0:07

he welcome to the briefing to

0:09

have reached friends and i were going

0:12

to explore fascinating research from several

0:14

leading american universities that finds

0:16

that less well off children who grew up

0:18

in neighborhoods with seventy percent of their friends

0:21

were wealthy increase their

0:23

seats incomes by twenty

0:25

percent of more friends that people

0:27

have that are above median income

0:30

the higher the predicted income they're going to have when

0:32

they grow up so can friendships between

0:34

the well off and they're not so well off break

0:37

the poverty psycho and what does that tell us about

0:39

the best way to design our cities

0:41

that is are bracing topic right after today's

0:43

headlines with annika smith us it's monday

0:45

september five

0:49

five million or these will be in line to

0:51

the largest increase to their welfare

0:53

payments in more than thirty years

0:56

and that's true to rising in fly since

0:59

the age pension will rise by almost thirty

1:01

nine dollars a fortnight and

1:03

job seekers a single so go up by twenty

1:05

six so

1:06

the fortnight surveys allowances have increased

1:08

by four percent which was the inflation

1:10

rate for the six months to june twenty twenty

1:13

two and speaking of rising costs

1:15

tomorrow the castrate is expected to go

1:17

up another zero point five percent

1:19

to two point three five percent

1:21

and at twenty two cents a liter fuel

1:23

excise relief will finish at the end of

1:25

september so your fuel bill will be going

1:27

up as well the value of your house

1:30

is probably going down so pretty

1:32

tough economic times on annika

1:34

yeah i guess this is why the tension right

1:36

is linked to things that concise and because

1:39

it might seem good the payments are going

1:41

up that given the gonna be paying most petrol

1:43

and more for groceries it's probably

1:46

sadly gonna be absorbed by that

1:48

and debate begins in the

1:50

senate to die on the government's climate

1:52

change bill is it's possible enshrine

1:54

into law a forty three percent emissions

1:57

reduction target five twenty thirty

1:59

now the grain the backing it but

2:01

i'll also table separate legislation that we

2:03

introduce a climate trigger into the mining

2:05

approval process any project

2:07

should have an assessment

2:09

to whether it's good for

2:11

the

2:11

or bad for the climate before

2:14

it's given any tossing star mental

2:16

approval under that proposed by the grains

2:18

new minds and says elements that emit

2:20

more than one hundred thousand suns

2:22

of carbon would be banned meanwhile

2:25

off the back of the job some at last week's the

2:27

government hugs to introduce new industrial

2:30

relations legislation by the end of the

2:32

her labour wants to broaden access

2:34

to multi employer bargaining agreements

2:36

this is one of the big stories to come out of the job

2:38

cements basically will allow workers

2:41

across different companies in the same

2:43

industry to share the same wages

2:45

and conditions but annika this seems

2:47

to be i'm a move by labour

2:49

that's gonna get a bit of fought from the opposition

2:51

look and they need semi to fight back

2:53

said the popularity of the government's

2:56

quite high at the moment that often after

2:58

elections for the opposition is

3:00

looking for a size and city moink

3:02

the things that one the stand up for

3:04

small business connections to small

3:07

business fights this is unions let

3:09

this one could actually be one that

3:11

works ness there has been

3:13

some support from the council small

3:16

businesses saying actually okay with this

3:18

to a certain extent the going in with an open mind

3:21

and negotiations that doesn't mean there might

3:23

be some small business owners out there that aren't

3:25

happy and will be looking for them on stand

3:27

up for them in this fight sites yet look out

3:29

given the opposition's terrible position

3:31

at the moment i think cel sort of be happy

3:34

to take this one on and

3:36

, trump has held his first rally

3:38

since the ride on his estate emeril lagasse

3:40

saying this about joe biden said

3:44

he went on to tell his supporters in pennsylvania

3:47

that the search on his home was his home

3:49

of justice accusing bad enough

3:51

an abuse of power even though the justice

3:53

department and the as the ice act

3:56

independently as the white house here

3:58

it's to not confirm whether trump will be run

3:59

in twenty twenty four but

4:02

if he is he's ambitions could be

4:04

derailed after this ride

4:06

death the i the cupboard more than eleven

4:08

thousand government documents from

4:10

his house including forty eight

4:12

empty folders labeled as classified

4:15

last a fun slammed trump and his

4:17

supporters

4:18

lying mega forces a determined

4:21

to take the

4:22

three backwards do think is

4:24

going to run against

4:25

