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1:08

Hey everyone, thanks for tuning in

1:10

to Episode 434 of our Civil War Podcast. I'm

1:14

Rich.

1:15

And I'm Tracy. Hello, y'all.

1:17

Welcome to the podcast. As

1:20

you guys will recall, by the time we reached

1:22

the end of the last show, the

1:24

Federals had successfully stormed

1:26

Missionary Ridge and shattered

1:29

the Confederate lines outside Chattanooga

1:32

on November 25, 1863.

1:35

Amidst the smoke and chaos

1:37

atop the ridge, Braxton Bragg

1:39

did his best, riding one

1:41

way and the other, begging the

1:43

Rebel troops to rally, shouting,

1:46

I am here. Stop. Don't

1:48

disgrace yourselves.

1:50

But it was no use.

1:52

The men were having none of it. In

1:55

this fight, they had been laboring under a number

1:58

of disadvantages. There

2:00

was the confusion about withdrawing the

2:02

troops manning the rifle pits at the

2:04

foot of the ridge, and the flawed

2:06

positioning of the works at the crest.

2:10

But the final disadvantage under which

2:12

the soldiers of the Army of Tennessee

2:14

suffered was their own abysmal

2:17

morale. A long

2:20

string of failures and perceived failures,

2:23

bickering and backstabbing among the

2:25

generals, and too many days

2:28

on short rations, had so

2:30

sapped their confidence in Bragg

2:33

that even his appearance in their midst

2:35

at this moment of crisis wasn't

2:37

enough to stop them from running.

2:39

According to some accounts,

2:42

the troops sometimes responded

2:44

to Bragg's efforts with open ridicule.

2:47

For example, when Bragg rushed into

2:50

a collapsing formation, shouting,

2:52

Here's your commander, one of his

2:55

men, before turning to flee down

2:57

the back slope of the ridge, answered

2:59

with the stock punch line of Civil

3:01

War soldiers,

3:02

Here's your mule.

3:05

To be sure, not every

3:07

Confederate soldier fled as fast

3:10

as his feet could carry him. For

3:12

instance, around the fallen colors

3:15

of the 24th Tennessee lay

3:17

the bodies of five members

3:19

of the regiment's color guard who

3:21

defended the flag to the last. And

3:25

along the crest of the ridge, the rebel

3:27

gun crews were especially conspicuous

3:31

in standing by their pieces, often

3:33

until all hope of escape was gone

3:36

and they fell or were captured when their

3:39

positions were overrun.

3:40

But as the seemingly unstoppable

3:43

Yankee charge reached the top

3:45

of Missionary Ridge and the Confederate

3:47

position collapsed, most

3:50

rebel soldiers were intent only

3:52

on escaping down the back or eastern

3:54

slopes of the ridge. Bragg

3:57

later admitted, quote, It

3:59

was a panellin. which I never before

4:01

witnessed.

4:13

The sun had set

4:14

while the men of the Army of the Cumberland

4:16

were charging up the slopes of Missionary

4:19

Ridge and the subsequent Confederate

4:21

debacle had played out in the

4:23

dying light of this late November day.

4:27

The onset of night coupled with

4:29

federal exhaustion and disorganization

4:32

finally set a limit to the rebel disaster.

4:35

The

4:35

fleeing Confederates abandoned

4:38

dozens of artillery pieces, most

4:40

of them only recently rushed into position

4:43

on the crest of the ridge. Flags

4:46

and hundreds of prisoners were captured.

4:49

It might have been worse for the Confederates except

4:51

for three things. First,

4:54

the growing darkness made it too late

4:56

to organize a real federal

4:58

pursuit. Second, the

5:00

rebels were familiar with the roads and

5:02

terrain on Missionary Ridge's eastern

5:05

face, but to the Yankees

5:07

that ground was unknown.

5:10

This knowledge allowed the Confederates to

5:13

make their escape while the Federals

5:15

were hesitant to venture out into

5:17

unknown ground in the growing darkness.

5:20

Finally, their charge up

5:22

the slopes under fire had exhausted

5:25

and badly disorganized the Federals.

5:28

Sheridan managed to throw together a limited

5:30

pursuit by a couple of brigades

5:33

who chased a few rebels down the backside

5:35

of the ridge, but no one pushed

5:38

far.

