0:02

Hey everybody. This is the

0:04

martyrmade podcast. podcast I am Darryl

0:06

Cooper and you were listening to

0:08

episode 21.

0:11

First episode of a new series of

0:14

been working on for long time. On the American

0:16

labor Wars called, who's

0:18

America, At

0:21

title whose America can

0:23

be read as possessive, whose

0:26

America is in, who does America belong

0:28

to or can be read at the conjunction?

0:30

Who is America? Because both

0:32

questions are the subject of this

0:36

You listen to this the main That's

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because week or two is past

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after I released this episode first, on

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sub stack for martyrmade subscribers.

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I will be doing that for now on how

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our podcast, jock, when I discuss historical

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issues as well as current events and try to pull

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the threads, connect one to the other. The

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issue somehow not aware of Giorgo's other

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podcast called. Jocko

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that out. My favorite person, personally. My favorite

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episode is probably 1:15 if

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there's so many good ones, but that one

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just stuck with me episode number 115, which

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of the Congressional Medal, of Honor Dakota Meyer.

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The great episode Jocko

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so will pretty much drink whatever you put in front

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of you but the other ones are true

3:06

This episode is just a prologue on

3:09

Paint really plan on doing it and first I've been working

3:11

on the first actual episode of the series

3:14

for the last couple months but they.

3:16

started to get closer to the release time Just

3:19

got back and I used a prologue to set the stage

3:21

of the Jonestown series and I can

3:23

wipe that format. The

3:26

next episode, the actual first episode,

3:29

is on. The largest insurrection

3:31

in American history since the civil war.

3:35

They decided to put this first kick things off

3:37

and kind of set the tune. Good

3:41

news is that means the next episode is already almost

3:43

done in so to be following not far behind

3:45

this one so. no further

3:47

ado let's get this thing started

3:50

This is a prologue of. Who's

3:53

America? The American

3:55

labor wars here.

3:57

we go

4:00

Died my beliefs of.

4:04

my head

4:07

The make me most. The

4:10

people will always remember it.

4:19

No plans,

4:22

to,. deny it

4:27

some Yeah.

4:46

More question for listen.

4:49

The

4:52

colonies ought to be a month dairy.

4:56

Think of states. The

4:58

drain away the filth. John

5:01

White. The planters, please.

5:04

Sixteen thirty.

5:05

You

5:08

know what classes? We

5:10

think we do.

5:12

The economics stratification created

5:14

by wealth and privilege.

5:17

The popular American history is commonly

5:19

told. Dramatize. Without

5:22

much reference to the existence of social

5:24

classes. It is

5:26

as though in separating from Great Britain,

5:28

the United States somehow magically

5:30

escape the bonds of class and arrived

5:33

a higher consciousness of enriched possibility.

5:36

After all, the U.S. Senate is not

5:39

the House of Lords. Schoolbooks

5:41

teach the national narrative along the lines

5:43

of land and liberty were one

5:46

or how ordinary folk seized

5:48

opportunity. The

5:51

hallowed American Dream is the gold

5:53

standard, by which politicians and voters

5:55

alike are meant to measure the quality of life

5:57

is each generation pursues its own definition.

6:00

Happiness unfettered by the

6:02

restraints of birth who your parents

6:04

are. Or station. The

6:06

position you start out from in the class system.

6:10

Our cherished myths are at once bolstering

6:12

and debilitating. All

6:14

men are created equal was successfully

6:17

employed as moto to define the promise

6:19

of America's open spaces and united

6:22

people's morals self regard and distinguishing

6:24

themselves from host of hopeless societies

6:26

abroad. The idea

6:29

of America? Presented by its

6:31

chief promoters with great punish,

6:33

vision of how modern republic my

6:35

prove itself revolutionary in terms

6:37

of social mobility in world dominated

6:40

by monarchy and fixed aristocracy.

6:44

All that is bolstering. However,

6:47

the reality on the ground was considerably

6:49

different. The most literal

6:51

terms as we shall see. British

6:54

colonies promoted dual agenda,

6:57

one involved reducing poverty back

6:59

in England. The other called for

7:01

transporting the idol and unproductive

7:04

to the new world. After

7:06

settlement colonial outposts exploited

7:09

their unfree laborers indentured servants,

7:11

slaves and children and,

7:14

saw such expendable classes is

7:16

human waste The poor.

7:19

The waist. The not disappear,

7:21

and by the early eighteenth century, they were seen

7:24

as permanent breed. This

7:26

way of classifying the poor took hold

7:28

in the United States. Gran

7:31

Fashion promoters of colonization

7:33

imagine America not as an eden of opportunity

7:36

but as giant rubbish heap that could be transformed

7:39

into productive terrain. expendable

7:42

people. Wait to people with

7:44

the common term. Would

7:46

be unloaded from England. Their labor

7:49

with Germany to distant Wasteland. Our

7:51

says it sounds the idol poor.

7:54

Dregs of society where to be sent

7:56

to their simply to throw down the newer and

7:58

die in vacuous. Then. Most

8:02

settlers in the seventeenth century did not

8:04

envision they're forced exile has the

8:06

start of city upon hill. They

8:09

did not express undying confident

8:11

in Pin's holy experiment. Dreamers

8:14

dreamt few settlers came

8:16

to America to fulfill any divine plan.

8:19

During the sixteen hundreds far from

8:22

being ranked is valued British subjects,

8:24

the great majority of early colonists

8:27

reclassified as surplus population

8:30

and expendable rubbish. The

8:32

rude, rather than robust population.

8:36

The English subscribed

8:39

to the idea that the poor drags would be weeded

8:41

out of English society and four ways.

8:44

Either nature would reduce the burden of

8:46

the poor through food shortages, starvation

8:49

and disease, or drawn

8:51

into crime, they might end up on the gallows.

8:54

Finally, some would be impressed

8:56

by force or lured by bounties

8:58

to fight and die in foreign wars

9:01

or else be shipped off to the colonies. That

9:04

worthless drones is these could be removed,

9:06

a colonial outposts that were in short supply

9:09

of able bodied laborers. The

9:12

English were obsessed with waste, which

9:15

was why America was first and foremost

9:17

wasteland in their eyes.

