0:01

Ted Audio Collective. This.

0:17

Is Ted Held and I'm

0:19

Doctor Shosanna under later. let's

0:21

go on a journey into

0:23

the future of medicine. In

0:26

today's talk, Bio Medical researcher

0:28

Dr. Honey Good Darcy unveils

0:30

a groundbreaking approach to combat

0:32

one of the fields most

0:35

daunting challenges, the early detection.

0:37

Of cancer. Doctor.

0:39

Good Are is introduces us not

0:41

just to scientific advancement with to

0:44

a potential paradigm shift in how

0:46

we consider cancer treatment the keys

0:49

to target the disease in it's

0:51

most vulnerable stages. Join me in

0:53

exploring how this breakthrough could make

0:56

a profound difference in our lives.

0:58

bring us closer to a world

1:01

where more types of cancer can

1:03

be caught before they take hold.

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called Refund about the Science Of

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What Makes Us Tick. This season

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we're talking about navigating young adulthood

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clinical psychologist to make. If

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I had to pick one word that I hear

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from twenty somethings more than any other. Words in

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terms of what are the struggles

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some from uncertainty, And so

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I think says he uncertainty involves

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an had he makes his big

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life decisions. How do you take.

3:01

Control of Your was cited.

3:03

Follow Rethinking without Him. Drink

3:05

wherever you're listening. Tensing

3:09

Cancer I it's earliest stages.

3:12

When. It's most treatable to save countless

3:14

less. But. Million dollar

3:17

question is In an otherwise healthy body

3:19

made up trillions of cells, how can

3:21

we zero in on a small group

3:23

of road cancer cells? The

3:26

answer I st. May. Be rude or

3:28

in something that thanks to the pandemic may have

3:30

all come to know quite well. And. That

3:32

is or any. Of these days

3:34

everyone has a basic understanding of how on

3:36

in works. Again, thanks to the covert

3:39

scenes. But. Basically Arnie Sun's

3:41

gone from Dna in the cell

3:43

and messenger on he specifically. Seven.

3:46

As a template for protein synthesis. So.

3:49

Usually them or I'm on a your house and to sell.

3:52

The. More protein eater. But.

3:54

Now discovery is a little bit different. Yes,

3:57

Found a new class or one is that I've seen.

4:00

is how we think about cancer detection. These

4:03

are relatively small RNAs. They

4:05

don't actually code for any protein, so

4:08

they're non-coding. And since we

4:10

found them, we got to name them,

4:12

and we have called them orphan non-coding

4:14

RNAs, or on-carnies for short. These

4:17

on-carnies have not only changed and

4:19

transformed their approach to cancer detection

4:22

from blood non-invasively, but

4:25

they've also helped open a window

4:27

into the tumor itself for us.

4:30

So leveraging these RNAs, we

4:32

are not only detecting cancer earlier,

4:34

we are actually peering into its

4:36

biology. So with that

4:38

short introduction, let me break down

4:40

the science for you. As

4:43

you may know, every cell in our body shares

4:46

the same genetic code as every other cell.

4:49

It's as if our cells have access to the

4:51

same pantry, but then they

4:53

use different recipes to mix

4:55

the same ingredients into different dishes.

4:58

It's actually the diversity in genomic

5:01

recipes that gives us the more than 200 cell

5:03

types we have in our bodies, each

5:05

with their own distinct role and function,

5:07

like skin cells, for example, or neurons.

5:11

And as you can imagine, there is

5:13

a complex machinery in place in

5:15

the cell that governs this process

5:18

and tells the cell, for each of its 20,000

5:20

genes, how much

5:22

of them it needs to express to

5:24

be a healthy, well-functioning cell. Now,

5:28

cancer cells, being the

5:31

resourceful survivalists that they are,

5:33

they actually hijack components of

5:36

this machinery to their advantage.

5:39

And they do this to increase the

5:41

expression of genes that would help the

5:43

tumor grow and spread throughout the body,

5:46

or silence or downregulate genes whose

5:48

job is to keep cancer in

5:51

check. Another

5:53

Way of putting this is that cancer

5:55

cells are basically hacking that original genomic

5:57

recipe that I told you about. No.

6:01

Of years ago remain an interesting

6:03

discovery that is actually a consequence

6:05

of this do not mix you

6:07

programming that happens in cancer cells

6:10

is actually death hallmark of cancer.

6:12

Basically parts of the genome.

