0:00

This Week in Virology, the

0:02

podcast about viruses, the kind

0:05

that make you sick. From

0:11

Microbe TV, this is Twiv,

0:13

This Week in Virology, a

0:16

special episode recorded on December 7th,

0:21

2023. I'm Vincent Raconiello, and

0:23

you're listening to the podcast

0:25

all about viruses. Today

0:27

we are recording at

0:30

the fifth giant virus

0:32

meeting. It's taking

0:34

place in Tegernsee, Germany at

0:37

the Ringberg Castle, which is a

0:39

really cool castle

0:42

up on the hill next

0:45

to a lake. We have a lot of snow.

0:47

It's like three

0:49

degrees Celsius today

0:51

outside, and today was beautiful.

0:53

It was sunny. And we are recording

0:56

in front of an audience full

0:58

of giant virologists.

1:04

Hello, giant virologists. Hello.

1:12

You know, you would think the giant

1:14

virologists make more noise than other virologists.

1:18

And I have two guests for you

1:20

this evening. It's 8 p.m. Everyone

1:23

has just had dinner. They've

1:25

had something to drink, so everyone's

1:27

relaxed. And we're going to

1:29

talk for about an hour about the research

1:32

being done by two people from this meeting.

1:34

So here are our guests

1:36

from the French

1:38

National Center for Scientific Research

1:40

at the Banuels

1:43

Oceanological Observatory. Cherie,

1:47

welcome to TWIV. Thanks.

1:50

I got everything right. Yeah, that's all right.

1:53

Because I asked her, what's your affiliation? And

1:55

she said, it's a little complicated. And also,

2:00

from the Universidad Federal

2:03

de Minas Gerais,

2:05

Gerais, Gerais, Gerais, Department

2:09

of Microbiology, Victoria Kiras.

2:13

Welcome. Thank you very much, Professor.

2:15

You're welcome, Vincent, no professor.

2:17

Thank you, Vincent. And

2:20

by the way, if you enjoy the

2:22

work we do on these podcasts, we'd

2:25

love your support. You can go to

2:27

microbe.tv slash contribute.

2:30

So I would like to start

2:32

by finding out your histories, like

2:35

where you're from and

2:37

where you got educated and

2:39

so forth. So Cherie, let's

2:42

start with you. Okay, so

2:44

I'm born in Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. And

2:48

with my family, we migrated to Sydney,

2:51

Australia when I was five years old.

2:53

So I did my whole education in

2:56

Sydney, Australia from kindergarten

2:59

primary school to my

3:01

PhD. So I did my undergrad

3:04

at the University of Sydney. And

3:08

in Australia, you can do kind

3:10

of like a fast track. You do honors here, which

3:12

is a one-year research project. And if

3:14

you get a first-class honors, you can go straight into

3:16

a PhD. So I did that,

3:19

but I did my PhD in the

3:22

University of New South Wales, which is also in Sydney.

3:25

So when you went to college,

3:27

you knew you were going to get a PhD? Maybe,

3:31

yeah, I was always academic. I

3:34

went to like a selective school, but

3:38

I actually am

3:40

the sort of first intake of a

3:42

liberal art style degree.

3:45

So I was doing

3:47

anthropology, Spanish, and biochemistry

3:50

in my first year. So

3:53

at what point did you say

3:55

I'm going to do a PhD in? Well, what was your

3:57

PhD in? on

4:00

metagenomics of Antarctic lakes. It's

4:04

a pretty big leap from Spanish and anthropology.

4:07

In the first year I realized

4:09

that I'm not really good at

4:11

anthropology. I

4:14

like Spanish so I actually did

4:17

a double degree in Spanish and

4:19

I did a year exchange in

4:21

Mexico so I you know I

4:23

like that I'm traveling. You speak

4:25

Spanish? Yes a bit

4:27

but now my French is much better. French

4:30

has taken over the part

4:32

of my brain devoted to Spanish because

4:34

yeah now I'm in France. So when

4:37

did you decide you wanted to

4:39

do science as a PhD? It

4:41

must have been before you applied right? Yeah

4:46

because I was in a liberal arts

4:49

degree you have to sort of

4:51

choose which discipline. I always liked

4:53

biology. I didn't not

4:55

talented in math. Anthropology?

5:00

I'm not talented in anthropology

5:02

or psychology or chemistry. Biology

5:04

was just fine. Okay

5:08

so you said you worked on metagenomics

5:10

of? Antastic lakes. Antartic

5:13

lakes. Did you do some field work for

5:15

that? I

5:17

did it at the end of my PhD. So

5:19

I said that I did

5:21

a whole PhD on the lake that I've

5:23

never seen with my own eye because

5:26

the time you do the sampling, the

5:28

time you get the sequence link, it

5:31

is quite a delay. So I never saw

5:34

this lake but I'm an expert.

5:38

Don't tell people that because

5:41

they think scientists you know go and

5:43

do everything everywhere. Now

5:45

it really is a privilege to be able to get to

5:47

go to these places. If you want

5:49

to go to Antarctic as a tourist you

5:52

will spend like ten thousand

5:54

dollars to be

5:56

five minutes and you probably won't

5:58

touch the land. I was really lucky,

6:00

I got to go on Ocean Voyage, stand on the

6:03

ice and yeah, it's fantastic.

6:05

It's really wonderful. Okay,

6:07

so PhD, what did you do after that? I

6:12

got a, I

6:14

found all of these giant viruses in the lakes

6:16

and so then I got the virus bug. I

6:19

wanted to work on viruses.

6:22

And I saw a post-doc

6:24

offer in France where I am now

6:28

and I applied for it and I got it. So

6:30

that's what I did. I went to post-doc

6:33

where I've ended up now

6:36

in a permanent position. Vanuels?

6:39

Yes. And so your post-doc was on what? Same

6:42

thing, giant viruses? So

6:47

yeah, they're giant but the smaller

6:49

giant viruses. Okay. Got

6:51

it. And

6:53

then now you're in a permanent position. Yes,

6:56

so I managed to be a

6:58

post-doc in the lab for

7:01

about five years and

7:03

I worked on

7:05

these algae viruses and

7:08

I mean, it's the first time I've

7:10

learned to culture, algae and viruses because

7:12

before I just did metagenomics, so I

7:14

was just looking at the sequences and

7:17

I did

7:19

a little bit of an

7:21

arctic project looking at algae

7:24

from arctic. And

7:28

then I got a fellowship,

7:31

so it's called the Juan de la

7:33

Cierda, it's a Spanish fellowship and I

7:35

went across the border to Barcelona for

7:39

almost there about two

7:41

years and before I managed to

7:43

get the permanent position. So

7:46

it's in a rest position. I'm a civil servant. I

7:48

work for the French government and

7:52

the way you get in is

7:54

a lot different from a university

8:00

All right, so you're not

8:02

affiliated with the university? No. I

8:05

mean, we are a mixed research

8:07

institute, so there is the university

8:09

there. The university administers the site.