9:20

Wasteland meant undeveloped land

9:23

that was outside the circulation of

9:25

commercial exchange and, apart

9:27

from the understood rules of agricultural

9:29

production. Wasteland

9:32

with Idol land. Arable

9:34

tracts of desirable property could

9:36

only be associated with furrowed fields,

9:39

rows of crops and fruit trees, golden

9:41

waves of grain and pasture for cattle

9:44

and sheep. Waste was

9:46

wealth as yet unrealized. He

9:50

was not just land that could be waste. People

9:53

could be waste to. idle

9:56

and unused, they were waiting to be

9:58

transplanted the American Lan. The

10:00

be better I'll be at no more humanely

10:02

put to use. His view

10:04

of poverty was widely shared. One

10:07

persistent project first promoted and

10:09

fifteen eighty but never realized

10:11

involved raising a fleet of hundred ton

10:13

fishing vessels comprising ten thousand

10:16

men, half of whom were to be impoverished,

10:18

vagrants forced into service. The

10:21

Galley Labour Scheme was designed to

10:23

beat the famously industrious Dutch fishing

10:25

trade. Reading mathematician,

10:28

geographer, John Dee. With

10:31

another who imagined maritime solution to

10:33

poverty and fifteen seventy seven

10:35

as the British navy expanded, he proposed

10:38

converting the poor into sailors. There

10:40

is West, where the indigent to be swept from the streets

10:43

one way or another, whether Gap gathered

10:45

up as forced laborers, building highways

10:47

and fortifications or else herded

10:49

into prisons and workhouses. The

10:53

most ardent early promoters of colonization

10:55

envisioned the American colony as

10:58

one giant work house. This

11:00

cannot be emphasized enough. As

11:03

we waste from of America

11:05

was settled, it would become place

11:07

where the surplus poor the waste

11:09

people of England could be converted into

11:11

economic asset. Seeing

11:14

the indigent his waist rules as

11:16

the dregs of society was certainly

11:18

nothing new. The English and

11:20

wage the war against the poor, especially

11:22

vagrants in vagabonds for generations.

11:25

A series of laws in the fourteenth century

11:28

lead to a concerted campaign to root out

11:30

this wretched mother of all vice.

11:33

By the sixteenth century, harsh laws

11:35

and punishments were fixed in place. The

11:38

public stocks were building towns for runaway

11:40

servants along with whipping post

11:42

in cages variously placed around

11:44

London. Hot

11:47

branding of years and ear boring. Identified

11:50

this underclass in set them apart as criminal

11:52

contingent. An act of fifteen

11:54

forty seven allowed for vagrants

11:56

to be branded with V on their breasts

11:59

and in so. They've. worms

12:02

envelope London. As

12:04

one observer remarked and sixteen, oh wait,

12:06

the heavy concentrations of poor created

12:09

a subterranean colony of dirty and

12:11

disfigured monsters living

12:13

in caves. They

12:16

were accused of breeding rapidly and infecting

12:18

the city with plague of poverty. It

12:21

didn't American colonies were presented

12:24

as the cure. The poor or. The

12:26

be purged. And

12:28

sixteen twenty two, the famous poet

12:30

and clergyman John Dawn wrote of

12:32

Virginia in this fashion, describing

12:35

the New Colony as the nation, spleen and

12:37

liver draining the ill

12:39

humours of the body to breed good blood.

12:42

The others used less delicate imagery.

12:46

American colonies were monk dairies

12:48

excrete in human waste from

12:50

the body politic. And quote.

12:55

The passages from

12:58

the book "White trash" Four

13:01

hundred year on told History of Class

13:03

in America by Nancy Eisenberg.

13:07

Maybe the first

13:09

thing to know. About

13:11

America. Is

13:14

that? It was born is a profit

13:17

making enterprise or. None

13:20

we did it was a. society

13:22

geared toward business but literally many

13:24

of the early colonies were own by

13:26

corporations whose investors demanded

13:28

investors see an immediate return on their share

13:31

The

13:33

mythology of America as the New Jerusalem

13:35

the Land of Liberty in the city on the hill was,

13:38

one invented by and circulated

13:40

among that narrow cast

13:42

of wealthy or upwardly mobile

13:45

settlers who formed just a very small slice

13:47

of the early american population The

13:50

vast majority of Americans. White,

13:53

black, any color, the vast majority

13:55

who arrive before the American revolution

13:58

came to this country insane. Then.

14:01

Reagan sixteen

14:03

nineteen project of New York Times

14:06

suggested. that the narrative of american

14:08

history or history be pushed back to begin

14:11

in sixteen nineteen the year that the first

14:13

african slaves arrived in the colonies That.

14:16

Actually, that initial shipment of

14:18

Africans were not technically slaves,

14:21

they were indentured servants in most of them had be

14:23

granted their freedom within the decade, which

14:25

is to say that sixteen. Nineteen is probably

14:27

not a good year to begin the story even

14:30

if we accept their framing since.

14:32

indentured servitude existed before that

14:34

year and in fact form

14:36

the basis on which colonial america

14:38

was being built

14:39

Then

14:42

I'll say that to compare the plight of European

14:44

indentured servants to African slaves

14:46

because the stories that I'm going to be telling in

14:48

this series or not about white

14:51

people or black or brown or any

14:53

other color of people.

14:54

The stories

14:56

are about America about American people.

15:00

Country born is it was out of the rigid

15:02

class system of England and

15:05

about those people who fought. And

15:08

very often died so that you

15:10

and I everyone else listening today don't

15:12

work fourteen to sixteen hour days

15:15

in. terrible and dangerous conditions

15:17

for starvation wages

15:19

That

15:21

outcome was not avoided by chance.

15:24

It was not avoided due to som.

15:26

Natural process of historical development

15:29

know I that. outcome Was

15:32

avoided because working men and women

15:34

face down police. And

15:36

mercenaries. Assassin's,

15:39

even the National Guard and the U.S.

15:41

Army, to ensure that their children

15:44

in "we they're great, great grandchildren"

15:47

grew up in a country that they might

15:49

be able to call their own"

15:52

The point of his next piece is not to make

15:54

a racial point, but to illustrate

15:57

that capital respects

15:59

know. The were. No Korea,

16:01

no distinction of gender, even age.

16:04

And it's relationship to it's humid. Resources.

16:09

This article is from the African American

16:11

publication Ebony. magazine

16:15

It's from November nineteen, sixty

16:17

nine. Quote.

16:18

Someone

16:22

remove the cataracts of whiteness

16:24

from our eyes and, when we look

16:27

with and clouded vision on the bloody shadows

16:29

of the american past We

16:31

will recognize for the first time that the

16:33

Afro American who was so often

16:35

second in freedom. There's also

16:37

second in slavery. Indeed,

16:40

it will be revealed that the Afro American was

16:42

third in slavery for he inherited

16:45

his teens in a manner of speaking from

16:47

the pioneer Bondsman, who were red

16:49

and white. The

16:52

story of this succession. How

16:54

the red bondsmen in the White Bondsmen

16:56

passed on the torch have forced labor to

16:58

the black men and of how white

17:00

men created system of white servitude

17:03

which lasted in America for more than two

17:05

hundred years the. story

17:08

of how this system was created and why

17:10

and how white men in white women and

17:12

white children were bought and sold

17:14

like cattle and transported across the

17:16

seas and foul slave ships The

17:19

story of how all this happened.

17:22

And have white planter reduced white people

17:25

to temporary and lifetime servitude

17:27

for stretching out his hands to Ethiopia

17:30

has. never been told before and all it's dimensions

17:34

As matter of fact. The traditional

17:36

in bombers of American experience

17:38

seem to find white servitude enormously

17:40

embarrassing and prefer to dwell

17:42

at length on black bondage in America. But

17:45

this maneuver distorts both black

17:48

bondage and the American experience.

