several

7:08

previous generations of stars so that's

7:10

a thing now that colleagues and

7:12

hundred doesn't. As the solar system

7:14

moves through the Milky Way, we're

7:16

currently in what's called a local

7:18

bubble and that looks and bubble

7:20

is thought to be created by

7:22

a supernova explosions bright and a

7:24

it's I think the more that

7:26

we are finding really about I

7:28

knows how dynamics star. Formation was

7:30

and planet formation almost as like a

7:33

compliment of star formation and me when

7:35

I was doing Ideology University so years

7:37

ago and at that time we didn't

7:39

even know if they will other planets

7:42

and the universe and so maybe the

7:44

solar system is it. And then there

7:46

was some words me I guess is

7:48

system wide it's it's a favorite of

7:51

have right exactly and so ran out.

7:53

Our estimates are that they would probably

7:55

more plus in the milky Way the

7:58

there are stars were sisters remarkable. Like

8:00

you say, it's you at the Milky

8:02

Way as this flight dynamics and viral

8:05

much work in a we're in a

8:07

bubble here, a supernova, her and stuff

8:09

on my son is this really complicated,

8:11

very dynamic situation. It's not like a

8:13

creep, one star in a quiet little

8:16

place. there are dozens and dozens of

8:18

stars are treating in there and coming

8:20

together and in the same region and

8:22

have close gravitational approaches to one another

8:24

and and the disks around them to

8:27

get stripped off and swap terms of

8:29

sudden we. Go. There was a snake

8:31

and dynamic that whole processes as we

8:33

told him as a growing body of

8:36

evidence suggesting that our own sun and

8:38

solar system was triggered into being by

8:40

another supernova that just provided enough soccerex

8:42

molecular gas and dust cloud to collapse

8:45

that sprite. Unless it's in a we

8:47

don't know, it's it's it's very. That's

8:49

been around for quite awhile and every

8:51

now and then in a week or

8:54

maybe a little bit more evidence for

8:56

that known as evidence against the well.

8:58

We certainly knowledge that that environment blake

9:01

as I was really dynamic. can you

9:03

will have had stars that with soul

9:05

mate and then we're going through and

9:07

the one large and going from a

9:10

life cycle to was much much quicker,

9:12

much faster than the one that at

9:14

Astoria. Is it a now we can

9:16

actually look at star forming regions and

9:19

kind of people of sodas track back

9:21

stars that have come from different regions

9:23

sheath you can see how well those

9:25

are just kind of endorse from their

9:28

formation reach serve as a whole. lives

9:30

or area of study now producer

9:32

at like assays late the galaxy

9:34

is really dynamic system and the

9:36

specific free sona grains that your

9:38

team's been looking at they have

9:40

high levels of magnesium isotopes dry

9:43

and so the ways that a

9:45

long time ago xp novel or

9:47

go for most of my time

9:49

as a planet scientists people would

9:51

sign priests whole grains by basically

9:53

dissolving an awful lot of rock

9:55

and then just leaving the really

9:57

hard to really tough minerals that

10:00

were often work pre-solar grains that were

10:02

diamond and silicon carbide, things that wouldn't

10:04

react with acid. But more recently, over

10:06

the last sort of 15 years or

10:08

so, 20 years maybe, we've

10:11

had techniques that are able to see

10:13

isotopic anomalies in situ. It's like you

10:16

have a microscope and you can see

10:18

the variation in isotopes in a rock

10:20

as you scan over an area in

10:22

a meteorite. And what those anomalies are

10:24

basically saying is on a diagram of

10:27

one isotope of an element versus another,

10:29

everything in the solar system clusters

10:31

around really a small area. It's

10:34

like we've kind of exchanged all

10:36

these elements with everything else over

10:38

the history of the solar system.

10:40

And now, there's very little variation

10:42

and you'll see these other grains

10:44

that have tremendous isotopic anomalies that

10:46

just you cannot get from anything

10:48

occurring in the solar system. And

10:50

that's how we identify pre-solar grain.