5:39

While the center of the Confederate

5:41

line had completely disintegrated,

5:43

Tunnel Hill at the northern

5:45

end of Missionary Ridge was

5:47

still firmly held by the rebels.

5:51

As you guys will recall, it was there

5:53

that earlier in the day, Claiborne's

5:56

Confederates had stopped Sherman's

5:58

Federals in their tracks. Now,

6:01

William Hardee, the senior

6:04

Confederate commander left on the field,

6:06

could hardly believe the extent

6:08

of the disaster that had unfolded

6:11

south of Tunnel Hill. Remember

6:14

the night before, at a meeting at Bragg's

6:16

headquarters, Hardee had urged

6:18

Bragg to withdraw, but his

6:21

advice had been ignored.

6:22

Hardee had a horse shot

6:25

from under him as he scrambled to stop

6:27

the unraveling of the Confederate line

6:29

before it reached the far northern end

6:32

of Missionary Ridge. He

6:34

used two of Cheetham's brigades to essentially

6:37

refuse the line, that is, he

6:39

formed them at right angles along the

6:41

ridge to stop the Yankee

6:43

troops who were surging northward.

6:47

Those Yankees, mostly from Baird's

6:49

division,

6:50

broke through that Confederate blocking

6:52

position, but by that

6:55

time, Hardee, using

6:57

two more brigades, had a second

6:59

line of defense in place across the top

7:01

of the ridge, standing in the path

7:04

of the charging Federal soldiers. However,

7:08

in the growing darkness, Absalom

7:10

Baird decided not to press his luck,

7:13

and he halted his advance, so

7:15

the Federals never really tested

7:17

that second rebel line.

7:19

Once the fighting ended, Hardee

7:22

managed to successfully withdraw Clayburn's

7:24

and Cheetham's troops from their positions

7:27

there at the north end of Missionary Ridge.

7:30

In the darkness, the rebels used the

7:32

shallow Ford Bridge on Chickamauga

7:34

Creek to make their escape. By 9

7:38

PM, Clayburn reported that everyone

7:40

was across, and the bridge

7:41

was burned. So

7:44

there at the northern end of Missionary

7:46

Ridge, the Confederates had managed

7:48

to hold on and execute

7:51

a successful withdrawal after dark.

7:54

But to the south, at the other end

7:56

of the rebel position, things

7:58

hadn't gone quite so well.

7:59

Well,

8:01

because there, on the Confederate

8:03

left, Hooker's Federals

8:05

had managed to finally reach Rossville

8:08

Gap and proceeded to roll

8:10

up the Rebel position from that

8:12

direction.

8:13

As y'all will recall, Hooker's

8:15

column to the south had been

8:17

delayed for several hours by the need

8:20

to build a bridge across Chattanooga

8:22

Creek. But once that was done

8:24

and they finally reached Rossville

8:26

Gap, Hooker's Federals pressing

8:29

north from the gap had linked up

8:31

with George Thomas' victorious troops

8:33

along the crest of the ridge around Nightfall.

8:36

That evening, when

8:38

Ulysses S. Grant made his way from

8:41

Orchard Knob to the top of Missionary

8:43

Ridge to survey the scene there

8:46

for himself, he could take

8:48

satisfaction in knowing that, although

8:51

it hadn't happened quite as he'd planned,

8:54

by smashing the Confederate position on

8:56

Missionary Ridge, the Federals

8:58

had won a great victory and

9:01

once and for all ended the frustrating

9:03

deadlock at Chattanooga.

9:16

After dark on the night of the 25th,

9:18

at about 9 p.m., after Braxton

9:21

Bragg had ascertained that all the Confederates

9:23

who might escape the disaster on Missionary

9:26

Ridge had reached safety, he

9:28

ordered all the bridges across Chickamauga

9:31

Creek burned. At 2

9:33

a.m. on the morning of the 26th, the

9:36

Army of Tennessee began a retreat toward

9:38

Dalton, Georgia about 25 miles

9:41

to the southeast.

9:41

At Dalton,

9:44

Bragg would have a secure rail connection

9:46

to Atlanta in the form of the

9:48

Western and Atlantic Railroad, and

9:51

he would also be able to make use of

9:53

the imposing terrain of

9:55

Rocky Face Ridge where the Army

9:58

of Tennessee could hopefully wreck.