8:11

I have colleagues who work for

8:13

the university, but I personally get

8:15

paid from the CNR.

8:19

Okay. All right, we'll come

8:21

back to your science. Victoria,

8:25

tell us your story. Well, I

8:27

was born and raised in Belo de

8:29

Zonci, in the Jedi State in Brazil,

8:32

and I have a biology degree, and

8:36

I don't have a master's because I

8:39

started working with arboviruses

8:41

at first, more

8:43

like my information background,

8:46

and then by the end of my

8:49

studies, like the final year of my

8:51

biology course, I realized that I didn't

8:53

have the environmental expertise

8:55

and in my diploma, I didn't

8:57

choose an area like, oh, I want to

9:00

work in health area or the like

9:03

natural stuff like zoology or botanics.

9:05

I just said, okay, I will

9:08

do everything, and then I realized that I

9:10

had this, but I wanted to keep working

9:12

with viruses, and at

9:14

the time, I was doing Professor Jonathan's course,

9:18

and then I saw giant viruses, and I was

9:20

amazed by this because he had

9:22

isolated tooth and flowers the year

9:24

it was published. It

9:27

was the end of 2018, but it was 2018,

9:30

and then I said, okay, I will have a look in his work,

9:33

and then I asked for an opportunity in

9:35

his lab, and he accepted me, and

9:38

then I went straight to the PhD because he suggested,

9:40

oh, why don't you go to the PhD? And

9:44

I didn't say no, but I asked him if he was sure

9:46

about that. So he said

9:48

yes, and then I said yes, and

9:51

here now. So when in

9:53

your career did you

9:55

get interested in science? Hmm,

9:59

I remember that. I used

10:01

to watch a TV show named Animal

10:03

Planet, Extreme, something like

10:06

that. And

10:09

since I was a kid I used to play

10:11

role-playing games with my cousins and

10:13

I had this idea about writing a

10:15

bestiary without the characteristics every monster would

10:18

have to have, so mermaids would have

10:20

to adapt their eyes to see in

10:23

depth and things like this because I saw

10:25

some, I think some zugs have some muscles

10:27

or something like this, I don't remember right now,

10:29

but I had this idea and I knew

10:31

that I needed to be a biologist

10:33

to have the knowledge to write this. But

10:36

then, I think I was 12

10:38

when my first teacher taught us

10:40

about viruses and then

10:42

I said no I want to work with that, not to

10:45

like, I don't want to work with

10:47

and compare anatomy anymore. So

10:50

yeah I decided that I wanted to be

10:52

a microbiologist and

10:54

I was more into viruses but then the video

10:57

games, the less of us came out and

10:59

then I was like oh what about Fungi?

11:03

But no. But

11:05

no, then I had, I remember

11:07

that I had my first microbiology

11:09

lesson and I said okay definitely

11:11

microbiology and I started

11:14

working in the only laboratory

11:16

in our department in USMG

11:19

that worked with the three microorganisms

11:21

just to make sure that which

11:23

one I wanted to work with but

11:26

then I said yes I

11:28

want to work with viruses. But were the three? Bacteria,

11:32

fungi and viruses. So

11:34

the last of us didn't win? No. Good,

11:37

that's good. Actually it's pretty

11:39

good right? Yeah. As

11:42

these things go and now, so currently you're

11:44

a PhD student. Yes. And

11:46

you're also working, you're not working in Brazil right now right?

11:49

No, not now. So now

11:51

I'm doing my blood period in Trungsten,

11:53

Norway and actually

11:56

when I entered in my PhD my proposal

11:58

was to isolate them. So I'll do

12:01

a prescription assay. But then

12:03

the pandemic hit, and then I had to stop

12:05

working with that. And now

12:07

that I'm doing my mobility period, I had

12:09

the opportunity to actually start working

12:11

with the first person. So now

12:14

I'm working with the first person there. So

12:16

your advisor is here, right? Yeah, Professor

12:18

Gebriell made it. And

12:21

he says right now it's dark all the time, right?

12:24

Yeah, it is. Can you handle that?

12:27

Yeah. I think I got used

12:29

to it. I

12:31

got there in the middle of July, so

12:33

it was like the

12:36

lightness, like the midnight sun. And

12:39

then I find this strange at the

12:41

time. But then I grew

12:43

used to having less and less daylight.

12:45

And now I don't bother actually, because

12:48

I just go to work. And

12:51

I don't know, I don't really see either

12:54

outside. And

12:57

then I go home and I just leave so yeah. So

13:01

Gebriell said it's the

13:03

northernmost virology lab in the

13:05

world? The

13:08

northernmost university. Yeah. OK.

13:11

Yeah, that's pretty good. All right. Well, we're going

13:13

to talk about your science as well. But we'll

13:15

come back. I want to

13:17

talk with Cherie a bit. So

13:20

the metagenomics you did on the Antarctic

13:24

lake, right? Antarctic lakes, yes. Did

13:26

it have a name? The

13:29

metagenomics? No, the lake. Yeah.

13:32

The lake. Yeah, so I

13:34

worked primarily on organic lake. I

13:36

also worked a bit on ice lake. And

13:39

I looked a little bit at deep lake. They

13:41

have names, this lake. Yeah,

13:43

I know organic lake because the work

13:45

you did, I teach it in my

13:48

course actually. Oh, well, you know, you wrote a

13:50

blog. That's how I found out

13:52

about you and Twith, because

13:54

you wrote a really good blog about the

13:56

paper that we published about it. And,

13:59

yeah. Ready for so? a

14:01

refrigerator, Or this so a you

14:04

didn't go there much was you gots you got

14:06

water samples in would you do with some. The.

14:09

At several. So. I

14:11

was Paris. And unless

14:13

you're member Craig census yeah

14:15

it's level Isis censoring expeditious.

14:18

See for thera existed a

14:20

witness at around. The.

14:22

World ends. I. Sorcerer.

14:25

To. That was Sinensis analyses.

14:28

Years. And. Then.

