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17th, only on Apple TV+.

0:32

A spring dawn breaks over

0:35

London. For

0:38

a moment, the night's silence is

0:40

broken only by the crowing of

0:42

a few cockerels and

0:44

the lap of the River Thames against its banks.

0:49

But as the day's first light creeps

0:51

over the city's ancient walls, there's

0:54

another sound. The

0:59

peal of a single church bell.

1:04

It chimes, slow and

1:06

insistent, echoing

1:07

over the cramped rooftops. But

1:11

it doesn't ring alone for long. Soon,

1:15

somewhere else in the city, another

1:17

church bell starts ringing. Then

1:21

another. Then another.

1:25

The bells' tolling builds as

1:27

more and more of them join

1:29

the morning chorus. There are more

1:31

than 100 churches inside London's

1:33

Square Mile. And soon enough, almost

1:36

all of their bells are sounding together.

1:44

It's May 17th, 1215, a Sunday morning.

1:50

This is the time for the 25,000 or so people in the city

1:54

to assemble in divine worship.

1:57

Maybe to ask the Lord for mercy.

2:00

It's fair to say that England,

2:02

divided and miserable under

2:05

the rule of King John, could use

2:07

a bit of that. Not

2:11

everyone is at prayer, though. Outside

2:14

the city, watching the walls from a safe

2:17

distance, is an imposing man

2:19

in fine clothes. His

2:22

name is Robert Fitzwalter,

2:25

and behind him stands a group

2:27

of barons and supporters. They

2:30

call themselves the Army

2:32

of God. The

2:35

Army of God is united by

2:38

one thing, their

2:40

rebels against John's rule.

2:44

And these rebels have been waiting for the bells

2:46

of London to start ringing. It's

2:49

the signal that their time has

2:52

come. The

2:55

day before, the rebels were in Bedford,

2:58

about sixty miles away to the north,

3:00

plotting how to take John down. They'd

3:04

seized a few set-and-raped castles

3:06

in the Midlands and had John sweating,

3:10

but they were a long way from having

3:12

him on the ropes. Then

3:15

everything changed. Brothers

3:17

from London found them at Bedford and

3:19

gave them a simple, exciting

3:22

instruction. Get down to the

3:24

capital as soon as you can, they said. You'll

3:26

find friends there. As

3:29

one chronicler summed it up, the

3:31

rich citizens were favorable to

3:33

the barons, and the poor were

3:35

afraid to murmur against them. Hearing

3:39

that, the Army of God rode

3:41

and marched through the night to get

3:43

there in time for the dawn.

3:48

When the bells start to peel for Sunday

3:50

morning service, they rush to

3:52

the city's walls. At the top

3:54

of those walls are the usual guards,

3:57

but they don't sound the alarm. as

4:00

promised, there on the baron's

4:02

side. The

4:04

gates are barred, but some

4:07

of the baron's men manage to throw

4:09

up ladders and clamber over the

4:11

walls. Then

4:13

they take command of the gates and throw

4:15

them open for the rest of the army

4:18

of God to charge through. Once

4:22

they're in, they slam the gates behind

4:24

them. Which

4:28

is just as well. John's

4:30

illegitimate brother, William Longsword,

4:32

has been hot on their heels with a force

4:35

of Flemish mercenaries. He

4:37

arrives to find that he's too late. The

4:40

city is shut up and guarded

4:42

against him. In

4:44

the space of a few hours, without

4:47

spilling a drop of blood, the

4:49

army of God has snatched control

4:52

of the capital of England. They

4:55

control the Tower of London, which holds

4:57

a huge cache of royal weapons and

4:59

armour. And they can stop

5:01

the king getting to his treasury at Westminster.