17:50

For white bondage and read bondage.

17:53

The missing legs of the Triangle of

17:55

American Servitude. This

17:58

time go defines the initial. The American

18:00

experience. The an experiment

18:03

in compulsion.

18:04

Red

18:07

and white bondage were integral part of this

18:09

experiment, but white bondage was

18:11

particularly important. The

18:13

first place White Bondage lasted

18:16

for more than two centuries and involved

18:18

the majority of the white immigrants

18:20

to the American colonies. It

18:22

has been estimated that at least

18:24

two out of every three white colonists

18:27

work for a term of years in the fields

18:29

or kitchen, the semi slaves. A

18:32

second point of immense importance in this

18:34

whole equation is the fact that white servitude,

18:36

what the historic foundation upon

18:38

which the system, a black slavery, was constructed.

18:43

In other words, white servitude was the

18:45

historic proving ground for the mechanisms

18:47

of control and subordination used

18:49

in afro American slavery. The

18:52

plantation pass system the fugitive

18:54

slave law the use of the overseer

18:57

and the house servant and the uncle Tom

18:59

the. for separation of parents and

19:01

children on the auction block in the sexual

19:03

exploitation of servant women The

19:06

whipping post. The slave change.

19:09

The branding. All

19:11

these mechanisms were tried out in perfected

19:13

first on white men in

19:15

white women. Master's.

19:18

Also developed theory of internal

19:20

white racism and use the traditional sambo

19:23

and minstrel stereotypes to characterize

19:25

white servants who are said to be good natured

19:27

and faithful but biologically

19:29

inferior. And subject to laziness,

19:31

immorality and crime. And

19:34

all of this would seem to suggest that nothing

19:36

substantial can be said about the mechanisms

19:38

of black bondage in America, except

19:41

against the background and within the perspective

19:43

of the system of white bondage in America. How

19:46

did system develop? And why?

19:50

He developed primarily because of desperate

19:52

need for labor. It has been

19:54

suggested that the White Man sense of humanity

19:56

kept him from enslaving white people by

19:59

as Eric. The said there is no

20:01

evidence of this sense of humanity in the record

20:04

the. white founding fathers needed labour

20:06

they were willing to do anything to get labor

20:09

They did not care what color that Labour

20:11

was or what religion he professed

20:14

or what country it came from. The

20:16

first enslaved the Indians. And

20:18

when that supply became uncertain, they

20:20

drafted the poor whites of Europe. But

20:23

the supply of poor whites was limited in

20:25

so only then they turn their eyes to Africa.

20:30

It should be noted that both white and black

20:32

bondage grew out of and reflected internal

20:34

tensions in contradictions in your. These

20:37

tensions and contradictions revolved around

20:39

certain ideas relating to the proper subordination

20:42

and social segregation of white people.

20:45

Merck, until this ideas about national power

20:48

and lebens rom for the masses in

20:50

new meal, you have competitive egoism

20:52

growing out of the renaissance in the commercial revolution.

20:55

And flowing with and out of all this.

20:58

The new spirit of adventure and ruthlessness.

21:01

Which included certain contempt for human

21:03

beings, have any color. They were seen

21:06

to be poor or unproductive. These

21:10

mental attitude reflected in turn

21:12

certain material contradictions in Europe,

21:15

which was confused and afflicted

21:17

place on the eve of colonial expansion.

21:20

Nothing indicates this more clearly than the social

21:22

chaos of England, where the upper classes

21:25

were engaged in the bloody process of driving

21:27

the peasants from the land. We

21:30

are told that on the eve of the founding of the plantations

21:32

of Virginia, Massachusetts, the roads

21:35

in fields of England, swarmed with beggars,

21:37

vagabonds and thieves. "Unemployment

21:40

was at an all time high in the relief

21:42

roles bulged with supplicants. Instead

21:46

of dealing with the white poor on

21:48

basis of humanity, the rulers

21:50

of English society drove them against the wall

21:52

by an acting, drastic vagrancy and

21:54

poor laws. It

21:57

was in this setting of social nightmare that

21:59

England and Bar. Then it's career of colonialism.

22:02

Is so many scholars who suggested? One

22:04

of the major causes of this movement was the idea

22:07

that England needed dumping ground for it's

22:09

undesirables. The Lasco,

22:11

the Spanish minister to England, said as much

22:13

and sixteen eleven letter to his monarch.

22:16

Quoting Glasgow, their principal reason

22:19

for colonizing these parties to give an outlet

22:21

for so many idol wretched people

22:23

as they have an England and thus prevent

22:26

the dangers that might be feared of them. However,

22:30

that might be. The fact remains

22:32

that the idol wretched people.

22:34

Became the first fodder of colonialism.

22:38

And I played this row under a system of forced

22:40

labor with deep roots in European

22:42

experience. By. This

22:44

time, of course, the institution of slavery

22:47

had virtually died out in Europe, casualty

22:49

of agrarian feudalism in which peasants,

22:52

who might otherwise have been vulnerable to enslavement,

22:54

served A. Lord of the Aristocracy, who wasn't

22:57

going to allow his tax base and labor force

22:59

to be carried off. But

23:01

other forms of forced labor, including

23:03

the apprenticeship system, were common. And

23:06

when the opening of the new world created

23:09

demand which free labor cannot satisfy,

23:11

the colonists created system of forced

23:13

labor based loosely on the old apprenticeship

23:16

system. Under the new system

23:18

called Indentured Servitude, person

23:21

sold himself or was sold

23:23

for stipulated number of years, usually

23:26

from two to seven, although some were

23:28

sold and lifetime slavery, to

23:30

pay the cost of his transportation to America.

23:34

The indentured servant, as the White Man's

23:36

been recalled, signed contract

23:38

of indenture in England or in America. The

23:41

ranks of white servitude also included

23:43

convicts who were sentenced to terms

23:45

of service, usually seven to fourteen years

23:48

in the colonies, in lieu of prison sentences.

23:51

Kidnapped men, women and children. wives

23:54

fleeing husbands and children, fleeing fathers

23:57

and mothers. At the system

23:59

developed and. Erica, other forms

24:01

and styles of servitude sprang up. The

24:04

illegitimate children and the children of the poor

24:06

were routinely bound out until they were

24:08

twenty one. Colonial

24:10

adults were also found out to pay debts

24:13

for satisfy legal requirements. The

24:16

system did not spring full blown from

24:18

the heads of the original settlers, it

24:20

evolved piece by piece act

24:22

by act within the context of colonial

24:24

syndrome. His blog

24:27

as shown. The system deteriorated

24:29

intended to pass into property relation

24:31

with asserted control over the bodies

24:34

in liberties of their person during their service

24:37

as if they were things. The

24:40

system of white servitude evolved in America,

24:42

but it evolved with in context of experience

24:44

which came to America with the first white

24:47

immigrants. In fact, large

24:49

proportion of the first English immigrants were

24:51

bound to service or labor for an unspecified

24:54

number of years. Most

24:56

of the pioneer Virginia settlers, for example,

24:58

were de facto slaves of the Virginia

25:00

company, which ban private property

25:03

ruled by martial law. Molina

25:06

and other inhabitants complained that they were being

25:08

treated like slaves. According

25:10

to surviving documents, the first white settlers

25:13

in Virginia were driven to work in gangs

25:15

and punished severely for minor infractions.