10:52

The ability to do it in

10:54

situ and then to extract that

10:56

material and then study that in

10:58

detail is much more recent. And

11:00

the stuff that Nicole is really doing

11:02

is right on the cutting edge both

11:05

analytically in the techniques that she's using

11:07

and in interpretation. And

11:09

that's where atom probe tomography comes

11:11

in. Exactly. And this is an

11:13

amazing technique. So what happens there

11:15

is you find a grain that

11:17

you're looking for in a rock

11:20

and then you use a technique

11:22

to basically sample a thin wafer.

11:24

By thin, I just mean it's

11:26

like tens of microns across and

11:28

then you shake that into a

11:30

needle which is even smaller and then

11:32

you put that into the atom probe

11:35

and a laser basically decomposes that. But

11:37

as it's doing that, you are measuring

11:39

both the position and the isotopic composition

11:41

of each atom that comes off or

11:43

the mass of each atom that comes

11:46

off. And so what you end up

11:48

with is actually a 3D model of

11:50

the position and composition of every atom

11:52

that has come off this object. So

11:54

you kind of destroy this tiny needle

11:57

in the probe. but then you get

11:59

an amazing kind of 3D model that

12:01

you can kind of rotate on the

12:03

screen and you can see there is

12:05

variation in a tiny over tiny area.

12:08

You can actually see that in the

12:10

model that you've generated and yeah that's

12:12

what she's been really pioneering in the

12:14

study of me track. So the laser

12:16

is is evaporating the sample. Does it

12:19

do it layer by layer or atom

12:21

by atom or does it go for

12:23

the specific atoms first like it first

12:25

grabs ones which have maybe fewer electrons

12:27

or fewer neutrons?

12:30

Yeah, so it doesn't do that.

12:32

Basically, it's kind of counting everything

12:35

that comes off sort of irrespective

12:37

of... Exactly.

12:39

The fact that we're seeing so much

12:41

variation in these pre-solar grains, it shows

12:43

there's an awful lot of mixing going

12:45

on in our part of the galaxy.

12:47

Absolutely. And I think this is part

12:50

of when we get into the sort

12:52

of the study, you know for planetary

12:54

scientists and what is the nature of

12:56

planets in our solar system is that

12:58

you can really only make these sort

13:00

of objects after kind of multiple generations

13:03

of star formation where you're kind of

13:05

building heavier elements in the atmospheres of

13:07

stars and stars and supernovae and so

13:10

you actually need multiple generations of star

13:12

formation and then you accrete the material

13:14

from the previous generation and then you

13:17

cut that up and to

13:19

get an abundance of those heavy elements.

13:21

So that kind of, you know generation

13:24

after generation after generation and

13:26

mixing as well is an inherent part

13:29

of star formation and planet

13:31

formation. So it takes 280 million

13:33

years for our Sun and solar

13:35

system to make one complete orbit

13:37

around the Milky Way galaxy. But

13:39

it isn't just going around the

13:41

black hole. It's also going up

13:43

and down through the width of

13:45

the galaxy itself through the disk.

13:47

Yes, that is true. We also

13:49

migrate through spiral arms, which is

13:51

fascinating isn't it? Well the fascinating

13:53

thing is the density of those

13:55

spiral arms doesn't change as the

13:57

stars move through them. Yeah. This

13:59

is where dark matter starts to

14:01

come into the whole. Yes, exactly.

14:03

And so you know the idea

14:05

that we're at the galaxy that

14:08

we see is really just one

14:10

element of the galaxy as it

14:12

truly exists. It's gorgeous. Yeah. That's

14:14

Professor Phil Bland from Curtin University

14:16

School of Earth and Planetary Sciences.

14:18

And this is Space Time.

14:21

Still to come, celebrations at

14:23

the Jet Propulsion Laboratory after

14:25

NASA's historic Voyager 1 spacecraft

14:27

finally phones home. And New

14:29

Zealand's Electron rocket launches a

14:31

new NASA solar cell satellite

14:33

into orbit. All that and

14:35

more still to come on

14:37

Space Time. Ohio.

14:55

Ready for some good mental health facts?