5:05

It's an incredible coup, and

5:08

it totally transforms the rebel

5:10

baron's position. A couple

5:12

of weeks ago, they'd been outlawed by

5:14

the king and condemned by

5:16

John's frenemy in chief, Pope

5:18

Innocent III. They were

5:21

wondering how they could ever force

5:23

this slippery, plantagenet king

5:25

to mend his ways. Now

5:28

they hold the perfect bargaining chip,

5:30

John's capital city. They

5:33

send menacing messages out around

5:35

England, demanding that all John's

5:38

other subjects join them while there's still

5:40

time, or face the consequences

5:43

later. Then they

5:45

wait for John to do the only

5:47

thing he possibly can do. Reach

5:50

out for peace talks. They

5:54

think they have their chance to bring

5:57

this feckless plantagenet to heel.

6:00

What they don't know is that they're about

6:02

to produce what will become one of the most

6:05

famous documents in all of Western

6:07

history. I'm

6:11

Dan Jones, and from Sony Music

6:14

Entertainment, this is History,

6:16

a Dynasty to Die For Season 3, Episode 10,

6:21

Magna Carta. This

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danjones.

7:36

It's a fair bet that if you pull your headphones

7:38

out of your ears, stop listening to this

7:40

podcast for a second, and ask

7:42

the nearest person to you whether they've heard

7:45

of Magna Carta,

7:46

they'll say yes.

7:48

But it's also a fair bet that if

7:50

you ask them what Magna Carta actually

7:53

says, what it meant in its time,

7:55

and what it means today, they

7:58

might mutter something about... democracy

8:00

and government, but beyond that they won't

8:02

have a clue.

8:04

Which is kind of weird.

8:06

Magna Carta is so famous that

8:09

Jay-Z once named an album after

8:11

it. There's a medieval copy

8:13

of it on proud display in the US

8:16

National Archives. On

8:18

the 800th anniversary of its agreement

8:20

a few years back, there were huge public

8:22

commemorations and celebrations on

8:25

both sides of the Atlantic. During

8:28

the Covid lockdowns a rumour went around

8:30

England that if you printed out a bit

8:32

of Magna Carta and taped it up

8:34

in the window of your business the government

8:37

couldn't force you to close up shop. Yet

8:41

if you sit down and read Magna

8:43

Carta, either in its medieval

8:45

Latin or a modern English translation,

8:48

you're likely to find yourself lost quite

8:51

quickly in its dense technical

8:53

clauses defining 13th century

8:56

feudal customs, tax rates and particular

8:58

legal liberties for particular places.

9:02

There are a couple of lines in the middle that seem

9:04

to enshrine basic principles of government

9:07

under the rule of law, that free

9:09

men have the right to be tried by their peers

9:12

and that the king won't sell, deny

9:14

or delay justice. But

9:16

there's nothing in there that even tries

9:19

to spell out the philosophical principles

9:22

of government. Nothing that

9:24

has anything to do with what we might call

9:26

democracy. When

9:28

you look Magna Carta in the eye it

9:31

can be very hard to work out

9:33

what on earth all the fuss is

9:35

about. Even the name just

9:37

means great charter, hardly

9:40

a great clue. So

9:42

for a second let's park what Magna

9:45

Carta means and think a bit

9:47

about what it physically is and

9:50

how it came into being. In

9:55

May 1215, John's in what we'd technically

9:57

call a right old pickle. As

10:01

we've already heard in this podcast, his bid

10:03

to win back the Plantagenet lands in Normandy

10:05

that Philip Augustus took from him went

10:08

spectacularly wrong. He

10:10

piled money, much of it extorted

10:13

in outrageous raids on his barons

10:15

or filched from the church, into

10:17

a grand military alliance. But

10:20

his allies were crushed in battle at Bouvine

10:23

in the summer of 1214. Now

10:26

his barons have had it up to here with

10:28

him, and they want him to agree

10:31

to mend his ways and reform

10:33

his realm. Gon's

10:36

policy up to this point has been to

10:38

duck, dive and dodge committing

10:40

to any reforms at all. All

10:43

the while he's been trying to scrape

10:46

together an army of mercenaries

10:48

to face down the rebels. He's

10:51

taken crusade vowels to get the

10:53

Pope onside. All

10:56

of that might have succeeded

10:58

had the barons not seized London.