25:18

Anyone who miss church on Sunday was

25:20

to lie neck in heels that night

25:23

and officially reduced to slavery

25:25

for week. The third offense,

25:28

the columnist, was liable to official enslavement

25:30

for over year. Things

25:33

were not much better further north, where the Puritans

25:35

began their crusade for democracy by reducing

25:38

to servitude, relatively large number

25:40

of white men. It was in

25:42

sixteen twenty eight that White Bondage

25:44

began in the Puritan Commonwealth in.

25:47

that year one hundred eighty servants

25:49

landed it's salem to prepare the food

25:51

and homes for the pioneers of the history books

25:53

who came over came year later In

25:56

addition to the men and women held service

25:58

or labor. The White Pioneers

26:01

were condemned to slavery within few years

26:03

after their first landing. And sixty

26:05

know nine Henry Spelman, Virginian

26:07

colonists was apparently sold to the Indians

26:10

by captain John Smith. Stallman,

26:12

who's rescued year later, said. That

26:15

was carried by Captain John Smith, our

26:17

president, to he fails and

26:19

ye little power time. We're unknown

26:22

to me, he sold me to him. This

26:24

was apparently fairly common occurrence in the

26:26

early days for weird, also told

26:29

that, and sixteen o nine Admiral Newport

26:31

gave power time. A boy named

26:33

Thomas salvage in exchange for

26:35

an Indian servant. few

26:38

years later the colony of Massachusetts

26:40

was openly sentencing white men

26:42

to slavery for penal offenses in.

26:45

sixteen forty one forty example william

26:47

andrews was condemned to slavery by the

26:49

general court for assaulting his master

26:52

John Hazelwood, Jowl's player, were

26:54

also sentenced to slavery for theft and

26:56

housebreaking. Although

27:00

some Indians were reduced to slavery and servitude

27:02

in the first decade of the seventeenth century,

27:05

the colonial masters continued to rely

27:07

on the poor whites of your. From

27:09

the very beginning, poor white children

27:11

were picked up on the street and any arms houses

27:13

of London in Bristol in Amsterdam and

27:15

shipped off to the colonies. The

27:18

first step on this road was taken at

27:20

the first meeting of a representative

27:22

political body and White America. It's

27:25

very first meeting in Jamestown.

27:27

The Virginia Legislature provided for the

27:29

recording and enforcing of contracts of

27:32

indenture forbade servants

27:34

from marrying without consent. An

27:36

authorized masters to whip their servants.

27:40

When towards the end of this interesting

27:42

year the first Blacks landed at Jamestown

27:44

they. found the system of servitude firmly

27:47

established and most of the white population

27:49

living in the shadow of chains In

27:52

that same year, ship from London

27:54

brought one hundred white women and they were

27:56

bought up immediately at price of one hundred

27:58

twenty pounds of tobacco.

28:00

Another memorable event

28:02

of year, with the arrival of one hundred poor

28:04

children from the streets of England. Eight

28:07

years later, about fifteen hundred kidnap

28:09

children were sent to Virginia while

28:11

the authorities pleaded for another shipment

28:13

of the friendless boys and girls.

28:16

The

28:18

number of servants crossing the Atlantic increased

28:21

year by year and by the middle of the century,

28:23

the trade and white men with an international

28:25

business but commanded the attention of politicians,

28:28

merchants, captains, in bankers. The

28:31

servants came from all over Christian Europe

28:33

from Germany and Holland in Sweden

28:35

in school and. Most, however.

28:38

The from England and Ireland. They

28:40

came these Christian Demi slaves,

28:43

the same way most black slaves came.

28:46

crammed shoulder to shoulder toe to

28:48

toe the living in the dead side

28:50

by side in the on ventilated holds

28:53

of crowded ships. In

28:55

this respect and others there

28:57

were striking similarities between the white

28:59

slave trade in a black slave trade in.

29:02

fact many of the same ports and

29:04

c merchants were involved in both

29:06

trades Them of the big African

29:09

slave traders acquired their experience

29:11

and capital in the white servant trade.

29:14

There were also common mechanisms in the systems

29:16

of capture and delivery. It

29:19

was not for nothing that trade and Irish

29:21

servants was called the Irish slave

29:23

trade. The

29:25

side note. The sixteen eleven

29:28

King James Bible use the term servant

29:30

were the most other versions

29:32

use slave or bondsman, so at the context

29:34

worth keeping in mind when that word

29:36

serving is used in secular documents

29:38

are the same age. Back to

29:41

the article. The trade

29:43

and men. Whether white men or

29:45

black men or read men was big

29:47

business and the men who profited from

29:49

that business use the accepted merchandising

29:51

and marketing skills. Most

29:53

of the big traders and captains relied

29:56

on hired agents who scoured the countryside

29:58

distributing propaganda. For it and trumpeting

30:00

the virtues of life is a bond in servant

30:03

in Virginia or Maryland or Pennsylvania.

30:06

But when these methods failed. The

30:08

other forms of persuasion were used, including

30:10

kidnapping and coercion, usually

30:13

with the explicit or implicit

30:15

cooperation of the authorities. Ruthless

30:18

agents called spirits openly

30:21

kidnapped men, women and children on

30:23

the streets of Bristol and other cities and

30:25

held them in depots until the day of departure.

30:28

The spirits were good at their trade.

30:31

One man said that he had spirited away

30:33

five hundred persons year for twelve

30:36

years. And sixteen seventeen

30:38

an affidavit was sworn out against one William

30:40

thieves who spirited away eight

30:43

hundred forty persons in single year.

30:46

As can be imagined, this was not particularly

30:48

good period for people who like to walk the streets

30:51

alone. In fact, things got

30:53

so bad in London, the one could precipitate

30:56

riot by shouting the word "spirit"

30:59

There were other stratagems equally successful.

31:03

Some ship captains made practice

31:05

of visiting the clerk and well house of correction

31:07

and plying the women prisoners with drinks

31:10

when, the women were sufficiently drunk the

31:12

captain's with connivance of the warden would

31:14

carry them off to america On

31:17

Nov. seventeen sixteen ninety two

31:19

one Narcissus literally noted in his

31:21

diary that. ship lane

31:23

leith going for virginia on board

31:26

with the magistrates had ordered fifty

31:28

immoral women out of the houses of correction

31:30

and thirty others who walk the streets after

31:32

ten at night From

31:35

time to time, the colonial authorities

31:37

scheduled special projects, for

31:40

example, there was the famous and controversial

31:42

project for sending some one thousand young

31:44

Irish girls to Jamaica for breeding purposes.