it does seem that way i'm be there

4:27

torn on this some as somebody that had this

4:29

was surprised it's looking the government

4:31

documents some i know it's not a lot of fun

4:33

but he sees broken the law and as

4:36

such issues he us it

4:38

i eat it really will like is suddenly

4:40

day rails his attempt to get back eat

4:42

it could actually legally prevents

4:44

him but i think what's that to be able to support him

4:46

is actually embolden them tommy know they it

4:49

just fades into that idea that people

4:51

are out to get him

4:52

and if any think it'll actually making more popular

4:55

amongst republicans perhaps well i think

4:57

it's inevitable that is gonna run while so to

4:59

be holding always rallies or thing

5:01

that's gonna happen what will be interesting is how

5:03

the republican party responded

5:06

i just with him again

5:08

or dinner i guess

5:10

growing list of issues around

5:12

trump and split the support within

5:14

the republican party

5:16

a big match in the us open

5:18

sky nick curiosity icon

5:20

world number two danny medvedev if

5:23

he wins he'll be through to the quarter finals

5:25

now that zalmay

5:26

three his third round match in straight

5:29

sit there while over the weekend the

5:31

big match serene williams clyde

5:34

it looks like her last ever match

5:36

and she lost in the third round to and

5:38

australian yeah

5:49

a big win for alla tom janowicz

5:51

amps is ranked forty six in the world

5:53

so to take on serrana so

5:56

much pressure on a guy i mean she had to stand out

5:58

there much always fanfare cause

6:00

urena and then she lost the second

6:02

said came back in the third so to me

6:05

that's an amazing result

6:07

for her showing extreme mental toughness

6:09

to be out of winning those circumstances absolutely

6:12

the crowd was not i'm has side there

6:14

isn't searing salts that

6:16

she didn't seem to mind see adds up there

6:18

in investing credible to the all these

6:20

meanwhile former world number one

6:22

korea as a rank has called on the women's

6:24

tour to do more to protect

6:27

young and vulnerable players from

6:29

of use the very sensitive subject

6:31

because in

6:32

you won't hear those stories unless players

6:34

come out and tell those stories

6:37

happens right and left

6:38

on a tour which , unfortunate

6:40

and our job you know is is

6:42

to be a bit better as safeguarding

6:45

this comes after a sixty year old friends coach

6:48

was charged with raping and assaulting one

6:50

of his eyes claims he denies

6:53

and one of the biggest fan since history

6:56

and ivana is one of those those as

6:58

the i twenty four size as an size

7:00

had four month old baby on the cover

7:02

of it's ninety ninety one album

7:04

nevermind suspend salesman who

7:06

was the baby in the image climb the photo was

7:08

sexual exploitation and cause

7:10

him and loss of enjoyment loss life during

7:13

the two hundred and twenty thousand astray and

7:15

dollars but a us judge jar

7:18

didn't say that way said out and had waited

7:20

too long to make the claim that

7:22

the statue of limitations of ten years

7:24

and out and is thirty one his

7:26

old and his decision prevent him from filing

7:29

a fourth complaint against nirvana

7:32

side

7:33

i mean

7:34

that's a mighty scarlet the too long but

7:36

he only got two hundred us dollars for that photo

7:39

back of the time so be nice if they could share some

7:41

of the cash with him that you think think

7:43

it's his parents the my money to town for

7:45

ethical catch you again tomorrow katrina blouses

7:48

about to join me to look at this fascinating research

7:50

about average research friend's house

8:01

right now to research that shows how

8:03

rich you friends are fix

8:05

your future bank balance katrina

8:07

it makes me when a definitely go

8:09

and get some oil rich friends

8:12

i'm spurs it's is from some

8:14

procedures the universities in the us

8:16

including stance in harvard has

8:18

analyzed feel eons of social

8:20

media connections on facebook and

8:23

death found when poor children

8:25

live in an area with area with three read

8:27

more affluent kids neither

8:30

can lead increases how much now and

8:32

when they become adults

8:33

yeah this study concludes the friendship

8:35

between rich and poor more

8:38

than any other factor explain my children

8:40

in some neighborhoods do better later in life than

8:42

others so it's really interesting and to tell

8:45

us how these dynamics work and

8:47

how we can use this information to lift more

8:49

people are we're joined by one of the study's

8:51

authors matthew oh jackson who's

8:53

a professor of economics at stanford

8:55

university many thank you for joining

8:58

how did this research work well

9:00

we're interested in understanding

9:03

your what it is about people's social environments

9:05

that helps them get ahead and so

9:08

we were able to take advantage of on