9:59

and make a stand. For

10:02

his part Ulysses S. Grant certainly

10:05

intended to mount a vigorous pursuit

10:07

of the defeated rebel army but

10:09

he also had to think about Knoxville.

10:12

As we mentioned previously Abraham

10:14

Lincoln and General-in-Chief Henry Halleck

10:17

from Washington never wasted

10:19

a chance to urge Grant to send aid

10:22

to the beleaguered Ambrose Burnside.

10:24

And so now Grant

10:27

ordered William to come to Sherman and

10:29

George Thomas to pursue Bragg.

10:32

Sherman with his whole command. Thomas

10:35

with Hooker's combined command plus

10:37

Palmer's 14th Corps. Meanwhile

10:41

Gordon Granger's 4th Corps would

10:43

go help Burnside. To

10:46

bulk up the Knoxville expedition

10:49

Oliver Otis Howard's 11th Corps

10:51

joined it meaning Granger

10:53

would have about 20,000 men. A force

10:57

Grant considered more than sufficient

10:59

when combined with Burnside's command

11:02

to deal with Longstreet's Confederates.

11:05

While Grant issued orders for the next

11:07

stage of operations on the Confederate

11:10

side on the morning of November 26th

11:13

large quantities of supplies that had

11:15

been brought up the Western and Atlantic

11:18

and painstakingly accumulated

11:20

at Chickamauga Station just

11:22

a couple of miles east of Missionary Ridge

11:25

now had to be abandoned and burned.

11:27

The Kentuckians of the Orphan

11:30

Brigade drew that unpleasant duty.

11:33

Rebel soldiers who had been on short rations

11:36

for two months as they manned the

11:39

lines outside Chattanooga now

11:41

watched unhappily as thousands

11:43

of rations went up in smoke. At 11

11:47

a.m. as the first Yankee

11:49

troops approached the depot the Kentuckians

11:51

withdrew leaving the job unfinished.

11:56

The Federals belonged to Brigadier General

11:58

Jefferson C. Davis's command. and

12:01

they immediately set about extinguishing

12:03

the flames and confiscating

12:05

the remaining supplies for their own use.

12:09

They had, after all, been on even

12:11

shorter rations than the Confederates for

12:13

the past two months.

12:15

On their retreat away from Chattanooga

12:17

toward Dalton, the Confederate

12:19

Army's intermediate destination

12:22

was the railroad town of Ringgold, about

12:25

a dozen miles to the southeast in

12:27

sight of another gap through another set

12:29

of ridges.

12:29

First, though,

12:32

the rebels needed to move south to the

12:34

village of Graysville, Georgia, where

12:36

the main road crossed Chickamauga

12:38

Creek before making its way to

12:41

Ringgold. However,

12:43

with Rossville Gap in the hands of

12:45

Hookers Federals, the Confederates

12:48

feared the Yankees, following the

12:50

same road, might reach Graysville

12:52

first.

12:54

And, in fact, Hooker fully intended

12:56

to get there first. His fighting

12:59

blood was up after back-to-back victories

13:01

at Lookout Mountain and Rossville, and

13:03

now he pressed ahead, anxious

13:06

to reach Graysville ahead of the rebels.

13:08

However, with his

13:10

troubles bridging Chattanooga Creek the

13:12

day before still fresh in his mind, Hooker

13:15

now asked that a small pontoon bridge

13:17

be sent to him. By

13:19

midday, though, that equipment still

13:22

hadn't reached him when the head of his column

13:24

reached the site of a burned bridge

13:27

over the west fork of Chickamauga Creek. Much

13:31

to Hooker's frustration, it

13:33

took several hours to cobble together

13:36

even a rough span to cross

13:38

infantry to the far side. The

13:41

pontoons didn't arrive until 10 o'clock

13:43

that night. By

13:45

then, virtually all the retreating

13:47

Confederates had safely reached

13:50

the vicinity of Ringgold.

14:03

On the morning of November 26, the

14:06

day after the Confederate disaster on Missionary

14:08

Ridge, Brackson Bragg established

14:11

his headquarters at Katusa Station,

14:13

two miles south of Ringgold.