31:48

No one seems to know what happened to this plan,

31:50

but there is letter of one Henry Cromwell,

31:52

which throws curious light on the age.

31:55

Concerning the young women, although

31:57

we must use force in taking them

31:59

off. It is not in the least doubted

32:02

that you may have such number of them as use

32:04

of think fit to make use upon this account.

32:08

Another source of unwilling colonists with

32:10

the penitentiary the. best estimates

32:12

suggest that at least fifty thousand convicts

32:15

were shipped to american this period and

32:17

it most of them went to virginia and maryland

32:19

which were known in some circles as penal

32:22

colonies Marcus W.

32:24

Jernigan, author of laboring independent

32:26

classes in Colonial America, has written.

32:29

In. This connection, it has been suggested that

32:31

American genealogists in search of

32:33

missing data to complete their family tree

32:36

would find rich mine of unexplored material

32:38

in the archives of the. Prisons of New

32:40

Gate and Old Bailey, the latter

32:43

feeling one hundred ten manuscript volumes.

32:46

Some of the convicts incidentally. We're

32:49

openly identified as slaves in bound

32:51

for life.

32:53

Political prisoners defeated

32:55

soldiers, Irish priests

32:57

and quakers and other dissenters

33:00

completed the cast of characters for the White

33:02

servant trade drama. The

33:04

political prisoners serve for varying

33:06

lengths of time, but some were slaves

33:08

condemned in a language of the day to

33:10

serve in our colonies in America during

33:12

the term of their natural lives. The

33:16

survivors of the first stage of the

33:18

process of selection were assembled at ports

33:20

and pack like fish into the holds of ships

33:22

for the eight to twelve week trip to America.

33:25

Under the best circumstances this trip with

33:27

harrowing experience under.

33:30

the conditions imposed conditions the sermons it

33:32

was almost insupportable There

33:34

with little or no room for movement

33:36

between decks. The food was poor

33:38

is scant immortality was high.

33:41

Sometimes more than half of the servants died

33:43

before the ship reached America. Wanting

33:47

to know is it for long time settlers.

33:50

who did have some means that were coming to america

33:52

would receive larger land grants if

33:54

they came with servants and this

33:56

held whether the servants lived or died

33:58

en route Henry

34:01

Lauren. Then. South carolinian

34:03

who bought and sold white and black flies,

34:05

said he never saw an instance of

34:07

cruelty and ten or twelve years experience

34:09

in that branch, the African slave

34:11

trade equal. To the cruelty exercised

34:14

upon these poor Irish self

34:16

interest prompted baptized seasons,

34:19

the captain's to take some care

34:21

of their wretched slaves for the market. That

34:23

no other care was taken of those poor protestant

34:26

Christians from Ireland but to deliver as

34:28

many as possible live on shore

34:30

upon the cheapest terms. When

34:33

the ships arrived at American ports, the

34:35

dead were thrown overboard and the survivors

34:37

for spruced up for on Dec. sales.

34:40

In some cases, both men and women

34:42

were stripped naked and examined by the prospective

34:45

buyers. Abbott Emerson

34:47

Smith Row. Then. servants

34:49

were produced from their quarters, the prospective

34:52

purchasers walk them up and down felt

34:54

their muscles judge their state of health

34:56

immorality, converse with them to

34:59

discover their degrees of intelligence. And

35:01

Docility and finally is satisfied,

35:04

brought them and carry them off home. The

35:06

whole scene bore resemblance to cattle

35:08

market. Among

35:10

the leading buyers and sellers of servants.

35:13

Where the most distinguished men in the colonies,

35:16

some like William Carter in Robert

35:18

Beverly of Virginia. Had

35:21

hand in Indian, white and black

35:23

trades. Harder, for example,

35:25

bought and sold blacks and whites and

35:27

engaged in the Indian for trade. Amanda,

35:30

well known Americans who bought White's servants,

35:32

was George Washington. During

35:35

the sale, husbands and wives were

35:37

separated and children under five

35:40

were sold or given away until their twenty

35:42

first birthday. The Middle

35:44

Burger, who came to America and seventeen,

35:46

Safety said. Many parents

35:48

must sell in trade away their children, like

35:50

so many head of cattle. Some

35:53

enterprising and insensitive merchants

35:55

called soul drivers bought

35:57

servants in lots of fifty or more in.

36:00

them through the contrary, selling them by ones

36:02

and twos to local planters. Like

36:05

servants were also sold individually

36:07

on auction blocks in some cases,

36:09

whites, blacks and reds were sold

36:11

from the same stand. The

36:14

consummation of the sale change the servant's

36:16

relationship with himself. And

36:18

with his fellow men. For he

36:20

now became subject to the will interest

36:23

in whim of another human being. In

36:25

practice, as almost every student

36:28

of white servitude has pointed out, he was

36:30

de facto slave. JB

36:33

McMaster Row. They became

36:35

in the eyes of the law, slave, and

36:37

in both the civil and criminal code

36:39

where class with the negro and the Indian.

36:42

They were worked hard, were dressed

36:44

in the cast off close of their owners and

36:46

might be flogged is the master and

36:48

mistress might think necessary. Father,

36:52

mother in children could be sold to different

36:54

buyers. The on fisk

36:56

said. Their lives were in theory

36:58

protected by law. We're an

37:00

indentured servant came to his death from

37:02

prolonged ill usage or from excessive

37:04

punishment or even from sudden violence

37:07

it. was not easy to get verdict against master

37:11

In those days frequent flogging the

37:13

last was inflicted upon the indentured servant

37:15

with scarcely less compunction than upon the

37:17

purchase slave and. in general

37:20

the condition of the former seems to

37:22

have been nearly as miserable as that of ladder

37:24

save that the servitude the negro was perpetual

37:27

while the white man might look forward to an end

37:30

For him. Pandora's box

37:33

and not quite spilled out the last of it's

37:35

contents. If

37:37

we judge by contemporary reports,

37:39

almost all of the contents of Pandora's box

37:42

and golf, the hapless white servant. The

37:44

record bulges with cases of appalling

37:46

cruelty and many observers said

37:49

that lot of the white servant was worse

37:51

than that of the black slave for as long

37:53

as it last it. In

37:55

letter written in seventeen, Seventy Eddie

37:57

said. Negroes being property.

38:00

The life the death of slaves

38:02

in the prime of youth and strength is material

38:04

loss to the proprietor they.

38:06

are therefore under more comfortable circumstances

38:08

than the miserable europeans over whom the rigid

38:11

planters exercise and inflexible severity

38:14

Generally speaking, the white servants

38:16

ground beneath worse than Egyptian bondage.