14:58

Let's go. Nearly two million Ohioans live

15:00

with a mental health condition In the

15:02

U S. More than fifty percent of

15:04

people will be diagnosed with a mental

15:07

illness in their lifetime. Depression is a

15:09

leading cause of disability worldwide, so why

15:11

are some of us still stigmatising. People

15:13

living with a mental health condition. When

15:16

we know all of this, let's listen

15:18

to the facts and beat the stigma.

15:20

Ohio. Challenge what you know about mental health at

15:22

the The Stigma. Dot org. There

15:25

are celebrations at NASA today

15:27

with vital communications restored with

15:29

the agency's historic Voyager 1

15:31

spacecraft. The probe, which

15:33

is the most distant man-made object

15:35

in existence, lost normal communications with

15:37

mission managers back in November when

15:39

it suddenly started transmitting unusable gibberish

15:41

instead of the usual data about

15:44

its surrounding environment and the health

15:46

and status of its onboard systems.

15:49

Together with its sister spacecraft Voyager 2, which

15:51

launched two weeks earlier, Voyager 1 was launched

15:53

from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in

15:55

Florida 46 years ago. It's

15:58

launch date September the 5th 1977

16:01

and its mission was a grand

16:03

tour of the outer solar system.

16:06

You see a few years earlier, astronomers had

16:08

discovered that the planets were about to align

16:10

in such a way that a spacecraft could

16:12

use the gravity of one of the outer

16:15

planets as a slingshot, flinging itself to the

16:17

next planet and from there under the next

16:19

and so on. Amazingly,

16:21

this would allow the two voyages

16:23

to undertake a grand tour, visiting

16:25

the gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.

16:29

Voyager 1 would then head for the

16:31

edge of the solar system, eventually becoming

16:33

the first spacecraft to reach and explore

16:35

interstellar space and the galaxy beyond. Meanwhile,

16:38

Voyager 2 would continue its grand tour

16:40

of the solar system, visiting the ice

16:43

giants Uranus and Neptune, before it too

16:45

would leave the solar system travelling in

16:47

a different direction. Voyager

16:49

1 is now located more than 24.3 billion

16:52

km away, well beyond the boundary of

16:54

our solar system. It's

16:56

been in constant communications with mission

16:59

managers, reporting not just what the

17:01

surrounding space is like, but also

17:03

how its own systems are performing

17:05

more than four decades into its

17:07

journey. However, on November

17:10

14th last year, Voyager 1 began

17:12

sending unreadable data to mission managers

17:14

at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in

17:17

Pasadena, California. Mission

17:19

controllers could tell the 815 kg

17:21

spacecraft was still receiving their commands

17:23

and otherwise appear to be operating

17:25

normally. It took several

17:27

months of inventive sleuthing, but technicians

17:30

finally determined the problem was tied

17:32

to one of the spacecraft's three

17:34

major onboard computers called the Flight

17:36

Data Subsystem. It's responsible

17:38

for packaging the science and engineering

17:40

data before it's set onto earth.

17:43

The team discovered that a single chip

17:46

responsible for sorting a portion of the

17:48

computer's memory, including some of its software

17:50

code, had stopped working. And

17:52

the loss of that code had rendered the

17:55

science and engineering data unusable. Unable

17:57

To repair the chip, the team decided

17:59

to play. the affected go elsewhere in

18:01

the memory. Problem. Is most

18:03

single location aboard the spacecraft. Remember it's

18:05

forty six years old or two years

18:08

before that to build, so you're talking

18:10

about half a century he. The single

18:12

place was large enough to hold the

18:14

code in it's entirety. So.

18:16

Instead, Mrs. Manages devised a plan

18:18

to divide the affected carried into

18:20

sections and store these sections in

18:22

different places in the flight data

18:24

subsystem. Than. A make this time

18:26

work. they also needed to adjust these code

18:29

sections to ensure the they also function as

18:31

a whole. Any references to the

18:33

location of that code in other parts

18:35

of the flight data subsystem memory also

18:37

needed to be updated. The. Team

18:39

started by singling out the Ted responsible

18:42

for packaging the spacecraft into nearing data.

18:44

They. Sense that to a new location.

18:46

The memory on April the eighteenth, That.