14:30

We were affiliated with says. So.

14:33

At I didn't go on the

14:35

sore throat that sees sampling s

14:37

It was part of the Global

14:39

Ocean Sampling expedition. As.

14:42

So it with them. So

14:44

this is an Australian Antarctic Territory. And.

14:48

At this region is cold

14:50

and. Desist. Pulled heels,

14:53

And it's what is known as

14:55

that. Oasis. Because.

14:57

It's and one as a safe places

15:00

in Antarctica with no ice. so there's

15:02

I say let's rock. Bare

15:04

rock and it hurt. So.

15:07

A western sip of sent out a

15:10

cast than they Murdered Rise Alleys and.

15:13

The vessel feel that some examples of

15:15

these places. And I'm.

15:18

Be says he's got this

15:20

barracks his club, Hundreds of

15:22

little lakes, That as. Who.

15:24

Just discussing this? A dinner. Sale.

15:27

Have really different microbial communities

15:30

and so what's great about

15:32

these lakes is that of

15:34

their nose animals fifty seven

15:36

like crop yield legs. Doesn't.

15:39

Let It is a sequel to Put

15:41

in some of the Legs Out that.

15:44

It's like he just took away the top

15:46

of the food chain and you can just

15:48

really see like can. Buy

15:51

and in the nation his then.

15:54

Make. It better to with. What

15:56

they're doing to themselves was the

15:59

big interest. in it. And so I was

16:02

at the

16:04

sort of door of metagenomics where

16:06

we still had Sanger sequencing and

16:09

we had 4-5 sequencing as well.

16:12

And like when you compare

16:14

with what the volumes of data

16:16

now, it's like just nothing. But

16:20

yeah, it was really great fun. So

16:23

you would get samples from these lakes?

16:25

Yeah. Sent back to you

16:27

in Australia and then you would

16:29

do sequencing on

16:32

them, correct? So actually it was

16:35

my advisor and other postdocs who were

16:37

there before. You

16:39

go there by ship because we don't have

16:41

an airport. The

16:44

murder has an airport. At

16:47

the time, the Australian icebreaker is

16:50

the Australia. So you steam

16:52

from Tasmania straight down. It's

16:54

a couple of weeks to

16:56

get there. Then there's

16:58

a base and from the base you've got to go

17:00

by, I think

17:02

they go by hagelands, like these sort

17:04

of tractor things or

17:07

snow buggies. I wasn't there. So it

17:10

was my advisor who went there and

17:12

these lakes can be ice covered or free

17:15

of ice. If they're ice covered, you just drill a

17:17

hole. You pump the water. And

17:20

like all metagenomics, you pump

17:23

the water onto filters and

17:25

the microbes are stuck on the filters

17:27

and you bring that home.

17:30

And then that's where I came in. I did

17:32

DNA extractions on those filters. Where

17:35

did you find? So

17:39

my first project was to

17:41

look at organic lake. And

17:43

organic lake, that sample was just

17:45

full of giant virus

17:48

sequences. So we've had like

17:50

just two, almost three full genomes

17:52

just fell out

17:55

of the assembly really easily. And

17:57

then this was that However,

18:00

the line in my desk is trainee.

18:02

there's no many doesn't have for all

18:04

that is Cindy as. In.

18:06

My Islam, religion and philosophy with

18:08

them. Upside is. And.

18:12

And I was reading all these faces

18:14

coming from. Law. School or

18:16

has set will allow zero face and

18:19

so. That's where I

18:21

could actually because the first

18:23

Viera face with. A

18:26

genome sequencing described I could see it

18:28

fell in my sequence by. Them.

18:31

Violence. And so so says

18:33

sound and zero face. In

18:36

and the Lake and would you call it. A

18:38

yeah ah I wanted to give it

18:40

a better now I just couldn't. Organic

18:43

like your face an organic lake I

18:45

couldn't A virus said this like on

18:47

Treble. Apparently it's a mimi vice that

18:49

as a sanders only one mimi virus

18:51

so I so they were full of

18:53

all the viruses and many fires was

18:55

odd. And they probably

18:58

I think they're inflicting algae. But

19:01

I don't know because it's just. Sequences mode

19:03

for you. Never out on. And

19:06

I sewage system further spiral foods

19:08

and it's host know. That,

19:10

but now they're as sort of similar

19:12

ones. I think we can be fairly

19:15

confident that it sitting in that. And

19:18

group with Niemi virus

19:20

time viruses infecting houses.

19:22

So and in many cases these for of

19:25

ages are also integrated into the host. Where

19:27

did you see that? Are. Not

19:29

at all because it's very hard to

19:31

get. Hosts. Out

19:34

us minutes you know make sequences

19:36

especially as a timely dance has.

19:39

As lot of coverage he just got

19:41

scrapped says. Eighteen as

19:43

sequences. So. Just

19:45

the Nigeria's who could be that that

19:47

not. Like at the

19:49

capacity to see. Integration but subsequently

19:52

has anyone else done the genome

19:54

of the so and found. As.

19:57

Well because it or know exactly who is the

19:59

first. And.

20:03

There has been some zero

20:05

seizures won't lead shrug Chris

20:07

of Villas work and that.

20:11

Add. They're coming out a

20:13

smidgen on the sequences. and also

20:16

in T M Cafeteria. right?

20:18

Pounds He knows, They are

20:21

activated. If I remember then you search.

20:23

The. Database has made by the

20:26

vendor Cruz right? Yes and yes

20:28

around this version. Some of those

20:30

as well, right? Yes,

20:32

Didn't get to see. I

20:35

just have to say that and others

20:37

and the vid out of his era

20:39

fish in reasons they don't have any

20:41

progress, so I'm not sure they're actually

20:43

integrated. Me. I'm not sure

20:45

if someone has seen one in this. What?

20:48

In the like, organic like their face family.

20:50

that's. Integrated. For.

20:53

Now the world a zero phases

20:55

is more complicated because is pulling

20:57

sounds. And. For Linton Virus and Mask,

20:59

I remembered the time when I broke

21:01

the post you had in your paper.

21:03

Talk about how. We. My

21:05

protect the host. When. Does

21:07

not a lot of light around here, right? And

21:10

so that was a cool. Idea for

21:12

what they did. Yeah, that was really

21:14

my code sizes. And.

21:18

I just hit any Colorado has a

21:20

really Italian sounding less and less advisers

21:22

without a can securely. Instead it said

21:24

April our is it's allies. And

21:28

them. So. He was playing

21:30

around with the sodas, models and.