9:10

facebook data which has a lot

9:12

of information about people's friendships

9:14

their friendship patterns where they make friends

9:17

and a whole host of other things

9:19

and so were you able to use that to try

9:21

and understand in a what helps

9:24

people get ahead in life and terms of know

9:26

if you're born into a poor family how

9:28

to manage to to rise out of poverty

9:31

what were their metric say he used

9:33

to figure out whether someone we'll

9:36

see your had will see friend

9:38

so you know there's a

9:40

lot that you can see about

9:42

people from their facebook profile

9:45

so we can tell we're some and lives

9:48

whether they went to college what kind of phone

9:51

they have whether they donate things

9:53

ounces donate whole series of behaviors that we can take

9:55

advantage of and then using

9:58

information from the census data

9:59

we were able to pinpoint in

10:02

a what the income and a very specific areas

10:04

and so then we used as a series of models

10:07

computer models to estimate people's

10:09

incomes and it you know

10:11

then we could match it up with information we knew

10:13

and were able to do a pretty good job

10:15

of seeing what some buddies incomes going to be

10:18

okay so the study found that poor children

10:21

who grew up in neighborhoods where seventy percent

10:23

of their friends were wealthy would increase their

10:25

future income twenty percent

10:28

on average now i was wondering doesn't

10:31

happen because by virtue

10:33

of living amongst people like that you

10:35

have access to the

10:38

facilities potentially opportunities

10:41

even part of a a wider culture

10:43

with a kind of habits and again a lanzhou

10:46

with a wealthier live or is

10:48

it about the individual personal

10:50

connections between someone who is

10:53

poor and someone who is rates are in the

10:55

way that individual relationship changes

10:57

your loss yeah so the studies offer

10:59

as a bunch of clues as to how this works

11:01

and and you know what one

11:04

thing that surprised us was you

11:06

know we looked at a lot of different measures of

11:08

your social environment and the ones

11:10

you mentioned what we call economic connectedness

11:12

in a whether poor people have a lot

11:14

of friends that are ya above

11:17

median income so if they have wealthier friends

11:19

what's the chance that they get ahead

11:21

and that seem to be the ultimate predictor

11:24

the a why exactly that's working is

11:26

something we can't see directly in our

11:28

data but there's a lot of reasons

11:31

from the broader research

11:33

on this been done on this question that we have

11:36

reasons to believe that you know exposure

11:38

to other people makes a big difference in some

11:40

buddies outcomes and ,

11:43

to name a few things that are likely

11:45

candidates when you think about you

11:47

think growing up what of their friends

11:49

provide for them well you tend to act

11:52

like your friend so if they're doing homework every night

11:54

and studying for exams and thinking about going to

11:56

college he tended to the same thing if

11:58

they're not doing any those thing than and

12:00

doing something else you tend to do whatever

12:02

else they're doing and that makes a difference

12:05

once you get out of of school most

12:07

people find jobs through friends so it's

12:10

it's very rare for people just as land a

12:12

job without having some connection to

12:14

the place at the end up working and

12:16

so you know if you have people are a friends that are

12:18

well employed if you work in finance

12:20

or you want to work in high tech you don't

12:22

have friends there can be a lot harder to get

12:24

in the door and so you know you put

12:26

all these things together and it's not surprising

12:29

that people that have no more diverse

12:31

friendship patterns and and more connections

12:33

to people that are well off are going to have a much

12:35

higher chance of advancing than others but

12:38

how close does the connection need

12:40

to be do you just need to be you know

12:42

surrounded by those people living in the same

12:44

community maybe even sharing a classroom

12:47

or do you have to know that bit more

12:49

closely for that having

12:51

a an effect on you

12:53

interestingly both things matter so

12:55

we're we're able to measure both

12:58

we can look a say in a high school and

13:00

see whether or not somebody is exposed

13:02

to lot of a wealthier people but

13:04

then we can also see whether they actually make friendships

13:06

with those they're more more

13:08

equally predictive so first of all

13:10

you need to be around people like that and that helps

13:13

but you also get of you know an extra

13:15

big push from from having the friendships

13:18

so both of those are predictive of the eventual

13:20

outcomes and more or less equally

13:22

eat you know you having people around

13:24