18:49

A radio signal takes twenty two and a half

18:51

hours to reach towards you. went from earth. Then.

18:54

There's another twenty two and a half hours for

18:56

the return signal to come back to earth. Needless

18:59

to say, the way was

19:01

excruciating. But. When mission managers

19:03

finally heard the return signal from the

19:06

spacecraft on April the twentieth, they knew

19:08

their modification of worked. For. The

19:10

first time in five months have been

19:13

able to check the health and status.

19:15

the Voyager One spacecraft. That. Over

19:17

the next few ways the table

19:19

relocate and adjust other affected portions of

19:21

the flight data subsystem. Software Of these

19:24

include the portions that will start returning

19:26

fresh science data to Nasa. Effort

19:29

sister Pretzel to To Look continues

19:31

to operate normally. there are no

19:33

problems there. And. Together, the

19:35

two Voyager spacecraft remain the

19:37

longest running and most distant

19:39

spacecraft in history. This

19:42

space time. Still, The

19:44

Com Rocket Lab successfully launches an electron

19:46

rocket carrying messes, new experimental solar sail,

19:49

and all of us and later in

19:51

the science reports, a new study warns

19:53

that women with bracket geez you get

19:55

breast cancer within ten he's of giving

19:58

birth are more likely to. die.

20:01

All that and more still to come on

20:03

Space Time. Rocket

20:20

Lab has successfully launched an

20:22

electron rocket carrying NASA's new

20:25

ACS3 technology demonstrator experimental solar

20:27

sail into orbit. The

20:29

flight from Launch Complex 1 on

20:32

New Zealand's North Island's Mahaya Peninsula

20:34

will explore solar propulsion by deploying

20:36

a CubeSat into orbit around 1000

20:38

km above the Earth. Called the

20:41

beginning of the swarm mission it will

20:43

test the CubeSat's reflective solar sail's properties

20:45

with the pressure of photons from sunlight

20:47

alone comparable with the force of a

20:49

paperclip falling on the palm of your

20:52

hand will be used to manoeuvre the

20:54

satellite without engaging conventional rocket engines. Stage

20:56

1 and Space T-text are press to

20:58

fly. High flow engine, protein level. 10,

21:02

9, 8,

21:04

7, 5,

21:06

4, 3,

21:08

2, 1.

21:13

Stage 1 propulsion is nominal. The

21:16

beginning of the swarm has begun its

21:19

ride to space with that clean electron

21:21

liftoff from LC1. Electron's trajectory

21:23

will take it up and over the

21:25

South Pacific Ocean as it heads away

21:27

from the launch pad. Our first mission

21:29

milestone will be Max-Q otherwise known as

21:31

Maximum Aerodynamic Pressure which is the moment

21:33

where electron experiences the most amount of

21:35

stress as it climbs through the atmosphere.

21:38

We're coming up on that moment now

21:40

and expecting to hear the call for

21:42

Max-Q shortly. That is electron clear through Max-Q

21:44

with the rocket now at 15km in altitude

21:46

and moving at

21:52

over 2200kmh. Next

21:55

up, Electron will perform

21:57

three actions that are only seconds

21:59

apart. The first code maker or main

22:01

engine cut off and this is wendy

22:03

nine inches at the bottom of the

22:05

rocket their shut off in preparation for

22:08

the second step in that movie called

22:10

out as stage separation when the first

22:12

stage of electrons separate from a second

22:14

and fourth back to earth. Now the

22:16

third call out after separation should be

22:18

sick and stage engine ignition when they

22:20

single vacuum optimized rather than engine fires

22:22

up to maintain the missions. Costs are

22:24

low. Earth Orbit Sisters. Are

22:27

Not. A.

22:32

Year. Ago that was me. Third say to

22:34

sit horizon and engines.on the second stage

22:36

beginning of the swarm is now over one

22:39

hundred kilometers above earth. pass the com and

22:41

line and moving at more than eight thousand

22:43

kilometers an hour. The next missing milestone is

22:45

fearing jettison or separation of the know the

22:48

current pairing Citizen is now completely free. Drop

22:50

both are going home early and for the

22:52

most in the not needed for satellite or

22:55

tix and anymore now that way through Earth's

22:57

atmosphere. that did White is gone and the

22:59

mission is now a step closer to our

23:01

first Taylor deployment. At five hundred and

23:03

twenty kilometers. Not before deploying. This is

23:06

Solar. so the mission deployed South Korea's mere

23:08

set one is observation settlers. it will five

23:10

hundred and twenty two and made a high.