21:33

I. Don't know how to do proper

21:35

modeling his. I just try this further

21:37

than you just see that is is

21:39

let's you have the said thirty in

21:41

there. Is. A kind

21:43

of and natural consequence said. It's

21:46

and he's getting the virus so. It's.

21:48

Suing some right that dynamic knight. Who's.

21:52

Is looking up. Have it

21:54

Jolie. He reaches s

21:56

expert on Ak here. is

21:59

the line I don't know what

22:01

it means. Rick

22:04

is from Gimpy. Really?

22:07

Gimpy is a small town

22:10

in Queensland. Okay. Anyway, so

22:13

that was your PhD program, that project,

22:15

right? That's right. Let's go over to

22:17

Victoria for a bit. And

22:22

you, as part of your

22:24

PhD work, did some

22:26

analysis of pithoviruses, right? Yeah.

22:29

There's a paper you published. So why don't

22:32

you tell us a little bit about that? Well,

22:34

so that was the

22:36

idea that we had

22:38

because I needed to present something

22:40

for my midterm evaluation, kind of.

22:44

And it was the pandemic and I didn't

22:46

have like the result of the

22:48

proposal of my PhD was to prospect the

22:51

viruses, but we have to stop this. And

22:54

before the aquatic viruses workshop

22:56

of 2021, Professor

22:58

Houdrygou, he invited me to

23:01

do like a collaboration with him to

23:05

perform some pithinomic analysis on

23:08

chloroviruses. So I learned

23:10

how to do pithinomic analysis with

23:12

him. And then

23:14

I realized, oh, I used to work

23:16

with vermamiba vermiformis. And then

23:19

we have like otheovirus that infects

23:21

vermamiba. And

23:23

it clusters together with pithovirus

23:25

and tetroviruses. And I

23:27

thought, oh, they are probably,

23:29

they can be really different. So

23:32

a pithinomic analysis of those three

23:34

would be an interesting thing to

23:36

look at. And

23:38

then, yeah, we started doing this. And

23:42

that was pretty much that. But we

23:45

thought that, oh, otheovirus

23:47

really like different,

23:50

but I'm going to spoil my

23:52

presentation for tomorrow. And

23:55

yeah, I don't know what to say now.

23:58

So you don't want to reveal your talk. because that was just nice.

24:01

Yeah, I'm trying to. Yeah, but this won't

24:03

be released for weeks. Yeah,

24:06

but they will listen. Oh,

24:09

right, I forgot. They will

24:11

be scrolling on their cell

24:13

phones tomorrow. They'll forget by

24:15

tomorrow and, you

24:17

know, it's never bad to repeat things. Yeah. So

24:20

what we see is that when we

24:22

add otheovirus to the pendulum analysis, the

24:24

pendulum, which is like all

24:27

the genomes together, it grows

24:29

a lot. So the pendulum

24:32

slope is like, it's

24:35

really high, it gets really high when otheovirus

24:37

is added, and the core genome slope goes

24:40

really down. And

24:42

there are like few conservative, the

24:45

core genome is really small, it's

24:47

the smallest one that we saw.

24:50

And the pendulum is not the largest

24:52

one, but it's really large, and otheovirus

24:54

shares less than 10% of each gene

24:57

with pithoviruses and tetroviruses. So

25:01

it's a really different virus.

25:03

Since we're listeners, we

25:05

don't know what a

25:08

pithovirus is. Can you explain it? Pithoviruses

25:11

are othevoidal or

25:13

oblong-shaped virus. The

25:16

first one was isolated in the

25:18

permafrost in Siberia, and then another

25:21

one was isolated from

25:23

Russia as well in a permafrost

25:25

sample. But we have at

25:28

least more two isolates, one in Japan and

25:31

one in France. I

25:36

think they both are right. And

25:41

yeah, so the

25:44

particle size is really big compared

25:46

to the genome size, and

25:49

it's the same for tetroviruses, but

25:52

otheoviruses have a bigger genome

25:54

size, and the particle is Smaller

25:57

than pithoviruses, but it's a huge particle size.

26:00

Oh right about one micron

26:02

that my communist movement. Net.

26:05

And they. Do. We know it's

26:08

a natural host of these viruses is.

26:10

The. Natural know, but we know that being

26:12

said to me, then laboratory. So he's

26:14

a Verizon Center, virus and sector think

26:16

and even. An authorized

26:18

in fact that many living for hims.

26:21

Do have any desire to get these viruses and

26:23

actually and sex sells with some. So.

26:28

I. Used to

26:30

work I work a bit with a

26:32

silver is never told. That.

26:35

Not be so nice and said were

26:37

there is that it would be nice

26:39

shoes inside Since the to say to

26:41

bed sites i like wet labs it

26:43

like experiment. He showed me on your phone

26:45

a picture of a plaque asset. Yes, that's

26:48

as. A beautiful nice bushfires was that

26:50

it was he can a seeker yes he

26:52

as he can make stood plaques. Cinema

26:55

One those. I preferred my

26:57

lap. my out of ideas are signaling as

26:59

as blacks were. Easier to com

27:01

sua Victory Showed me a

27:03

picture on Instagram of three

27:05

stacks of six. Well place.

27:08

Is less than a for well played. Twenty four will.

27:11

Because we you Samsung wall of Polio

27:13

in my office which was one thousand

27:15

six hundred six well placed. Says

27:18

I was a little homage to that. I

27:22

can see the good of all. Yes,

27:24

that was. Gone you know cause is

27:26

when I I vacated my office

27:28

they came and tore down. Was

27:32

glued so I said good

27:34

riddance since the new to

27:36

retry was so now you're

27:38

you're in Norway yet? So.

27:42

It was their requirements to go to

27:44

Norway is part of your P C

27:46

or somewhere else or. So.

27:50

When. We need their proposals up going

27:52

straight to the feces and said thing

27:54

in Brazil is the people did the

27:56

math. There's first that's been busy though.

27:59

like my propose. We propose that

28:01

collaboration with best professor Gabrielle. And

28:03

it's was like his show point for me to get.

28:06

In the face the to do this collaboration

28:08

with him. So. It is with.

28:11

Kindness. Week. But

28:13

I thought this mobility periods with

28:15

the. Per. Year in my

28:17

kids me that I had to

28:19

wait for the pandemic to clarify.

28:21

Things get better and things were.