6:15

That is normally silence

6:18

an inactive. In. Healthy

6:20

cells becomes after written cancer.

6:23

And. A direct consequence of. This activation

6:25

is the birth of a new. Kind

6:27

A warning. That.

6:30

We only see these are these in

6:32

cancer or not really healthy cells. Now

6:36

where the past few years he

6:38

has spent a lot of time?

6:40

Basically markings are these cancer emergent.

6:42

Organize across human cancers and as

6:44

I told you earlier, just com

6:46

to name them on garments. Not.

6:50

What is even more interesting is that.

6:53

Which on carnies I see in a

6:56

given sample is not random. It's

6:58

actually tied back to the type

7:00

or sought size of cancer. Them

7:03

Latina. So. collectively.

7:05

On colonies actually provides and

7:07

digital malignant or bar code

7:09

that captures chances are high

7:11

density. And actually your needs

7:14

to the time for sub type of cancer.

7:17

But how are these? Micro bark was actually

7:20

useful. So. It

7:22

turns out on our knees or odds

7:24

are not actually confines of cancer cells.

7:26

Some of them are nicely parties and

7:28

released into the blood. And.

7:31

This is something that. Healthy cells do is

7:33

wrong with other smaller earnings and with

7:35

all of these introduction I hope you

7:37

know what I'm going with this. Basically

7:39

if on colonies are only express them

7:41

cancer cells and some of them doing

7:44

fact find their way into the bloodstream

7:46

doesn't mean that we should be able

7:48

to detect them. In. Blood samples

7:51

from cancer patients. Dancer

7:53

turns out is yes. But with

7:56

an asterisk. So. the

7:58

on corny that be did in blood samples

8:00

from patients actually form

8:02

a partial barcode. It's

8:04

only a partial barcode because only a

8:07

subset of onc RNAs are actually secreted

8:09

from cancer cells into the blood. And

8:11

even a smaller subset can be reliably

8:13

detected in a small volume of blood.

8:16

However, thanks to the magic

8:18

of machine learning and AI, we

8:20

can actually use this partial information

8:23

to reconstruct the original barcode

8:25

that resides in the tumor. And

8:28

we can match that to construction against

8:31

our catalog of onc RNA barcodes

8:33

across cancer to not only, across

8:35

cancers, to not only detect the

8:37

presence of the disease, but

8:39

also identify its type or subtype. And

8:42

actually as we grow, fundamentally

8:45

increase the number of these onc

8:47

RNA catalogs that we have built, we

8:50

can go deeper and deeper into the biology of

8:52

the disease as well. Now

8:55

with help from our clinical collaborators at

8:58

UCSF, we have come

9:00

a step closer to actually bringing this

9:02

platform to the clinic. In

9:04

a preliminary study across 200 breast

9:07

cancer patients, they have actually

9:09

shown that we can use onc RNAs to

9:11

detect residual disease in patients

9:14

after they have received treatment. And

9:16

knowing which patients have remaining

9:19

disease tells clinicians who needs

9:21

additional treatment or monitoring after

9:24

the surgery. And this way patients

9:26

receive more treatment only

9:28

when it's needed. I

9:32

truly believe that the next decade is the

9:34

decade of cancer screening. And

9:36

as you can imagine, blood detection of

9:38

cancers is a major frontier in that

9:40

war. And I hope to

9:42

have convinced you today that leveraging

9:44

powerful AI built

9:47

on top of molecular barcodes of onc

9:49

RNAs, we can envision

9:51

a future that precise and sensitive,

9:53

but more importantly, very

9:56

accessible. Blood detection of

9:58

cancers is not just... The whole,

10:00

but it's actually reality. Thank

10:03

you. That.

10:10

Was Doctor Honey Good Rc at the

10:12

Twenty Twenty three? Ted immigrant. Diaspora

10:14

ears. And

10:22

that's it for today's episode. Thanks so

10:25

much for listen! As

10:27

a part of the Head Audio

10:29

Collective, I'd love to. Hear your

10:31

thoughts about the episode. Send me

10:33

a message on Instagram at Susana

10:36

Mb. This

10:38

episode was produced by me and for Sounds

10:40

Like I out of the edited. For

10:42

alley hundred dollars are and fact

10:44

check by the Nasa Garcia Woodward.

10:46

Special thanks to Maria Largest thera

10:49

de grandes David below Danielle A

10:51

while or a though and must

10:53

sell Quince. I'm Doctor

10:55

Susana under later and of Tacky again next

10:58

week.