14:14

From there,

14:17

Bragg sent Longstreet word of the Army's

14:19

retreat from Chattanooga. Bragg

14:22

knew the Yankees would probably waste

14:24

little time in sending a substantial

14:27

number of troops to aid Burnside

14:29

at Knoxville, so he urged

14:32

old Pete, quote, to

14:34

fall back upon Dalton if possible,

14:37

end quote. But

14:39

if that was, quote, impracticable,

14:42

you will have to fall back toward Virginia.

14:45

Toward the end of the day, Bragg laid

14:47

out his plans for the 27th. While

14:50

the Army continued

14:50

its retreat to Dalton, a

14:52

rear guard

14:53

would remain behind at Ringgold.

14:56

That task was given to Patrick Claiborne

14:58

and his division.

14:59

Claiborne's stalwart

15:02

defense of Tunnel Hill stood as

15:04

the single redeeming aspect

15:06

of the Confederate defense of Missionary

15:08

Ridge on the 25th, which

15:11

was otherwise a day of unmitigated

15:13

disaster for the rebels. On

15:16

the 26th, Claiborne's men had

15:18

performed rear guard duties and

15:21

camped just short of Ringgold.

15:23

This afternoon, Claiborne sent Captain

15:26

Irving Buck to Bragg's headquarters for

15:28

additional instructions. There,

15:31

an unusually emotional Bragg clutched

15:33

Buck's right hand in both of his own

15:36

and instructed the captain to, quote,

15:39

tell General Claiborne to hold his position

15:41

at all hazards and keep

15:43

back the enemy until the artillery

15:45

and transportation of the Army is secure,

15:49

the salvation of which depends upon

15:51

him.

15:51

Well, Buck was

15:54

more than a little shocked at this display

15:56

and said he thought Bragg, quote,

16:00

exhibited more excitement than I supposed

16:02

possible for him. He had

16:04

evidently not rested during the previous

16:06

night." Since

16:10

Claiborne's division numbered just over 4,150 men, and

16:13

since at least one federal corps

16:17

and perhaps two were approaching

16:20

Ringgold for a fight in the morning, Bragg's

16:23

instructions to hold the place at

16:25

all hazards was a tall

16:27

order, but if anyone

16:30

could pull it off successfully and

16:32

cover the army's retreat, it was

16:34

Patrick Claiborne. As

16:37

he had shown at Tunnel Hill, the

16:39

Irish-born rebel was one of the Confederacy's

16:42

best division commanders.

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18:32

The town of Ringgold sat just west

18:34

of the gap of the same name, through

18:37

which ran the tracks of the Western

18:39

and Atlantic Railroad, as well as

18:41

the waters

18:41

of Chickamauga Creek. Taylor's

18:44

Ridge ran off to the south, while

18:47

White Oak Mountain sat to the north of the gap.

18:50

The ground offered an excellent opportunity

18:52

for Claiborne to mount a powerful defense.

18:56

On steeply sloped Taylor's

18:58

Ridge on his left, Claiborne

19:00

placed only two regiments,

19:02

the 16th Alabama and the combined

19:06

6th and 7th Arkansas. He

19:08

placed the rest of Colonel Daniel Govan's

19:11

Arkansas Brigade in the gap itself,

19:14

supporting a section of two guns from

19:16

an Alabama battery.

19:18

On his right, on White Oak Mountain,

19:20

Claiborne placed Colonel Hiram Granbury's

19:23

Brigade of Texans, with

19:25

the 7th Texas anchoring that flank

19:28

at the crest of the mountain. In

19:30

reserve, just east of the gap,

19:32

were the two brigades of Brigadier Generals

19:34

Lucius Polk and Mark

19:36

Lowry. Hooker's Federals

19:39

camped the night of the 26th a couple

19:41

of miles short of Ringgold Gap.

19:45

On the morning of the 27th, Fighting

19:47

Joe tapped Brigadier General Peter

19:49

Osterhaus' division to lead the

19:51

pursuit. Setting

19:53

out at 6 a.m., Osterhaus'

19:56

column marched without artillery,

19:59

which was still far far behind due

20:01

to the bridging problems.

20:02

Brushing aside a few Rebel

20:05

cavalry pickets, Osterhaus

20:07

entered Ringgold around 7 a.m. He

20:10

rode to the railroad depot, which was

20:12

a sturdy stone structure at the

20:14

foot of White Oak Mountain, a few

20:17

hundred yards from the gap.