28:24

Terrible. In Brazil. So. Yeah,

28:26

so things on what are you doing

28:28

their news from so. I'm

28:31

not doing for that. Some finally

28:33

censuses and so yeah, we collected

28:35

some both and them. I said

28:37

that's a little bit the protocol

28:40

because the amoeba grow different. Than.

28:42

That will renew and I never had

28:45

like the I didn't have the experience

28:47

of working with the company myself. To

28:50

get their money. But one thing they kind

28:52

of me hate difference in culture. So.

28:54

He adapted the protocol and then.

28:57

I started trying to isolate. Them.

28:59

Viruses. And. They realize

29:01

that I bumped into the

29:04

same mistake that the guys

29:06

back him in Bradford did

29:08

because in August I saw

29:10

Wow and I thought it

29:12

I wrote oh it's contaminated.

29:15

But. Then just last month they realize that

29:17

these were the meaning of our is

29:19

not have a serious answer. So sorry

29:21

I took me three months to think

29:23

oh this might be a virus actually.

29:26

Bradford Was is a reference to the

29:29

original Mimi vars right? Yeah, and

29:31

they said bradford Cocos near as a side

29:33

of this nice nickname. Is. What was a bacterium

29:35

and has stepped in the freezer for ten years. Yeah,

29:37

at least suits that me only three

29:39

months. Juri I assume

29:41

you are respecting Amoeba

29:44

with viruses. Our. Yes,

29:48

No yes because I was preparing. The

29:50

sauce. And do some.

29:53

I'm. Sequences Very. Bad

29:55

we don't have an idea. makes us

29:58

that the Texans. So

30:01

what what is this virus look like is

30:03

is there is it look like a piss

30:05

a virus is is have access to he

30:08

drove efforts failed are high club they drown

30:10

with a lot of sybil. And

30:12

we outside the latest on. My.

30:15

Silence as it seems because we

30:18

have some data sequencing but not

30:20

the whole genome was. Summer

30:22

say they're they're more. Tiny.

30:25

That because I n's around like. Two.

30:28

Hundred and then a meters. Air.

30:32

We see a lot of as opposing.

30:35

The replications like always were already described

30:37

from it. My favorite. And

30:39

then only there is like because we don't have

30:41

the sequence the as is. Really?

30:43

Mimi of. And

30:46

we see like them both. On.

30:49

Both. Areas of the virus factory

30:52

with as viral factory where the

30:54

particles are some mode and the

30:56

acquisition the Subaru for it. And.

30:59

We really. Do see like the.

31:02

Necessity. Of the psycho

31:04

though I think when we see

31:06

cleanse it. Filled the sequence will tell you

31:08

what happens when we were. did you sample this

31:10

from. This was actually

31:12

professor get the that collected

31:14

the temples or for those

31:16

suits. And it's was around from. But.

31:19

One must say that was probably it's

31:22

within the fourth an island. That.

31:24

The selected system seems. To be

31:27

a seem that uses work on things

31:29

that other people's glad. You like

31:31

citizens of a specific is

31:33

a travel writer. This. So

31:36

when you returning to Brazil. Same

31:38

returning probably in the first week of

31:40

January. Correctness. So.

31:43

I have some of the things you want to ask you

31:45

but let's go back to. Missouri now.

31:47

So you start your own lab? And

31:51

and you're working on these

31:53

unusual algae? Tell us about

31:55

those. Yet. so as

31:58

to say and centers integrated

32:00

into a lab. So I didn't have to

32:03

start my lab in the way of like

32:05

I have to buy all the equipment and

32:07

I have to measure

32:09

out the spaces. So that's really great. I

32:12

kind of, it's

32:14

really collaborative group. So

32:16

I'm working mainly on

32:19

Oshrykokus which is sort

32:23

of became famous or was famous

32:25

as being the smallest free-living eukaryote.

32:27

So it's a little

32:29

green algae but it's just the size

32:31

of a bacterium. It's a

32:34

1 micrometer cell. So it's really

32:36

great because it's a grow in a lab and

32:40

it's kind of a model for plants

32:43

for eukaryotes. We'd

32:45

like to make it into like the yeast of

32:48

the sea. What does

32:52

that mean? Well

32:54

like a model. There's

32:56

so few model organisms.

32:59

So we wanted to, so algae

33:01

is normally for minimotans but it's the marine

33:05

species that you can, they

33:07

were originally isolated from

33:10

near our lab. So

33:13

in front of the lab we have

33:16

the bay, the beach and

33:18

sort of further north they have

33:21

different lagoons and it was

33:23

originally isolated from one of these lagoons. So

33:26

still there's kind of that theme of lagoons

33:28

being a bit more of a special environment

33:35

and it was sort of fairly

33:37

recent. So it was Nigel Grimmsley

33:39

who hired me on that first

33:41

project who isolated viruses of Oshrykokus

33:44

and they're really abundant. So they've come up

33:46

with all the metagenomes. We're super lucky if

33:48

you just grab some water, you

33:50

put it on a culture, I

33:53

think you have a really high

33:55

success rate of getting viruses isolated

33:57

on them so we can have collections

34:00

of viruses, too many viruses that

34:02

we can't manage to keep with.

34:06

Were the Ostrochococcus? Yeah,

34:10

Ostrochococcus. Is it globally

34:12

found? Yeah, it's globally

34:14

distributed. There's a huge species.

34:18

The one we're working on is more of

34:20

a coastal species. There are

34:22

others that are more open

34:24

ocean. They tend to be

34:26

this low abundance little green

34:29

balls. So they're green

34:31

algae. They do photosynthesis,

34:33

right? Yeah, they do photosynthesis. What's

34:36

the name of the virus that was found

34:38

in your lab? They're part

34:40

of the genus Proxino virus.

34:44

We call them Ostrochococcus viruses,

34:47

Ostrochococcus, the three viruses.

34:49

So that would be

34:51

OTV123 or much bigger

34:53

numbers. We try to make bigger numbers

34:55

to keep a

34:57

handle on it. So

35:00

in the lab, you can grow the algae, right?

35:02

Yeah, you can grow them. And then you can

35:04

put virus on and it infects them. And

35:06

you can do plaque acid. Oh, it's

35:08

been asked. So you can make a monolayer of

35:10

the algae? It's not a monolayer.