38:20

The same kind of reports came from the English

38:22

colony on Barbados where Richard League

38:25

and said he saw. That

38:27

cruelty don't the servants, as I did not think

38:29

one Christian could have done to another. In

38:32

Barbados and on the mainland. servant

38:34

women were systematically exploited by their

38:36

masters in overseers. Many

38:39

of this class of women feel about Bruce said

38:41

were exposed to improper advances

38:43

on their master's part as they were by

38:45

their situation very much in the power of these

38:47

masters who is inclined

38:49

to licentiousness would not be slow

38:52

to use it. The

38:54

laws defining the servant's rights and obligations

38:56

varied from state to state, but there was a common

38:58

core. As rule, servants

39:01

could not marry without consent and they

39:03

could not buy whiskey or engaging trade. It

39:06

could not leave the plantation area without

39:08

pass, nor could they vote or

39:10

hold office. Like

39:12

the slave, the servant could be bought

39:14

sold borrowed. Won

39:16

or lost in card game given away as

39:19

prize sees for debt pledged

39:21

as security on alone or transferred

39:23

in will. The master

39:25

was obligated to feed and clothe servant

39:28

and to give him certain freedom dues corn

39:30

cloth and in some cases land at the end

39:32

of his service but there's much evidence

39:35

to show that masters very often fail to

39:37

meet their obligations som.

39:39

in fact it everything they could to extend

39:41

the service of their servants As

39:44

result, many servants who survived

39:46

the first term of their service were

39:48

tricked force or penalized

39:50

in the second and third term. He

39:53

was also common for poor whites to sell

39:55

themselves into servitude, to pay debts

39:57

and avoid prison. Including

39:59

debt. The medical expenses. And

40:02

sixteen, seventy five in Virginia, white

40:04

man named Lambert Groton sold himself

40:07

into lifetime slavery in order to satisfy

40:09

debt. Most

40:11

servants were field hands and most

40:13

work the traditional slave hours from

40:16

can see to can't see. In

40:18

the field and house the servant worked

40:20

side by side with black and red servants

40:23

and slaves servants, and slaves

40:25

shared the same holidays and the same feasts

40:28

they lived together and primitive huts they were

40:30

forced to build "If I'm

40:32

Cormac", said. They labored side

40:34

by side, the servant for term of years

40:37

and the slave for life, and the tendency

40:39

was for masters to treat them all alike. It

40:42

was not unusual for master to make

40:44

black or red man overseer

40:46

of the white workers nor. was

40:48

it unusual in the early part of the century

40:50

for black man to own white servants

40:54

From the very beginning. White servants

40:56

conspired and attempted to revolt. It's

40:58

interesting to note that white historians

41:00

use the same conceptual apparatus in their

41:02

explanation of the number of white and black revolts

41:05

for. example abbott emerson smith

41:07

says of says disposition to

41:09

general rebellion seems scarcely to have

41:12

existed among servants among the continent perhaps

41:14

because the chance of success was negligible

41:16

was compared with that on that relatively small

41:19

island he had barbados in mind That

41:22

it may the fact remains

41:24

that the White Planters lived in constant fear

41:26

of United rebellion by blacks

41:29

whites and reds to. forestall

41:31

that possibility they systematically

41:34

sowed the seeds of division The

41:37

most common form of resistance was

41:39

flight. Throughout the colonial period,

41:42

newspapers were filled with reports of absconding

41:44

servants. Some of the reports

41:46

indicated that whites and blacks ran away together.

41:50

In matter of runaways, there was absolutely

41:52

no difference between the institution of slavery

41:55

and servitude. The same mechanisms

41:57

we used to capture servants and.

42:00

The way. And the advertisements

42:02

indicated that the servants for collar chains

42:04

and was scarred and maimed by cruel treatment.

42:08

The route, the seventeenth century and part

42:10

of the eighteenth century white servitude,

42:12

was the major economic prob of most

42:15

of the colonies. As the years war

42:17

on the limited supply of white servants

42:19

and the changing economic needs of the English

42:21

and colonial power structure shifted the spotlight

42:24

to Africa. Then by that time,

42:26

white servants had left an indelible mark

42:28

on the economic and social fabric of

42:31

America. The

42:33

site only one example, white servitude

42:36

helped create the landed aristocracy of the

42:38

south. Then. "System of indentured

42:40

servants in it's social effects", Philip

42:42

Bruce said, Gifford, but little

42:44

if that all from the system of slavery,

42:47

the indentured servants were as much legalized

42:50

lower class. In Virginia, as nobleman,

42:52

we're legalized higher class in

42:54

England. American

42:57

history and American historians have not

42:59

been kind to the memory of the poor

43:01

white founding fathers. "For

43:03

example, some historians say openly

43:06

that it was fortunate that so many indentured

43:08

servants fell by the wayside tj

43:10

work", and Baker wrote. The years went

43:12

on, the scarcity of women became

43:14

distinct blessing. It made it

43:16

possible for the degraded laborer, even

43:19

if he ultimately security is freedom

43:21

to leave descendants to perpetuate

43:23

his lowly instincts. added

43:26

Emerson Smith wrote. Perhaps

43:28

it was fortunate thing that pioneer conditions

43:31

were as difficult as they were in, there is

43:33

any truth in theories of heredity for the

43:35

honor on enterprising were not preserve.

43:38

The strong and competent survived and

43:40

if this manner of separating sheep from goats

43:43

puts too. great premium

43:45

on sheer physical health That

43:47

at least was something well worth distinguishing

43:49

and preserving. It was speedy

43:51

when away. The bass influx

43:54

of riff raff, which descended upon the settlements.

43:57

The residue. That is it was.

44:00

The came the American people. The

44:02

and.

44:04

They

44:06

said by the early

44:09

nineteenth century. During

44:11

that first generation, after the American

44:13

Revolution direct enslavement

44:15

official enslavement, as we think of it was largely

44:18

a constructed, condition now inflicted

44:20

solely on Africans. But.

44:24

The lives of majority of poor

44:26

white southerners were at least in material

44:28

sense, very often little better

44:30

than those of slaves. Most

44:33

of them. scratched out living

44:35

on subsistence farmers. Always

44:38

at risk of debt p on it in the event of

44:40

a drought or locust attack and usually

44:43

dependent to one degree or another on the patronage

44:45

of local elites.

44:46

The North.

44:50

The budding industrial revolution was changing

44:52

the nature of work all together and generating

44:55

massive demand for labor and he's growing

44:57

cities. Many

44:59

of the surviving generations

45:01

from these indentured labourers. The

45:04

laborers and artisans in crass me who's

45:06

bloodlines and made it through the winnowing process

45:09

in the nineteenth century. This

45:11

point had managed to. Create.

45:14

A mix Labour economy in many places

45:16

that somewhat approximated utopian

45:19

vision by Karl Marx when he said that

45:21

in a Communist society becomes possible

45:23

for me to do one thing today. And another tomorrow

45:26

to hunt in the morning fish in the afternoon

45:29

rear cattle in the evening criticize

45:31

after dinner, just as I have a mind without

45:33

ever becoming hunter fishermen,

45:36

Herdsmen. Or critic. Now.