11:01

Now they have though, John really

11:04

hasn't got much choice but to negotiate

11:06

with them. The other option is

11:09

full blown civil war, which he'd be

11:11

starting at a big disadvantage

11:13

since he doesn't hold his own capital. So

11:18

John sends words to his barons that

11:20

he'll meet them in a formal parlay.

11:24

The place they agree on is a large

11:26

expanse of meadowland in the Thames

11:28

Valley not far from Windsor

11:30

Castle. It's known as runnymead,

11:34

and it's somewhat of a tradition for

11:36

people to meet there to sort out their differences.

11:39

Since it's a meadow, wetland, it's

11:42

no good for fighting on horseback. There

11:45

are also not many bridges over

11:47

the Thames around here, so it's hard

11:49

to mount a surprise attack. John

11:53

tells his barons to meet him there in June,

11:56

and heads to Windsor Castle to prepare

11:58

his case.

11:59

set up camp in the nearby

12:02

town of Stains.

12:03

In the second week of June 1215, they meet

12:05

in the middle at Runnymede.

12:13

Runnymede today is a really nice spot. I

12:15

live just down the road, and now and again

12:18

I like to walk my dog there. There's

12:20

lots of green open space, the river

12:22

runs gently past, and other

12:24

than the planes that take off every 90 seconds

12:27

or so from nearby Heathrow Airport, it's

12:30

pretty tranquil.

12:33

In June 1215 though, it's

12:36

anything but tranquil. If

12:38

we want to picture what the great meeting

12:41

at Runnymede looked like, I think

12:43

it's best to imagine a cross between a G8

12:45

summit of world leaders and, well,

12:48

the Glastonbury Festival. The

12:51

meadow is a sea of brightly

12:54

coloured tents and pavilions, set

12:56

up as breakout rooms for sub-committees

12:59

to toss back and forth the various

13:01

political hot potatoes that are bothering

13:03

the army of God. In

13:06

some of them, royal officials and the barons

13:08

representatives are thrashing out what

13:11

is a fair rate of inheritance tax

13:13

when a noble inherits his father's estates. In

13:16

another, the rights of widows to hang

13:19

on to their own property are under discussion. In

13:22

the next, London's bigwigs are

13:24

demanding that they receive all sorts of guarantees

13:27

that the king won't mess

13:29

with their political freedoms. In

13:31

a fourth, merchants are complaining

13:34

about their own pet peeve, fish

13:36

traps being placed in rivers, which makes

13:38

it hard for their boats to get from port

13:40

to port. All

13:45

this goes on for days. Overseeing

13:48

the negotiations are churchmen, led

13:51

by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton.

13:54

Templars and abbots mill around,

13:57

reminding everyone to play nice. There

14:00

are endless breakout groups where

14:02

pockets of political movers and shakers

14:04

talk urgently with each other, trying

14:07

to come up with some solution to the latest

14:09

deadlock in discussions. Periodically,

14:13

a royal barge floats downriver from

14:15

Windsor a few miles away, and

14:18

John casts his eye over proceedings.

14:21

He's trying to keep his cool rather

14:23

than going full-blown Henry II

14:26

and screaming threats. He's

14:28

being kept updated on the progress

14:30

of negotiations by his lawyers and

14:33

officials. And as the days

14:35

go by, they, and he,

14:37

are starting to agree the exact wording

14:40

of the concessions he's going to make to

14:42

his barons. On

14:44

Wednesday, June the 10th, John

14:46

gets off his barge and holds discussions

14:49

in person with his advisers and

14:51

opponents, all day. By

14:55

this point, there's an agreement that's basically

14:57

ready to go. No doubt

14:59

the rebels have been worried that John won't cooperate

15:02

or play nice. They're

15:05

pleasantly surprised. John lets

15:07

it be known that on Monday, June the 15th,

15:10

he's going to come to the conference site in

15:12

person and make it all official.