35:15

They only grow on semi-solid

35:17

media. So we have to use agarose. They don't

35:19

like agar. And

35:21

you incorporate the cells by mixing in the

35:23

agarose and pour it. And

35:26

even the viruses, we sort of incorporate

35:28

it in the agarose and then pour

35:30

them out. So the

35:33

plaques are really tiny. It's the

35:35

only plaques that I've ever looked at. It's

35:39

normal. So the

35:41

cells are green with

35:43

little plaque holes in them, right? Yeah,

35:45

little plaques holes. They remind me of chlorovirus.

35:48

But he had a nice monolayer with big plaques in

35:50

it. If you let them grow longer,

35:52

the plaques will get bigger. So you should make

35:54

a wall of carcinovirus.

35:57

It's actually really hard to see

35:59

the plaques. properly. Okay, all right.

36:01

Yeah. So the virus kills the

36:03

cell? Yes, so as far

36:06

as we know they're strictly lytic viruses.

36:09

They, even

36:11

though they might have traces of these

36:14

present of viruses in

36:17

in green algal genomes, so it was a

36:20

big paper about how there's lots of viruses

36:22

in green algae. It's not part

36:24

of their life cycle. They're not temperate, integrate

36:27

and pop back out like like

36:31

ectocoporous virus. But the

36:33

integration is an accident then? I

36:35

believe so. I think that just occasionally

36:38

there's integration events. I've

36:41

never seen it as part of the life cycle

36:43

of the virus. There's not an integrated

36:45

gene to do that. Is this

36:47

virus considered a

36:50

giant virus? I

36:52

consider it a giant virus. The

36:54

particle size, so the classic icosahedron,

36:57

is that the plural of icosahedron?

36:59

Yeah, okay. They're

37:01

about 120 nanometers across,

37:04

double stranded DNA genomes

37:06

of around 200 KB. So they're pretty

37:09

small for giant viruses, but I've

37:11

seen posters that now you have

37:13

mini viruses that are 75 KB

37:16

genomes, so that's tiny. So

37:18

really if you're gonna start like

37:22

not including these those ones,

37:25

if you're gonna say 400 KB genome is

37:27

this cutoff, well you've just got an

37:29

eliminate all your new viruses.

37:32

Then they can't come to this meeting. Yeah,

37:35

so I would say anyone that's in the, I

37:38

would have said before any of the former

37:41

NCLDZ or nucleosidoviricoda

37:44

are giant viruses, but now apparently this

37:49

virus virus, maybe we

37:51

can include them in the giant virus.

37:54

We had a little argument about

37:56

nucleosidoviricoda today, didn't we? Yeah, does it

37:59

mean anything? Yes,

38:01

we had some differing opinions. So

38:03

that's another podcast. So

38:05

you can in fact in a

38:07

lab, your, your, your, you call

38:11

the, the algae, they're picoyukaryotes, right? Yeah,

38:13

they're picoyukaryotes. And so I forgot to

38:15

say they're called prasino viruses, because

38:17

it used to be that all

38:20

of these small green algae were called prasino

38:22

phyt. Okay. But now,

38:25

so if they're fighting in the

38:27

taxonomy of viruses, the

38:31

produce have huge reforms also in

38:33

their taxonomy, and prasino phyt does

38:35

not exist. Okay. They

38:38

are, they are number 50. Are

38:41

there any virophages involved with your virus

38:43

of the... I've never

38:45

seen them. And I

38:48

don't believe so, because I think

38:52

the virophages need to have a

38:56

virus that has a more cytoplasmic

38:58

lifestyle that has RNA

39:00

polymerase. I

39:03

didn't really think that myself, Mathias said, oh yeah,

39:05

I think that's okay. Okay, yeah, I can see

39:07

that, I agree. So if

39:09

that's true, then the viroph, the true

39:12

virophages should really only be associated with

39:15

viruses that have a

39:18

more cytoplasmic replication.

39:21

And yours is nuclear? Well,

39:23

we don't really know, but you have to assume

39:25

it, because they don't have their own RNA polymerase.

39:28

Maybe they do some mouse virus

39:30

magic and they open the genome,

39:32

other nucleus and they make

39:35

the transcription factors come out that

39:38

we hypothesize that they should have

39:40

a nuclear phase. I can't think

39:42

of a virus. You can't

39:45

think of a virus that does that, that pulls

39:47

the polymerase out of the nucleus. Usually they go

39:49

in there or have their own in

39:52

the cytoplasm, right? Well,

39:54

that was sort of, if I

39:56

understood right, from the Mase viruses

39:58

and the Medusa viruses. seem to

40:00

somehow open up the nucleus, but

40:03

I don't know if that's what's

40:06

really happening. Okay. Now,

40:09

you published some work which suggests that

40:12

some cells are resistant to

40:15

infection. Yeah. So that's been a

40:17

big line of just what I got

40:19

hired to work on in the beginning and I'm coming

40:21

back to that. Yeah,

40:24

if you infect the

40:26

culture and

40:28

within a few days, at

40:31

least by the end of the week, you see

40:33

the culture lies. So it's green, it's not

40:35

green anymore, it's sort of clear. And

40:38

by the end of the week, it's come back to be green. And

40:41

it's really, it's almost deterministic.

40:43

Like you can, I can do this 10

40:46

times in a row and I see it

40:49

come back. And if you take those

40:51

green cells and reinfect them, do

40:53

they get infected? No, they don't. They don't. You can clean

40:55

them and it stays like that for

40:58

quite a while. It's quite stable. I

41:02

tried to just keep

41:05

resistant cells that I diluted

41:08

so I removed the viruses and

41:10

I just transferred them for like

41:13

nine months before I saw a

41:16

line that stopped being resistant. So

41:18

it's quite a stable resistance.

41:21

So this is a big thing that

41:24

I'm trying to work out how is it

41:26

working. Is it genetically

41:28

controlled? So there's a

41:31

genetic component. So what we saw was

41:33

that lines

41:35

of algae that become

41:37

resistant and that we clone them. So we

41:40

just start from a single cell again. They

41:43

tended to have big changes in

41:45

a single chromosome. And

41:48

so there's a genetic component. But

41:51

then we've also done transcriptomics and

41:53

there's also changes in

41:56

expression. And

41:58

a lot of it is really. It seems to

42:01

have this special, like we're calling, immunity

42:03

chromosome or resistance chromosome, where a

42:06

lot of the functions involved,

42:08

or seem to be involved in resistance, are all in

42:11

one spot in the genome. That's

42:14

exactly how it works, and

42:17

yet to work that out. So that's a

42:19

spoiler. Are you

42:21

gonna talk about this? Yeah, so that's what I was

42:23

gonna talk about in the conference. Okay,

42:25

so you have this sequence of

42:27

this piece of chromosome, right? It's

42:31

no virefasion there, right? No. It's

42:33

something else, and you probably have

42:35

some ideas by looking at the genes and what they

42:37

encode, right? Yeah, so there are a lot

42:39

of genes to do with

42:42

sugar modification, and

42:45

there's also some transposons,

42:48

so transposable elements, bits of DNA

42:50

that can jump around. So maybe

42:52

that's what's responsible for the rearrangements.