45:40

Of course we don't like Karl Marx here on the martyr

45:42

made Podcast and the world he's

45:44

describing obviously did not prevail

45:46

in the details in early

45:49

nineteenth century America. But

45:51

those lines of his that I just read do

45:54

in very vague term to describe

45:56

his style of life that would have been familiar to many people

45:58

here that time. Take,

46:01

for example, the shoemaking industry

46:03

in Lane Massachusetts. The

46:07

Labour a story and Norman were rights

46:10

of this period from about eighteen thirty

46:12

dating forty just. before

46:14

the transition to the fully industrialized

46:16

urban factory system Well.

46:20

The transition to the factory system was not

46:22

far advanced in the beginning of our period. The

46:25

in Massachusetts with the center of the women

46:27

shoe trade and was only emerging

46:29

at this time from the domestic system. The

46:32

domestic worker at Lan had been part

46:34

farmer, part artisan part

46:36

fisherman. If one of his three

46:38

props failed him, he could fall back

46:40

on another. He felt that he could

46:42

work in the fields or in the shop is he chose,

46:45

and when disinclined for either, he can lock

46:47

up his ten foot or in go fishing. When

46:50

it was too cold for work indoors or

46:52

out. He sat in his kitchen reading.

46:55

The men and women who worked on shoes in the

46:57

earlier days good so irregularly

47:00

and at their own request. In

47:03

eighteen thirty, nearly all the shoemakers

47:06

of Lynn had own their homes with some land

47:08

about them. Even those who

47:10

rented had usually large gardens

47:12

where they were able to raise sufficient vegetables

47:14

for their winter supply. Almost

47:17

every family kept pig in, many

47:19

had their own camp. This

47:21

plane in the little shop was slack.

47:24

When an apprentice left his work at night.

47:26

You might be expected back in the morning, but

47:28

there was no special grounds for the expectation

47:31

he might drop in the next morning or the next

47:33

week. The panic

47:35

of eighteen thirty seven was less distressing

47:37

and it's results for the lean shoemakers than

47:40

it would have been at later period because of the

47:42

still primitive nature of the industrial situation.

47:45

With garden, pig and some

47:47

fishing tackle. The shoemaker

47:49

could bid defiance the financial tempest.

47:54

In the winter, he can go clam an eel hunting

47:56

and if he had two or three chords of would

47:58

split and pile them. The shed he considered

48:00

himself in easy circumstances and

48:03

now where is quoting David knew how

48:05

Johnson's eighteen eighty bucks sketches of

48:07

land. When the spring

48:09

opened, the horizon of his hopes expanded,

48:12

less clothing and fuel were needed, the

48:14

clam banks discounted more readily.

48:17

The attic could be God it's wants got so

48:19

cheap the price wasn't worth quoting the.

48:22

boys could dig dandy lines Then,

48:25

if the poor man had his little spring

48:27

pig that he had kept through the winter,

48:29

pork and dandelions were no small items

48:31

in the bill of fare. The back to

48:33

where? It is well

48:35

no doubt to be skeptical of golden age

48:37

either past or future and well

48:40

to discount reminiscences. The

48:42

evidence is considerable. The

48:44

reality of the freedom and security

48:47

of these people. And quo?

48:51

The industrial revolution put an end office.

48:54

American

48:56

children used to grow up, maybe they still do,

48:58

I did when was a kid steering folk

49:00

tales about the giant lumberjack Paul

49:02

Bunyan and John Henry,

49:05

the steel drive and man. These

49:07

were stories that meets superheroes out

49:09

of working men but. they

49:12

had tragic as to them John

49:16

Henry, supposed to have been these giant black

49:18

friedman who did the hard work

49:20

of hammering steel drills in Iraq.

49:23

The boreholes for Dynamite the blast to pass

49:25

for the railroad. Very hard

49:28

work, it took very strong man to do it.

49:31

The not just. Any average

49:33

man could do steel driving at all,

49:35

and among the strong men who did it none were

49:37

better and more efficient than John

49:39

Henry. What

49:42

the industrial revolution on whose behalf

49:44

he had been working eventually came for him

49:46

to. The adoption

49:48

of the steam driven rock real basically,

49:51

an early jackhammer It

49:53

would enable just any old average man

49:55

to drill rock just as well as John

49:57

Henry. That

50:00

is partisans among the man who resisted the new

50:02

technologies, but it's spread was

50:04

inexorable, and soon giant

50:06

John Henry found himself working side by

50:08

side with the steam driven equipment is

50:10

one day challenge is set up. John

50:14

Henry would line up against the most efficient

50:16

powered rock drill and would settle

50:18

once and for all with man would

50:20

be replaced by machine on the rail.

50:23

Henry

50:25

and the Jackhammer operator race

50:27

to drill their holes is other men drop their

50:29

tool to cheer on one side of the other, most

50:32

of them naturally on the side of John Henry

50:34

and her face was while place John Henry won

50:37

the contest. The

50:39

crowd celebrated his victory. The

50:42

effort caught is hard to give out and

50:44

he died there on the railroad.

50:48

The great John Henry cannot keep up

50:50

with the powered machine and survive nobody

50:52

could is so the days of steel

50:54

drive and man came to an end. A

50:57

man like John Henry. The

51:00

still get a job operating jackhammer.

51:03

But now he was competing with great mass of

51:05

average man that his great strength had previously

51:08

placed and beyond the heroic quality

51:10

of the labor. That didn't last.

51:13

Even

51:15

today. We still hear

51:17

a persistent mess of future

51:20

that Jetson's user were more

51:22

and more human work is done by machines

51:24

and every individual becomes. The

51:26

miniature Aristocrat living life of ease

51:29

and benefiting from the labour of thousands of electronic

51:31

mechanical servants. This

51:34

is an old man that's been reshaped

51:37

if it each stage of our industrial development.

51:40

The tech terrorists of the early eighteen hundreds

51:42

predicted it.

51:43

The

51:45

minutes then and now ignores the fact

51:47

that men and women are more than just economic

51:50

units and as long as they're not starving

51:53

have. deeper concerns and making their next meal

51:55

easier to come by Where rights quote?

51:59

The commonly some. Those that the dissatisfaction

52:01

in the eighteen forties with the character and

52:03

results of the industrial revolution was

52:06

the result of purely temporary mal adjustments.

52:09

It it admitted that a temporary mal

52:11

adjustment lasting over one's working lifetime

52:14

is sufficiently permanent for the one concern.

52:17

It is claimed that from standpoint

52:19

of history or. The degradation

52:21

suffered by the industrial worker in the early

52:23

years of the industrial revolution can

52:26

be discounted by his later prosperity.

52:29

And it might be true from the com standpoint

52:31

of history if the losses

52:33

in gains were of the same sort. They

52:35

were not. The losses

52:38

of the industrial worker in the first half

52:40

of the century we're not comfort loss

52:42

is solely. That losses

52:44

as he conceived it of status

52:47

and independence. The no comfort

52:49

gains could cancel this death.