20:18

From the rail platform,

20:21

Osterhaus saw the tail end of a

20:23

Confederate wagon train in the gap, along

20:26

with what appeared to be limbered Rebel artillery

20:28

pieces, seemingly protected

20:31

by only, in Osterhaus's

20:33

words, a feeble line of skirmishers.

20:36

Osterhaus failed to detect

20:39

the Confederate infantry arrayed on

20:41

the height or the Rebel cannon

20:43

which were deployed and ready for action.

20:46

He obviously saw only what he wanted

20:49

to see, that is signs

20:51

of a thoroughly whipped foe.

20:53

Most of Osterhaus's

20:55

men had yet to arrive at Ringgold

20:58

when Hooker showed up and was told

21:00

by Osterhaus that he was certain

21:02

he could catch and capture the

21:04

tail end of the enemy wagon train

21:06

with little effort. Hooker

21:09

told him to quote-unquote attack

21:12

immediately. Hooker

21:15

said that if necessary, other

21:17

troops as they arrived would be sent

21:19

on a flanking move up White Oak Mountain.

21:22

The three Missouri regiments

21:24

of Charles Wood's brigade headed right for

21:26

the gap, preceded by a heavy

21:28

line of skirmishers. Meanwhile,

21:31

Woods detailed his other two regiments

21:34

to protect his flanks, tasking

21:37

the 13th Illinois with watching his

21:39

right while he sent the 76th

21:42

Ohio to climb the slopes of

21:44

White Oak Mountain and screen his left.

21:46

Just immediately, Woods

21:49

ran into trouble. Granbury's

21:52

Texans repulsed the Missourians,

21:54

sending them scrambling and considerable

21:57

disarray back to the cover of the railroad

21:59

embank. The

22:01

13th Illinois suffered severely

22:04

when they ran into the two guns from

22:06

the Alabama battery covering the gap. The Rebel

22:10

infantry also poured in their fire,

22:13

and when both the 13th Illinois

22:15

commanding officer and second in

22:17

command were killed, a captain

22:20

took charge of the regiment.

22:22

With wood stalled, Osterhaus

22:24

turned to his next formation, a brigade

22:27

of Iowans commanded by James Williamson.

22:31

Osterhaus ordered the Iowans to scale

22:33

white oak in support of the 76th

22:36

Ohio, which was still working

22:38

its way up the

22:39

slopes of the mountain. Williamson's

22:42

men set to it, but ended

22:44

up widely dispersed. Only

22:47

the 4th Iowa scaled white

22:49

oak close enough to remain within

22:51

supporting distance of the 76th Ohio. Unfortunately

22:57

for the Federals, though, this

22:59

wouldn't be a repeat of their spectacular

23:01

charge up Missionary Ridge. Because

23:05

on the Confederate side, Claiborne

23:07

dispatched some regiments from his reserve,

23:10

and then sent virtually the entire

23:12

brigades of both Lowry and

23:14

Polk. The rebels

23:17

scrambled up the east face of the heights,

23:20

while the Yankees toiled up the other side.

23:22

On the Confederate side, Brigade

23:25

Commander Lucius Polk personally led

23:27

the first of his regiments up the slopes. The

23:30

men of the 1st Arkansas reached the crest

23:33

and discovered, in Polk's words, that

23:35

the Yankees were also, quote, within 20

23:38

steps at

23:39

the top. A furious

23:41

firefight ensued, which cost

23:43

the Ohioans 40% of

23:46

their 200 men, including

23:48

eight members of the regimental color guard.

23:52

The Federals were pinned down just

23:54

short of the summit. The

23:57

arrival of the 4th Iowa on the

23:59

scene was a offset by the appearance

24:01

of the combined 32nd-45th

24:04

Mississippi, and then more

24:07

rebels from both Lowry's and Polk's

24:09

brigades. The

24:11

Confederates suffered much lighter

24:14

losses here since they won

24:16

the race to the crest. For

24:18

example, the Mississippians reported

24:20

only one man killed and 17 wounded.

24:24

With Osterhaus's assault having

24:26

broken down, Hooker sent in

24:28

John Geary's division, though

24:30

again the federal attacks

24:32

were uncoordinated and launched

24:34

piecemeal. David Ireland's

24:37

brigade of New Yorkers rushed directly

24:39

into the gap, replacing the battered

24:41

13th Illinois.