23:12

All this. Year so ones

23:14

equipped with a high resolution optical camera

23:17

which is paired with artificial intelligence in

23:19

order to provide critical data for disaster

23:21

relief. We. Have a couple of minutes

23:24

to go until L next and this

23:26

and milestone in that will be the

23:28

battery hot swap on the second stage

23:30

currently expected to take place at the

23:32

T plus six minutes. Twenty six month

23:34

right now though electrons second stage is

23:36

continuing along nicely through our target effigy

23:38

of five hundred and twenty kilometers for

23:40

Elses payload. the Plymouth focused. This

23:43

cause. satellite is the first up

23:45

to eleven satellites planned by the in

23:47

which will help to increase the programs

23:49

observation rights of once every two to

23:51

three days to three to four times

23:53

daily alex on a still progressing smoothly

23:56

three flights and all remains healthy with

23:58

christ and nasa satellite The NASA

24:00

payload packed into the small satellite are

24:02

composite booms that will unfurl once the

24:05

payload is deployed, much like how a

24:07

butterfly's wings emerge from its cocoon. Following

24:10

two months of subsystem checks and

24:12

verifications, the CubeSat will execute a

24:14

series of maneuvers in order to

24:16

demonstrate potential attitude adjustments using nothing

24:18

but the solar sails. The

24:21

project designed to test more

24:23

cost-effective missions using solar sail

24:25

propulsion for early warning systems,

24:27

space weather monitoring and exploratory

24:29

missions to asteroids, destinations like

24:31

the Moon and Mars. Solar

24:34

sails have been tried in orbit before with

24:36

varying degrees of success. These

24:39

ones use new materials and deployable structures

24:41

and are comparable in area to that

24:43

of a small apartment. This

24:45

satellite will test how the pressure of sunlight

24:48

pushing against its sails moves the satellite around.

24:50

The closer to the sun, the better to

24:52

test its solar sail technology, hence the reason

24:54

for this mission requirement of a much higher

24:57

orbit than the primary payload on Electron today.

25:00

T plus 5 minutes 32 seconds and

25:03

our launch operator's next call-out will be

25:05

for the battery hot swap. Our rocket

25:07

engine's pump is battery powered and since

25:09

it's been flying for a while now,

25:11

its power source is starting to run

25:13

low. So, to keep the engine and

25:16

the mission going, Electron's engine power system

25:18

swaps to a new battery pack for

25:20

fresh and continuous energy supply to the

25:22

electric pumps. The old set of

25:24

batteries will be discarded and

25:27

as confirmed by mission control, battery hot

25:29

swap has been completed for the second

25:31

stage Rutherford engine. Propulsion remains nominal and

25:34

the mission is continuing on its journey

25:36

to that first Taylor deployment with KAIST

25:38

and Neon Set 1. Now of

25:40

course, once Neon Set 1 is deployed, that is

25:42

only the first of two satellites to be released

25:44

on this mission. Electron is

25:46

also carrying NASA's Advanced Composite Solar Sail

25:49

System satellite that will be deployed at

25:51

twice the altitude we're heading to now.

25:53

From 520 kilometres above Earth to 1000.

25:56

To do that, we'll first need to repeat the

25:58

stage separation process. we completed earlier

26:00

in the mission. This time separating Electron's

26:03

third stage, or kick stage, from the

26:05

second stage, that second engine cut-off milestone,

26:07

which you'll hear called out at CECO,

26:09

is expected at around nine minutes into

26:11

the mission. The mission is continuing nominally.

26:14

We have about 16% of

26:16

propellant remaining. We're currently cruising along at

26:19

a speed of over 21,000 kilometres

26:21

an hour and approaching an altitude of

26:23

almost 209. We're

26:26

coming up now to engine cut-off on the

26:28

second stage. The last action this stage will

26:30

perform for the mission. Much

26:33

like with the first stage, Electron will power

26:35

down the Rutherford engine on the second stage

26:37

to allow the kick stage to separate cleanly.