15:16

And so he does. But the way

15:18

he makes it official is nothing

15:20

like the images you usually see. There's

15:23

no big desk set up with a giant

15:26

quill and a sheet of parchment waiting

15:28

for the royal autograph. No

15:30

documents in this age are signed. That

15:33

only comes in much later in the Middle

15:35

Ages. Nor is there

15:37

a big jug of ceiling wax and

15:39

a rubber stamp waiting. Ceiling

15:43

is a process of certifying that a document

15:45

is not a fake. The act

15:47

of ceiling doesn't mean a thing.

15:51

No, the way the runnymede agreement

15:53

is made official is this. John

15:57

holds a formal audience with

15:59

his rebellious...

15:59

Barron,

16:00

and a list of the reforms that

16:03

have been agreed upon is read out.

16:06

John and the Barron's representatives all

16:08

swear a solemn oath to uphold

16:11

the terms of the agreement. Once

16:14

that's done, or more likely while

16:16

it's being done, a small battalion

16:19

of clerks and scribes are hard

16:21

at work making copies of the text

16:23

of the agreement. These are

16:25

going to be distributed around the country via

16:28

the Royal Sheriffs and the Church.

16:32

There are so many copies made that

16:34

the Royal Chancery, that's the office

16:36

which draws up official documents, actually

16:38

runs out of clerks. They

16:40

have to draft in monks who are more

16:42

used to copying out biblical texts and

16:45

prayer books. Then,

16:49

on the Friday of that week, June

16:51

19th, John holds a big

16:54

feast at which he invites his Barons

16:56

one by one to renew what's known as their

16:58

homage to him. That's the

17:00

faithful feudal promise that they'll

17:03

be loyal and obedient to him, and

17:05

not go around trying to nick his castles,

17:08

murder his kids, or generally give him

17:10

grief. Once

17:13

they've knelt before John and renewed

17:15

their vows, they are formally taken

17:18

back into John's good books with

17:20

a kiss of peace. They are

17:22

his faithful men once more. And

17:26

that's important, because Magna

17:28

Carta, as the agreement they've drawn

17:30

up will one day be called, is

17:32

specifically and exclusively

17:35

granted to his free and

17:38

faithful men. Only

17:42

four original copies of the Runnymede Agreement

17:44

of June 1215, or Magna

17:46

Carta, survive to this day. Two

17:49

are kept in the British Library, one in Lincoln

17:52

Castle, and the other in Salisbury Cathedral.

17:55

From their tiny, heavily abbreviated

17:57

Latin script, we can still read

18:00

today the exact form of

18:02

the agreement that John made with his

18:04

Baron. I still find it amazing

18:07

to read the words that were actually scratched

18:09

out on parchment in Prato

18:11

Quad Vocatur Ronimede into

18:13

Wendell Sorum et Stannis, or

18:16

if you want a loose translation, in the field

18:19

where I walk my poodle. But

18:23

in 1215 there's one big problem

18:25

with Magna Carta. John

18:27

grants it all right, but he has no

18:30

intention of keeping to its terms.

18:33

And hiding in plain sight in Magna

18:35

Carta is a clause that will turn

18:37

John's bad faith into

18:39

the basis for all-out

18:42

war.

18:50

Monarch Legacy of Monsters,

18:53

an Apple Original Series. The world

18:55

is on fire. I decided to do

18:58

something about it. On November

19:00

17th. This place is

19:02

not ours. Believe me. The most positive

19:05

event of

19:07

the year. The Riser. If

19:11

you

19:11

come with me, you'll know everything I promise.

19:13

Oh my God, God, God! Monarch

19:16

Legacy of Monsters, streaming November

19:18

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Marvel Studios, we can't do this alone.

19:23

We need Captain Marvel.

19:25

What happened?

19:28

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19:30

took everything from me. And now

19:32

I'm returning the favor. That's

19:35

not good news. An Avenger

19:37

returns. She's targeting every planet you

19:39

go home. And a new team assembles.

19:41

We have to stop her. Begin it. Right

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here. Right here. The Marvels get tickets

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now. We can beat you to 13.

19:48

Maybe inappropriate for 200 to 13.