makes a difference but also having those friendships

13:26

makes a big difference as well

13:28

the mention that statistic as

13:30

seventy percent she made to have seventy

13:32

the sense of your friends who are will

13:35

see as in you are

13:36

why that number

13:37

seventy percent would be what a typical wealthy

13:40

person does so it's all just one of the numbers

13:42

we given the papers say you know if

13:44

you take it a typical poor person

13:47

else about thirty eight percent of their friends

13:49

that are wealthy a typical rich person

13:51

has about seventy percent of their friends that

13:53

are wealthy to be taken a typical poor

13:55

person the ones that live in

13:57

areas where they have friendship patterns

13:59

that look like typical british person end

14:01

up having twenty per cent higher income so

14:04

that's sort of were that number comes from but

14:06

more or less it's it's a pretty linear relationship

14:08

so the more friends that people

14:11

have that are above the median income

14:13

the higher the predicted income they're going to have a

14:15

when they grow up

14:16

then you don't ride across america so what

14:19

did you learn about different communities

14:21

and and the way they set off

14:23

and and i guess how ghettoize i are into

14:25

different socio economic groups yeah

14:28

so you don't think there's there's a bunch

14:30

of things that pop out when you look at the

14:32

data them geographically in

14:34

a one is dead there's a huge

14:36

variety of area

14:38

is if you look within an area you

14:40

can look within a particular city and

14:43

i'll take chicago area or in

14:45

new york area los angeles area and

14:47

they'll be neighborhoods that have very strong economic

14:50

connectedness and other areas that don't

14:52

they might be right next to each other so

14:55

you know that there's something about local

14:57

structures and so forth that matter and

15:00

then we can drill in so the there's

15:02

a lot of writing of writing variety around the

15:04

country but you also see that you know

15:07

areas in the south have worse connectedness

15:09

than areas and say the upper

15:11

middle west so there's other in a geographic

15:13

patterns you also see things

15:15

like where people make most of their

15:17

friends so poor people tend

15:19

to make most of their friends in their own neighborhood

15:22

or in their high schools when you look

15:24

at people who are are wealthier

15:27

a lot of their friendships and a be made in college

15:29

and and to be made in a workplace and i'm

15:32

so there's different patterns and where people are making

15:34

friends and those you

15:36

know how cohesive and how

15:38

well connected those are depend

15:41

on the area itself

15:42

the would have these findings tell us then

15:45

about good policies the listing

15:47

people are

15:48

he also one thing that is

15:50

pretty effing strong in the data

15:53

is that when you look at institutions say

15:55

look at a school or university

15:58

the size of it actually is fairly predictive

16:00

in the same thing as of who have an employer if

16:03

it's a fairly small institution there's

16:05

going to tend to be many more cross class

16:07

friendships than if it's a huge place

16:09

and that makes a lot of sense you know when you think about

16:11

a school if the school has thousands

16:14

of kids in it and some

16:16

of them are taking advanced classes and others are

16:18

taking a remedial classes that's

16:20

likely going to be segregated by incoming class

16:23

and so those friendships are unlikely to form if

16:26

you put people in the same classroom and they're they're

16:28

spending time day after day after day they'll

16:30

get to know each other they'll know more about each other's

16:32

or norms will be more similar though

16:34

interact a lot more one thing is

16:36

that you need to have people next to each other

16:39

said across classes and then you also

16:41

need to foster those friendships are just putting him

16:43

in a giant institution together isn't

16:45

gonna get people to to have cross

16:48

class friendship to actually have to put them in your

16:50

smaller units where they're actually

16:52

interacting on a regular basis and

16:55

in that seems to be pretty strong in the data

16:57

the do you think america is changing in a way

17:00

that is encouraging more cross

17:02

class friendships or less

17:04

we have sort of a snapshot in a we were

17:07

looking at at one piece of time and if

17:09

we can see people's friendships back in time

17:11

is it worth your from just looking at a

17:13

given high school across cohorts with

17:15

which we can see in the in the data things

17:18

look pretty steady though we don't see a

17:20

big change over short periods of time

17:22

but they're certainly big changes in our lives

17:25

we think about what social media doing to our lives

17:27

in the our ability to connect to other

17:30

