*Mild spoilers for season two of House of Cards in this episode*

Welcome to part three of a four part series on the book The Open Society And Its Enemies by Karl Popper. If you haven't listened to the first two parts yet I would highly recommend that you do, as the book builds through the parts and I will make references in todays episode that will have more context if you are familiar with the previous two episodes. In part three, I discuss Popper's take on how Aristotle and Hegel have intellectually contributed to the closed society ethos; and also begin with how Marx did. In this episode I discuss:

- Teleology and its application to the forms from Plato - that it is process driven Essentialism, and that there is in fact no such thing as static reality.

- Competing arguments is how we live and it is necessarily so

- Hegel as a politically useful philosopher - he had ability to use language to his own ends. His contribution was beginning our sense of Nationalism in the modern sense, and how that always needs an enemy.

- Heroism as only being as good as the cause for which one is a hero in

- The "ya but how" heuristic

- How economies and ideas are a two way street

- How economic power is dependent on political and physical power.

Thanks again for listening, have a great day!