19:53

As the Clarkes Quills scratched

19:55

across the parchment at Runnymede, making

19:58

copies of Magna Carta, they

20:00

probably did not consider that people

20:02

would still be quoting the words they were

20:04

writing more than eight hundred

20:06

years later. For the

20:09

most part, they were right. For

20:11

example, after Magna Carta

20:13

guaranteed that John wouldn't interfere

20:16

in the affairs of the church, he'd promised

20:18

this. If any earl, baron,

20:20

or other person that holds lands directly

20:23

of the crown for military service shall die,

20:25

and at his death his heir shall be of full age and

20:27

owe a relief, the heir shall have his inheritance

20:30

on payment of the ancient scale of relief, that

20:32

is to say, the heir or heirs of an earl

20:34

shall pay one hundred pounds for the entire earl's

20:36

barony, the heir or heirs of a knight one hundred

20:39

shillings at most of the entire knight's

20:41

fee, and any man that owes less shall pay

20:43

less in accordance with the ancient usage

20:45

of fees. It

20:48

doesn't exactly trip off the tongue, right? Nor

20:51

do most of the other sixty-three clauses. There

20:54

are, of course, a couple of exceptions. Most

20:56

famously, the clauses we usually number

20:59

thirty-nine and forty. No

21:02

free man shall be seized, imprisoned,

21:04

dispossessed, outlawed, exiled,

21:07

or ruined in any way, nor

21:09

in any way preceded against, except

21:12

by the lawful judgment of his peers

21:15

and the law of the land. That

21:18

kind of means John won't confiscate all

21:20

your land with no warning and throw you in jail

21:22

to starve to death just because he

21:24

feels like it. Then

21:27

there's this. To no one

21:29

will we sell, to no one will

21:31

we deny or delay right or

21:34

justice. Now

21:36

these definitely have more

21:38

of a universal ring about them, but

21:41

if we dig into them a bit they're

21:43

not so universal after all. Many

21:46

people who are both men and free

21:49

get to enjoy the freedoms Magna Carta

21:51

promises. It's only

21:53

with a lot of retrospect, mostly

21:56

four hundred years after John's reign, during

21:59

the English Civil War. War in the 17th

22:01

century that anyone starts

22:03

claiming that Magna Carta is the foundation

22:06

stone of liberty. If

22:08

we want to understand why we revere

22:11

Magna Carta today, it's really a conversation

22:13

about the history of the Enlightenment,

22:16

not the Plantagenet period. In 1215

22:19

itself, there's

22:21

one clause in particular that's

22:23

at the heart of everything that follows.

22:27

It's almost never quoted because it's

22:29

very long and technical, but

22:31

the idea it contains is absolutely

22:34

critical to getting our heads around

22:37

the basic problem we've drawn.

22:40

It also gets to the heart of one of the

22:42

thorniest questions about government in

22:44

Britain, which still, in a way,

22:47

troubles us today. The

22:49

clause is one of the very last

22:51

ones. It's usually numbered clause 61.

22:55

It's sometimes nicknamed the Security

22:58

Clause. I

23:01

won't quote it all because if you wanted

23:03

to go to sleep listening to a podcast, you

23:05

could just download some white noise, but

23:07

the essence of it is this. John

23:11

promises that if he or any

23:14

of his royal officials break the terms

23:16

of Magna Carta, and John refuses

23:18

to put it right, then a specially

23:21

elected council of 25 barons will

23:24

be legally allowed to assail

23:27

us in every way possible by

23:29

seizing our castles, lands, possessions,

23:32

or anything else, saving only

23:34

our own person and those

23:36

of the Queen and our children. I

23:39

think it's fair to say that this charter

23:41

is not mucking around, because

23:44

what is it actually saying?