individuals over long distances and so

17:32

forth is much greater

17:34

the same time you know those platforms

17:36

and so forth might be tending to push

17:38

us towards people who are more similar is easier to

17:40

find somebody who has exactly the same interests

17:43

and near your same background so

17:45

i think you know when you look at the forces there's forces

17:47

pushing forces pushing directions there's forces that

17:49

allow us to be connected a more individuals than

17:52

ever before a greater distances

17:54

but they're also allowing us to connectors

17:56

some more similar people who think the same

17:58

way and have the same background said

17:59

the

18:00

there's some on hearing about this research

18:02

may be listening to a right now here on the bracing

18:05

should they tank this information say

18:07

well i need to make more rich friends

18:10

when i usually take away from the sorts of things is

18:12

that our networks yard our personal

18:14

networks are more insulated

18:16

and they look more like

18:19

us than we really we tend to realize and

18:21

that's true of everybody your understanding

18:23

that and understanding some the consequences is

18:26

important and you know what that

18:28

can mean is that it's good for us to

18:30

venture out a little further than we would normally

18:32

have personally i you know as a as

18:34

a person that economists i may tend to go to

18:37

conferences and other areas like sociology

18:39

conferences or other kinds of things to meet people

18:42

i normally wouldn't meet and to understand how

18:44

they think and what they do and

18:46

so the more we realize how

18:48

know idiosyncratic our own structures are

18:51

the more we can censor

18:53

to join overcome that is humans

18:55

retentive to really feel comfortable

18:57

around people that we really understand well

18:59

understand think dislike us and have the same

19:01

preferences and so forth so it's tough

19:03

it's tough do that

19:05

yeah i mean we're being told me this on an individual level but

19:07

on a societal level better

19:10

for society overall to have these

19:12

cross class relationships and

19:15

that kind of economic mobility that

19:17

can come from that

19:18

i think you know there's other research that

19:20

tends to show that places that have

19:23

less inequality and more mobility

19:26

tend to have higher productivity

19:28

better welfare overall this

19:30

not cause of research but it is you know there's tends

19:33

to be correlations to say the if you're in a society

19:35

that's where things are more equal and

19:37

people have those opportunities that

19:40

the society tends to function better

19:43

you , having highly segregated in

19:45

networks is a recipe for

19:48

ios having more problems in terms

19:50

of polarization and and just

19:53

difficulties in general say i

19:55

think it's it's part of of much broader picture

19:58

that we know something about and this

20:00

isn't give us the secret recipe for how

20:02

does how to get out of it but it does show

20:04

us that these individual connection

20:07

sign up a personal level across

20:09

classes make a big difference in

20:11

people's lives

20:12

that was matthew oh jackson a professor

20:14

of economics at stanford university with that

20:16

awesome research i mean to sound like subscribe

20:19

daughter that's i saw dot of they're able to cut

20:21

up for this research it also just makes

20:23

me think about school system here in

20:25

australia to trainer and it worries

20:27

me that

20:28

more of just the wealthy kids

20:30

got a private schools are not part of our public

20:32

yeah system and therefore we don't get

20:34

that cross class crossover ny

20:37

and it's impossible to do die

20:39

unless he has to mean a d

20:41

network source you use

20:43

eg lent his parents he intends

20:46

is in i getting a tease out

20:48

into the community and mixing these

20:50

kids from all different backgrounds

20:52

ah it's almost impossible to do

20:54

that he is he keeps the ring sanctified

20:58

bubble the have a private school system

21:00

in a brings to mind see you

21:02

know express in a rising tide

21:04

lifts all boats and i think that that's

21:06

definitely relevance yeah it's

21:09

beautiful research it it's hot and

21:11

down

21:11

yea it's that is so

21:13

cases that the very best seen him

21:15

and night so ultimately it and what

21:17

that can do three friendship yeah

21:20

i think through those times out there for the why we plan

21:22

our cities as well about the

21:24

kinds of housing we make and

21:26

how affordable it is and what the mixes

21:28

in certain suburbs and you know if

21:30

we just have reached suburbs and poor

21:33

suburbs and this separate

21:35

than we're also going to miss out on the benefits

21:37

of that cross class crossover

21:43

right tomorrow in the briefing we're going to find

21:45

out why japan is looking

21:47

at restarting it's