42:59

But there's a lot of genes. I

43:02

kind of thought it would be a scenario like with

43:06

the first bicurifagias,

43:10

the way they found resistant colonies,

43:12

they just would put a

43:14

lot of viruses, they would find a colony

43:16

that was resistant, and then

43:18

you sequence it, and it had a point mutation, and

43:20

it was the receptor. Yeah. That's

43:23

what I thought would happen. That's not what

43:26

happened at all. So it's

43:28

not that easy. It's not just like one

43:30

tiny mutation. Is there a receptor

43:32

for the virus? We don't know what it is. Does someone know

43:34

what it is? But...

43:38

There must be one. Well,

43:40

isn't there a cell wall around the algae, or is it

43:42

just a membrane? I don't know. So

43:44

these algae, they

43:46

don't have a thick cell wall. It's

43:48

not really visible. So

43:50

yeah, it's true that plant viruses, they

43:52

don't really, I guess they don't have

43:54

a receptor because they enter mechanically. Yep.

43:57

And so algae viruses are really, really important. really

44:00

different from plant viruses. The

44:02

most common adenoviruses and

44:04

they look like they

44:07

have a more bacteriophage mode of

44:09

entry because they attach to the

44:11

outside, they empty their contents

44:13

inside the cell. So

44:17

you have to figure out where in this

44:19

million bases can you cut pieces out? Do you

44:22

have the ability

44:24

in this algae to cut specific pieces

44:26

out? I'm

44:29

working on it. For the

44:31

moment we can introduce DNA and overexpress genes.

44:33

So this is

44:36

a work in collaboration

44:38

with Asafari's lab

44:40

that picks some genes, they're trying

44:42

to overexpress them and see

44:45

if that affects the infection. And

44:48

yeah, my big dream would be to get a

44:52

good knockout system working and cut out these

44:54

genes. Can you use CRISPR? Yeah,

44:56

so that's what I'm trying to do. Okay.

44:59

Almost there. Hopefully it will work. You

45:02

could do it by homologous recombination.

45:05

So that has been reported but I haven't

45:07

had much success. It's really low efficiency and

45:09

this chromosome is full of repeated sequences.

45:12

So it might

45:14

happen but it's not going to be easy

45:16

that way. You still work in the lab yourself? You

45:20

know, I do. Not

45:22

as much as I would like. Okay.

45:26

Victoria, you

45:28

have published a paper about

45:30

an educational kit for virology classes. Tell

45:33

us about that. So this was

45:36

really nice actually because I remember

45:39

that before I asked Professor Jonathan

45:41

the position I was doing his

45:43

course and the

45:47

class that we would see took on various particles it

45:50

was on the day of my birthday. So

45:52

I was super excited. I was like, oh my

45:54

God, first time seeing a viral particle with my

45:56

own eyes and it will be

45:59

the best birthday gift. ever but

46:01

then it was on a

46:03

Wednesday I think and he delayed this course

46:06

for two days after so

46:08

it wasn't my birthday gift

46:11

anymore and I think I

46:13

took it personally just kidding

46:16

so but it was really

46:18

nice because you can actually see and

46:20

I think for elementary school it would

46:23

be nicer because I remember that I

46:25

was interested in viruses but

46:27

I couldn't really imagine them of

46:29

course I couldn't imagine bacteriophages but

46:31

I thought bacteriophages were like the

46:33

morphology of kind of all viruses

46:36

would be something like this and

46:39

then but I didn't know about

46:41

the diversity of morphology shape that we

46:43

saw here today as well and

46:46

then we have we had this idea

46:48

about doing like slides

46:53

and with copper slips and everything like that

46:55

like the kit and

46:57

fixate them because then

47:00

you can distribute to the school and

47:02

it's like a cheap material

47:04

to produce it safe because

47:07

sometimes you don't teach virology because

47:10

because of like safety measures that

47:12

you have to have or

47:14

the cost and we thought

47:17

about doing this and distributing and

47:19

seeing and using but again

47:22

the pandemic didn't allow us

47:24

to really use but some some

47:28

courses in our university

47:31

we use this to teach and

47:34

it wasn't me it was the the other

47:36

PhD student at a time Gabriel he uses

47:40

lies and he he like

47:43

he say that they

47:45

students are really

47:47

like we're really excited about this and

47:49

everything like this so what

47:51

we did was we purified the viral particles

47:54

the giant viral particles with

47:56

things it with violet

47:59

crystal Chrystoviral. Chrystoviral, yeah.

48:02

And then, yeah, we waited

48:04

for it to get

48:06

dry and then we put it the culvert

48:08

lip and that's pretty much what we did. But

48:11

we also did some culverts

48:15

lips of pecs of

48:18

clinically important viruses

48:22

because in like school

48:25

books and everything like this, you

48:27

just see viruses causing diseases and

48:30

sometimes it's more interesting

48:32

to like people see like, oh, what

48:34

they do to themselves. So

48:37

you see that, oh, this

48:39

is a plague. So we thought

48:42

about this and we also did like,

48:45

this was more challenging because we had

48:47

to get lucky to do but to

48:49

see like the viral factory or the

48:52

inclusion body of pox

48:54

viruses. So yeah,

48:56

but this light

48:59

were more harder to do because

49:01

we have to get lucky to

49:03

in a culvert lip have

49:06

like the specific

49:08

time point of infection that you can

49:10

see the viral factory and paint

49:13

it properly. But we

49:15

could do one kit, we couldn't reproduce,

49:17

do more kits and

49:19

distributes yet. But I think Professor

49:21

Jonathan has like this

49:24

thing as an open project.