23:46

This

23:49

is supposed to be a peace negotiation

23:52

to stop the army of God going

23:54

to war with John. Yet,

23:57

if any point of Magna Carta is broken,

23:59

then clause 61. Pause 61 kicks

24:01

in and starts a civil

24:03

war. You

24:05

can see what the Barons were thinking

24:08

of course. They didn't trust John

24:10

any further than they could throw him. They

24:13

had to try and come up with some

24:15

way of making sure that he didn't

24:17

just ignore the Charter they'd

24:19

wrung out of him. But

24:21

you can also see what John's thinking. This

24:24

Charter contains such a deep flaw

24:27

that it isn't really worth the parchment

24:30

it's written on. It's

24:32

not long before that becomes blindingly

24:35

obvious. Because what happens

24:38

is this. For

24:43

about a month after Magna Carta

24:45

is granted and sent out around the country,

24:48

John grudgingly sticks to its terms.

24:51

He starts formally returning castles

24:53

that have been confiscated from the rebels. But

24:56

it doesn't take long for John to get fed

24:58

up with playing Mr. Obedient. His

25:01

health is suffering, he's laid up in

25:04

bed with gout, and he's in a

25:06

very bad mood.

25:08

So in July he starts being outright

25:11

petulant. He starts

25:13

ranting that he thinks the Barons should now

25:15

issue their own Charter, promising to obey

25:18

him and all his heirs. Needless

25:21

to say, this doesn't go down

25:23

well. So John, almost

25:26

unable to help himself, does

25:28

the utterly predictable. Remember

25:31

that now he has taken his Crusader vows,

25:33

he has Pope Innocent III on speed

25:35

dial. He gets letters

25:37

off post-haste to Rome, telling

25:40

Innocent what has happened. The

25:42

letters get to Innocent in mid-August.

25:45

The Pope's replies arrive in England

25:47

in early September. And what

25:50

they say is explosive. The

25:53

enemy of the human race, that's

25:55

Satan, not John, in case you're wondering, by

25:58

his cunning wiles. has stirred

26:00

up the barons of England and caused

26:03

them to rebel. Innocent

26:05

says that in Magna Carta John

26:08

has been forced to accept

26:10

an agreement which is not only shameful

26:12

and demeaning but also illegal

26:15

and unjust. Then he

26:18

drops the bomb. We utterly

26:20

reject and condemn this settlement and

26:23

under threat of excommunication we

26:25

order that the king should not dare to observe

26:27

it and that the barons and their associates

26:30

should not require it to be observed.

26:33

We declare it null and void

26:36

of all validity forever.

26:39

John is absolutely delighted

26:42

by this. His barons, needless

26:44

to say, are appalled. They

26:47

thought they could bring John to heel.

26:51

They were wrong.

26:53

So some of them decide that this means

26:55

simply making war on John isn't

26:58

sufficient. He's never

27:00

going to change. He's never going

27:03

to be anything but John.

27:06

Enough is enough. It's

27:08

time to get rid of him altogether and

27:10

hand over the English crown to

27:13

someone else. Which

27:15

is convenient because that someone

27:17

else just happens to be waiting for

27:19

the bat signal to go up. Across

27:23

the channel, Philip Augustus, King

27:26

of France, has been monitoring events

27:28

in England with some glee. He's

27:30

been biding his time, waiting

27:32

for the perfect moment to act.

27:36

Or rather, the perfect moment for

27:38

someone else to act. Philip

27:41

is 50, a bit long in the tooth

27:43

to go invading England himself, but

27:46

he has a son, 28-year-old Louis, known

27:50

as Louis the Lion.

27:53

Louis is raring to go. England

27:58

is just the sort of challenge he needs. needs.

28:02

In September 1215, the English

28:04

barons write to the French court and invite

28:06

Louis the Lion

28:09

to come and replace John as King of

28:11

England. Louis doesn't need asking

28:14

twice. But

28:19

that's for next time on This

28:21

is History. Before

28:30

you go, a reminder that we have

28:32

some fantastic

28:34

subscriber-only content just waiting

28:41

for you on This is History Plus. This

28:44

time, Producer Rosie and I will be digging

28:46

into the various intriguing clauses

28:48

of Magna Carta and looking at why

28:50

it still holds so much fascination

28:53

for us today. Just visit

28:55

This is History on Apple Podcasts and

28:57

click Try Free at the top of the page to

29:00

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29:02

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