26:40

We turn the engine shut down for right as

26:42

we reach that target perigee of 250 kilometres. Let's

26:46

listen out for the engine shut down and

26:48

stage separation now. CECO confirmed.

26:52

A great call from Mission Control. The second stage

26:54

engine has turned cold, and the kick

26:57

stage has separated, ready to begin the

26:59

payload deployment process. This mission, of course,

27:01

is a little different to a regular

27:03

Electron mission. So here is a reminder

27:05

of how today's two deployments will work.

27:07

Now that the kick stage has been

27:09

released, it will now go into a

27:11

phasing orbit of Earth. Because it's been

27:13

set into an elliptical orbit from its

27:15

perigee, it needs to head around to

27:17

the other side of the planet to

27:19

an apogee of 520 kilometres before

27:23

it fires up the Curie engine to course

27:25

correct into a circular orbit. Now once it

27:27

does, neon set one will be deployed to

27:30

begin its mission for KAIST. And that will

27:32

be phase one for the kick stage. Phase

27:34

two will see it light up its engine

27:36

again to perform an apogee raise to 1,000

27:38

kilometres, the target altitude for

27:40

NASA's satellite. That apogee raise will bring the

27:43

kick stage out of a circular orbit and

27:45

back into another elliptical one. Here, the kick

27:47

stage will do another half pass of Earth

27:49

before the dots reconnect again at 1,000 kilometres,

27:52

where it will light up its Curie engine for

27:54

a third time to circularise its orbit before

27:57

its payload deployment. Once that's done, it will

27:59

be on. phase 3. The

28:01

Curie engine will ignite a fourth

28:03

and final time to undo its circularization

28:05

and bring it back into an elliptical

28:08

orbit. This orbit lowering maneuver will help

28:10

to speed up the kick stages D

28:12

orbit doing our best to keep space

28:14

as tidy as possible. The launch

28:16

was Rocket Lab's fifth flight this

28:19

year and the 47th Electron mission

28:21

overall. This space

28:23

time. And

28:40

time now to take a brief look at some

28:42

of the other stories making news insights this week

28:44

with a science report. A

28:46

new study claims women with bracket genes

28:48

to get breast cats within 10 years

28:50

of giving birth are more likely to

28:52

die. The findings reported in

28:54

the Journal of the American Medical Association looked

28:57

at data from 903 British

28:59

women with cancer causing bracket genes and found

29:01

that those who were diagnosed with breast cancer

29:04

within 10 years of giving birth were more

29:06

likely to die from the disease than those

29:08

who were diagnosed later or women who had

29:10

not given birth. The highest

29:12

risk was seen among women with a

29:15

BRCA1 gene who were diagnosed with estrogen

29:17

receptor positive breast cancer within five years

29:19

of giving birth and women with a

29:22

BRCA1 gene diagnosed with estrogen negative breast

29:24

cancer between five and ten years after

29:26

giving birth. Interestingly the

29:28

same pattern was not seen among

29:31

women with a BRCA2 gene. The

29:33

authors say the results should be

29:35

used to inform genetic counseling prevention

29:37

and treatment strategies for women with

29:39

bracket genes. New

29:42

research suggests that the degree to

29:44

which genetics influence autism could be

29:46

different for males and females. A

29:48

Report In the Journal of the American Medical

29:51

Association analyzed data from a study including over

29:53

a million Swedish children of which 12,226 received

29:55

a diagnosis of autism spectrum. Sorta.

30:01

They. Found heritability of Autism Spectrum Disorder

30:03

That is a measure of how will

30:05

the trade can be attributed to genetics

30:08

was estimated to be between ten and

30:10

twelve percent higher in males than females.

30:13

The. Authors say the findings indicate that

30:15

could be a difference in the

30:17

underlying causes and prevalence of the

30:19

condition and may not necessarily indicate a

30:21

protective affected same hours but rather

30:23

differences and genetic variants as between

30:25

sexes. And. A company editorials as

30:28

the findings are an important addition

30:30

to the filled of autism likelihood

30:32

and so warrant so that population

30:34

research. Scientist.