24:43

George Cobham's small brigade of

24:45

three Pennsylvania regiments squared

24:48

off against the Texans on the south

24:50

end of White Oak Mountain.

24:51

And William Creighton,

24:54

hoping to find the rebel flank, led

24:56

his brigade of Ohioans and Pennsylvanians

25:00

up the slopes even farther north

25:02

of where the 76th Ohio and

25:05

4th Iowa were still battling the

25:07

enemy. However,

25:09

intense fire from Polk's and Lowry's

25:12

Confederates up on the crest

25:15

stopped Creighton's advance short of

25:17

the top, and smart

25:19

maneuvering by the men of the 2nd Tennessee

25:22

and also the 16th Alabama

25:25

allowed them to savage Creighton's

25:28

flanks.

25:29

David Ireland's New Yorkers

25:31

fared no better as they plunged

25:33

directly into the gap. The

25:36

149th New York, leading the brigade's advance,

25:39

was hit by withering musket and artillery

25:42

fire and broke and fled

25:44

to the cover of the nearby Job Farm,

25:46

where they remained pinned down for the next

25:49

two hours. Since

25:51

the Confederates were clearly present

25:53

in force, Hooker abandoned

25:56

any idea of a quick victory at Ringgold

25:59

Gap and decided to wait for

26:01

the federal artillery to come up. When

26:04

the guns did arrive shortly after noon,

26:07

Hooker ordered them to shell the Confederate positions,

26:10

but the artillery fire appeared to have little

26:12

effect on the enemy. Not

26:15

long afterward, Ulysses S. Grant arrived

26:17

on the scene and told Hooker to

26:20

break off the action. Patrick

26:22

Clayburn and the men of his division

26:24

had performed exceedingly well in the

26:27

rear guard action at Ringgold Gap,

26:29

holding off a much larger force

26:32

of Federals by a combination of

26:34

skillful use of the terrain and

26:36

well-timed deployment of reserves.

26:39

Clayburn's brigade commanders

26:40

all performed brilliantly. The Federals

26:44

paid a substantial price

26:47

for Hooker's rash attempt to

26:49

force the gap. They suffered

26:51

over 500 killed, wounded,

26:53

and missing. Clayburn,

26:56

by contrast, reported 20 killed, 190

26:58

wounded, and 11 missing. At

27:03

almost the same time Grant ordered

27:05

Hooker to break off the action, Patrick

27:08

Clayburn prepared to do the same after

27:11

having fulfilled his mission to

27:13

buy time for the rest of the Army of Tennessee

27:16

to get away safely. For

27:19

the Confederates, as they marched away

27:21

from Chattanooga and into Northwest

27:23

Georgia, Clayburn's stand

27:26

at Ringgold Gap proved to be

27:28

a small, bright spark in

27:31

a sea of otherwise unrelieved

27:34

gloom.

27:41

That means it's time for this episode's

27:43

book recommendation, and our recommendation

27:46

this time is, All Hell

27:48

Can't Stop Them, The Battles for

27:50

Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge,

27:52

and Ringgold, November 24th to the

27:55

27th, 1863, by David A. Powell.

27:59

This is another of David

28:02

Powell's books that cover the fighting

28:04

at Chickamauga and for

28:06

Chattanooga. There

28:09

are, what, five or six of

28:11

them, and all are excellent,

28:13

and each deserve a spot on your Civil

28:15

War bookshelf.

28:16

Don't forget you can find a list

28:19

of all of our book recommendations if

28:21

you head over to the podcast website, which

28:23

is www.civilwarpodcast.org.

28:27

Also at the website

28:30

you can find information on joining

28:32

the Strawfoot Brigade and supporting the

28:34

podcast in that way, just

28:37

like Jason S., Richard

28:40

W., Chenzo580,

28:43

Stephen S., TheVirtuoid,

28:47

Justin W., and Jake

28:49

D. have all done recently.

28:52

We also want to thank Anthony I.

28:54

for his donation.

28:58

Thanks to all of you for listening to

29:00

this episode of the podcast. Rich

29:02

and I do hope that you join us again next time

29:05

when

29:05

our focus will shift to what was

29:07

happening at Knoxville. But until

29:09

then, take care. Thanks

29:12

everyone. Bye. www.civilwarpodcast.org