49:27

What age kids are this

49:29

is this for? What

49:32

age? Yeah, like what grade? Yeah,

49:34

I think it depends on the teacher

49:37

or the professor because I use it,

49:40

not this but a pilot in

49:43

university and I was excited about

49:45

it. But I think

49:47

that even like child

49:49

like eight years old, maybe they

49:52

could they could use it. And

49:55

even like high school, I think any

49:58

age actually. Yeah. The

50:00

earlier you teach kids science, the better,

50:02

right? Yes. And we did like

50:04

a supplementary material to teach

50:07

the teachers how to use the slides and

50:09

also teach the kids like how

50:12

to interpret what they are seeing. So

50:15

there's a paper published,

50:19

Virus Goes Viral. It's a virology journal 2020

50:22

which describes this,

50:24

right? Yes. Is this something you

50:26

would like to do in the future? Yes,

50:28

this would be cool because I

50:32

really like teaching

50:34

and having contact

50:36

with students and

50:39

the questions they make. But

50:43

sometimes I get a little bit anxious because I

50:45

remember that I was doing

50:47

this training because in

50:49

PhD in Brazil you have to have like

50:52

teaching experience so you follow some

50:55

class, some practical classes. And I remember

50:57

that I chose the medicine class and

51:00

we were using like a flame to do

51:03

the experiments and the girl burned her hair

51:05

and I said, okay, maybe I

51:07

don't teach, or like teaching practical

51:10

lessons maybe because I was more

51:12

nervous than the growth. So

51:15

when are you finishing your PhD?

51:19

Next year probably, yeah, in the beginning.

51:22

So what are you going to

51:25

do next? So that's the first time in

51:27

my life I have to have a Plan

51:29

B because opportunities in Brazil, we don't have

51:31

a lot of opportunities in Brazil in the

51:33

academic field. And growing up I

51:36

always knew that I wanted to do a

51:38

PhD and I never had a Plan B.

51:41

But then by the end of the year, PhD

51:43

you start thinking a lot of options. But

51:46

I was recently accepted as

51:48

a postdoc in Teocruz,

51:50

Minas Gerais. So

51:53

I will work with antivirals there for,

51:56

I don't know how long,

51:58

but in Brazil we have... like

52:00

this this

52:03

kind of rule that if you spend

52:05

like six months abroad with the Brazilian

52:07

government like the founding agencies paying you

52:09

to be abroad you have to go

52:12

back to Brazil and stay six

52:14

months there so yeah at

52:16

least for those six months I know what I'm

52:18

doing. Okay. Cherie,

52:24

what do you tell a non-scientist why

52:27

you should be interested in these tiny algae

52:29

and the viruses that infect them? Oh

52:32

yeah so we do the science fair

52:34

so and the

52:38

big thing about algae especially

52:40

marine algae is to say well there's half

52:43

of the oxygen you breathe is coming

52:45

from microbes it's

52:48

not just plants and they're really

52:50

important part of carbon

52:53

cycle like this is what's making the

52:56

world go around and the viruses

52:59

well because they're killing them

53:01

they're part of knowing

53:03

the ecosystem you

53:06

have to know you know

53:08

what's making them think just like

53:10

how you have to know what's

53:13

making us secret. Yeah okay yeah

53:15

they have it. So they make a

53:17

lot of our oxygen yeah

53:20

that's I think that most people would

53:22

get that. Yeah yeah that's one

53:24

of the most people think trees and

53:26

plants make most of the oxygen. Yeah

53:29

well it's true

53:31

they're making some of it. Not as much

53:33

as algae. Well the great

53:35

oxygenation event with cyanobacteria like

53:37

it came first from

53:39

microbial life. Microbial life is the base

53:41

of life. Yeah but today still it's

53:43

it's a significant amount right. Yeah I

53:46

think that's a good thing to tell

53:48

people. Okay I have two more

53:50

questions one for each of you. Sherry

53:55

what would you have done if you hadn't been a

53:57

scientist? Oh I think I'd be a linguist.

54:01

Not an anthropologist. I kind

54:04

of realized I'm misanthropic. I'm

54:06

like, well, he actually has

54:09

to get along well with

54:11

people with anthropology. And for

54:13

what essays? Linguist. Okay. That's a good

54:16

one. I like languages too. I haven't heard

54:18

that answer yet. That's good. Victoria,

54:20

what about you? I mean, you're early on your

54:22

career, but still you've made the decision. What would

54:25

you have done? Yeah, I

54:27

don't know. I never had a Plan B

54:29

actually. So I think I would just be

54:31

the weird unemployed cousin maybe. Wait,

54:35

let me repeat that. The weird

54:37

unemployed cousin? Wow. Okay. All right. Okay.

54:49

That's a special episode of Twiv

54:52

recorded at the giant virus meeting.

54:55

Ringberg Castle in Tegrensee, Germany.

54:58

If you have any questions or comments,

55:00

you can send them to twiv at

55:02

microbe.tv. You'll find the show notes at

55:05

microbe.tv slash twiv. And as I said

55:07

before, if you enjoy our work, all

55:10

these other podcasts, we have nine

55:12

total podcasts in different areas of

55:14

science. We'd love your support. Microbe.tv

55:16

slash contribute. I guess today from

55:19

the Banuels Oceanological Observatory, Cherie Yau.

55:22

Thank you so much. Thanks for

55:24

having me. And

55:32

next year you are organizing

55:35

the aquatic virus workshop, right?

55:37

Yes. It's not next year. It should

55:39

be the year after. 2020. And you're invited.

55:41

Five. Yes, 2025

55:43

in Banuels. And

55:47

yeah, we'll come and do a Twiv because

55:49

we were there in Quebec City earlier

55:51

this year. And you've never been to Banuels? Nope.

55:55

It's in the south of France. We're really close to

55:57

the border of Spain. We have a wine. We have

55:59

a beach. I

56:01

don't think you're going to make it, Karen. All

56:07

right, aquatic virus meeting. Look for that in

56:09

2025. Victoria Kiras

56:11

from the Universidad Federal, the Minas

56:13

Jerais. Thank you for joining us.

56:24

Good luck with Plan

56:26

B. Thank

56:30

you. Wasn't it my weird unemployed cousin?

56:34

He's great. He's a scientist on a job.

56:38

That's good. I like that. I'm Vincent

56:40

Racconello. You can find me at microbe.tv.

56:43

I'd like to thank the American

56:45

Society for Virology and the American

56:47

Society for Microbiology for

56:49

their support of Twiv, Ronald Jenkes

56:52

for the music, Jolene for the

56:54

time stamps, and Mattias and

56:57

Thomas, the organizers of this meeting,

56:59

for having Twiv here again. We've

57:01

been listening to this week in

57:03

virology. Thanks for joining us. We

57:05

will be back next week. Another

57:08

Twiv is virus.