52:51

Men

52:53

generally were questioning the trend to their

52:55

age. They were ill attuned

52:57

to the song in the machine or he

52:59

was ill tuned in them. They

53:01

saw the powers of the air, steam

53:04

and water. Performing worked, it

53:06

would have required to labour of thousand. Labour

53:09

saving devices so called that

53:11

had no had not lightened labor

53:13

but had succeeded only and adding to the profits

53:16

of the owners of the machine while.

53:18

those who labour are not only required to

53:20

toil longer than before but

53:22

compared with their employers are as are

53:24

class sinking day by day into

53:26

day steel deeper degradation Source

53:30

of the dissatisfaction with the achievements of the

53:32

industrial revolution lay in the fact

53:34

that they were accompanied by the degradation of

53:36

the industrial population. refuse

53:39

Browns and wrote in eighteen forty. You

53:42

know, sir, if you know anything that

53:44

notwithstanding the multiplication of necessities

53:46

and conveniences of life. It is all

53:49

together more difficult for the common

53:51

laborer to maintain the same social

53:53

position now than it was fifty years ago.

53:56

I'm in my grandson. The poverty

53:58

of the growing cities. The new. alien

54:01

The wrong. The thing to be

54:04

extirpated before it fast and itself

54:06

irrevocably upon American civilization.

54:09

The and quo.

54:12

(Nassim) Nicholas Tower been

54:15

one of his book's remarks about. The

54:17

effect of radio and television on the vocation

54:20

with the lounge singer. The used to

54:22

be that every respectable watering hole a restaurant

54:24

had to have lounge singer to entertain guests.

54:28

The thousands of wound singers were employed

54:30

in cities all over the country and none of them are

54:32

rich, but they were all making living. The

54:35

invention of the radio and TV,

54:38

the Jukebox. That

54:40

maybe you didn't need singer in every loans anymore.

54:43

The just needed one singer who probably

54:46

lived in far off Big City whose music

54:48

could be piped in via the new technology

54:51

and. so instead of thousands of wound singers

54:53

making living there were now few

54:56

recording artists making millions

54:58

Industrial

55:00

technology and the transition to the factory

55:02

system of production at the same effect

55:05

on thousands of traits. Semi.

55:07

Rural craftsman, we just described, was

55:09

put out of business as railroads brought

55:12

factory produce goods, a cheaper prices

55:14

than he could ever match survive, is

55:16

he was left with no. Choice but to head into the

55:18

city to go look for work and one of the factories

55:21

that it is ruined him. The

55:24

sharp had been run by master

55:26

craftsman. Who took on

55:28

apprentices in journeymen is opportunity

55:30

in ambition lot.

55:31

The

55:33

with each shop in the old system was

55:36

owned and managed by men and women who had

55:38

done the work mastered the work, not

55:40

so in the factory. The

55:42

factory was managed by an overseer hired

55:45

by the company to extract maximum

55:47

productivity from the workers at whatever cost.

55:50

Workers who were subject to strict discipline

55:52

and replace without a thought if they failed to

55:54

keep up. The

55:57

formerly independent craftsman was

55:59

now. The A precariously

56:01

perched basic laborers whose existence

56:04

was always haunted by the prospect of the next

56:06

recession that would leave his family without food

56:08

or shelter.

56:10

The American Doctrine

56:12

of Independence. The

56:15

self made man animated businessmen

56:17

and drove manifest destiny. The

56:20

even individual workers in the nineteenth century

56:22

were forced by circumstance and powerful

56:24

interests into a more and more

56:26

survival position in more

56:28

different, dependent position by

56:30

the year.

56:32

Though

56:34

a gigantic new class of these interchangeable

56:37

hand to mouth wage laborers that

56:39

would later in the century be called

56:41

the urban proletarian.

56:43

The bastard

56:45

and tried to survive in the alleys

56:47

and set sellers of the city's. Then.

56:50

Pair, for example, the lives of

56:52

those craftsman shoemakers that I

56:54

just described and eighteen thirties Lynn Massachusetts,

56:58

who, worked at leisurely pace and

57:00

weathered depressions and smaller economic

57:03

downturns. By leaning on their gardens

57:05

and livestock, and fishing

57:07

and hunting and barter hunting there tightly

57:09

knit semi rural social landscape compare.

57:12

to the lives of shoemakers in

57:14

new york just a few years later Norman,

57:18

we're again quo.

57:19

There is no

57:21

outlet back and, of course, no yard

57:24

privileges of any kind. The miserable

57:26

room is lighted only by a shallow sas,

57:29

partly projecting above the surface of the ground

57:31

and by the little light that struggles down the steep

57:33

and rotting stairs. In

57:35

this often live, the man with his workbench,

57:38

his wife and five or six children of

57:40

all ages, and perhaps the

57:42

Palsy grandfather or grandmother, and

57:44

often both. In one corner

57:47

is squalid dead. The room elsewhere

57:49

is occupied by the workbench, cradle

57:52

made from dry goods, box two

57:54

or three broken seedless chairs, stupid

57:57

and cattle, and that is all.

58:00

Here's an account of.

58:03

Workers quarters in Boston by that cities

58:06

committee on internal health and eighteen forty

58:08

nine. Well. into

58:10

the cellar were crowded two beds in

58:13

adjoining room, a dungeon, six

58:15

feet square and the same and height with no

58:17

aperture for the admission of air, save the narrow

58:19

door, which has closed at night

58:21

serve to accommodate borders. The

58:24

landlord said the tide came to the floor

58:26

of his room's one seller was reported

58:29

by the police to be occupied nightly

58:31

as sleeping apartment for thirty nine persons.

58:34

In another, the tide had risen so

58:36

high that it was necessary to approach the bedside

58:38

of patient by means of plank. Which

58:41

was laid from one stool to another. The

58:43

dead body of an infant was actually

58:46

sailing about the room and it's coffin. In

58:48

quo? The

58:51

theme report in Boston spoke of another place

58:53

entered by to alleyways and

58:55

stare that the residents called Jacob's ladder.

58:59

The right of Jacob's ladder the cluster of

59:01

six previous that the mouse

59:04

situated nearly in the center of the place

59:07

at. the time of the cholera epidemic these

59:09

were greatly out of repair and the ground about

59:11

them was covered with their overflowing contents

59:14

removed only by evaporation At

59:17

the foot of the drain, or two more clusters of

59:19

pretties, six in number. The

59:21

open space likewise presents three

59:23

cesspools intended to carry off dirty

59:25

water, but they roll choked by

59:27

sorts, all sorts of vegetable matter. As

59:30

the accumulated, they were scooped up and

59:32

thrown up on the ground, which was thus plentiful,

59:34

he bestrode with cuter fine vegetable

59:36

matter. With these were

59:38

mingled, no small proportion of substances

59:41

still more load some. The

59:43

rear of the house was separated from the stone

59:45

wall, which supported the side of hill by

59:47

space of few feet in here, the

59:49

contents of drains from above found

59:51

their receptacle, creating perpetual

59:54

humidity in quo.

59:56

As

59:59

a result of the.