30:36

Of sound that tiny plastic five as

30:38

of polyester materials and messing with the

30:41

way organic matter is usually broken down

30:43

on the seafloor. A. Report of

30:45

the Journal Marine Pollution Bullets and was

30:47

it the effects of these micro plastic

30:49

stiffen depending on the make up some

30:51

rain sediments but there will always disruptive.

30:54

He. Was the say polyester micro

30:56

five of pollution is causing for

30:58

salad ecological harm by interfering with

31:00

natural cycling processing. test of ecosystems

31:03

that are important for supporting life

31:05

on earth. Or

31:08

believe it or not, rabbits ten

31:10

and casually to grow horns that's

31:12

led to a major breakthrough medical

31:14

science. That. Is t men

31:16

them from a strain Skeptics explains these

31:19

horny rabbits for one of a better

31:21

term of also spawned a massive hoax

31:23

which is spread like wildfire across the

31:25

American Wild West that they've been a

31:27

that appeared alive and of better sometime

31:29

in America. My like that it probably

31:31

gave rise to the jacqueline midst of

31:33

a bit of antelope strike bunnies better

31:35

for a by random up here even

31:38

though up and in the American midwest

31:40

that what it turns out that there

31:42

are bunny it's horns. Thought out.

31:44

Like. Eight basically what they have be a rabbit

31:47

set up got thumped that affect the virus that

31:49

that creates the there by brian it while it's

31:51

game which build up and they looked like horror

31:53

that i know how hard they are either totally

31:56

to the report to find out how solid they

31:58

all of that people pay them up. particularly

32:00

dangerous. So it's unlikely but these

32:02

are confirmed animals and they're basically

32:05

animals suffering from a disease. One of

32:07

the most interesting things is it's actually

32:09

led to people trying to find cures

32:11

for cancer because what these things are

32:13

is actually the cancerous conditions that these

32:15

small little bunnies are suffering from. This

32:17

has helped via various processes not directly

32:19

the ultimate researchers looking at rabbits but

32:21

the information that's coming out to the

32:24

human papillomavirus treatment against cervical cancer and

32:26

things like that which has been hugely

32:28

successful. The fellow who originally worked on

32:30

finding the link between the rabbit and

32:32

this papillomavirus has won an Nobel Prize

32:34

for his work and obviously has been

32:36

picked up by other researchers and leading to

32:38

what we are saying now. So these horned

32:40

rabbits which are real have given indirectly a

32:42

great medical benefit. So about the same time

32:45

as these horned rabbits first started showing up,

32:47

took a rabbit body and an antelope body

32:49

that we got the antelope from, never mind

32:51

and put them together and said, look this

32:53

is a creature and because of the excitement

32:56

about horned bunnies way back when we're talking

32:58

depression era that suddenly this

33:00

jackalope which had been created was given

33:02

some intramaturist being real and everything's then

33:04

jackalope have sated in a lot of jokes,

33:06

a lot of people have jackalopes stuff, well a

33:09

lot of people in American Midwest anyway have

33:11

jackalopes above their bars in saloons

33:14

etc. and tourist industry galore etc.

33:16

So not the same thing as

33:18

the horned bunnies but perhaps inspired

33:21

by them. So horned bunnies have

33:23

created a very real and

33:26

worthwhile cancer treatment And

33:28

have created a tourism industry at the

33:30

same time. I Wonder if that's also

33:32

the inspiration for movies like Donnie Darko

33:34

where the evil rabbit keeps appearing in

33:36

his dreams. I Think that's a puka.

33:38

Sounds Like the name of a chihuahua.

33:40

Yeah it's actually a Scottish myth I

33:42

Think a puka but it's also if

33:44

you see the film Harvey. Yes. Jimmy

33:46

Stewart that's the puka, that's a big

33:48

rabbit too. Donnie Darko is like a

33:51

doc station of Harvey. That's Tim Mindom

33:53

from Australian Skate Digs. That's

34:10

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