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You're listening to shortwave. From

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Npr. When

0:25

I was a kid learning physics and

0:27

high school, there were few names that

0:29

I'd heard a lot to make: Hubble

0:31

Fine Man Irons. And

0:33

and shredding air. And they're all men. Show

0:38

He Goes Had a similar experience. She's

0:40

a quantum physicist and a Physics and

0:42

Computer Science professor at Wilfred Lawyer University

0:44

and she remembers learning about all these

0:46

men and been like hold Up Only

0:48

men. There has to be more to

0:50

the story I was sitting. There must

0:53

have been other women before me who

0:55

are interested in physics and the more

0:57

I dug, the more I found that

0:59

we don't tell their stories. That's when

1:01

Show Heaney started thinking she wanted to

1:03

tell these stories. She found one of

1:05

our favorite stories as she was forging.

1:07

Her own path and physics as a

1:10

grad student at University of New Mexico

1:12

working in their quantum computing research group.

1:14

Shaheen. He was digging through the

1:17

Apollo Lunar program's history. That led

1:19

me to the history of Fairchild,

1:21

which was a company that was

1:23

building these computer chips. Back then,

1:25

Fairchild Semiconductor was an early ancestor

1:27

of Intel, and they had a

1:30

factory in Ship Rock, a local

1:32

town on land that belongs to

1:34

the Navajo Nation. They. Employed

1:36

primarily Navajo women to produce these computer

1:38

chips which they viewed as unskilled labor.

1:41

There were no labor laws are no

1:43

unions so they didn't have to worry

1:45

about. You know, fair wages and you

1:48

know work condition than things like this.

1:50

So they were there to save money

1:52

as much as anything else. Or turned

1:55

out these women were really amazing at

1:57

innovating and building these very robust electronic.

2:00

And that's why those tips were

2:03

really good for use in your

2:05

these one shot kinds of projects

2:07

such as the Moon Landings. This

2:09

was a job that needed skill,

2:12

focus, concentration, accuracy, and the workers

2:14

at Ship Rock managed to reduce

2:16

the failure rate to five percent

2:18

four times less than any factory.

2:21

There. Was a protest at the plant

2:23

related to the unfair treatment of Navajo

2:25

workers in the area and this ultimately

2:27

resulted in the plant shutting down. So

2:30

he he was shocked that in this

2:32

town she thought she knew so well

2:34

there could be this history see. never

2:36

heard of that as she continued researching

2:38

over the years she found these women

2:40

across the globe is amazing woman who

2:42

was born in China her name is

2:44

would she and she hangs men from

2:46

Egypt who have been involved in particles

2:48

as the credible Brazilian woman as a

2:50

separate up the So I who do

2:52

this amazing particle physics work which went

2:54

unnoticed because she was not based in

2:57

North America. So he ultimately went on

2:59

to write a book. About some of

3:01

the women scientists, she didn't learn

3:03

about inner physics textbooks it's called

3:05

her space, her time or trailblazing

3:07

women scientists decoded the hidden. Universe.

3:11

One. Of the when and so he he

3:13

writes about his Be bad. Totally a physicist

3:15

from the mid twentieth century. It turns

3:17

out the even group in the same city

3:19

in India decades apart. I think of all

3:21

the women that I wrote about. Be.

3:24

Much older he holds a special place in

3:26

my heart because she's been Gandhi, people had

3:28

become a kind of vital for so he.

3:30

She's a woman that so he he knew

3:32

nothing about as a kid but now strongly

3:35

relates to to Daily Show the Women in

3:37

Physics. We. Don't hear. A Tale

3:39

of Two Been Dolly synthesis. Six years.

3:42

And how many sound. You're

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now on Amazon. So

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he need those and be hot

5:18

Chaudhury here. A few things in

5:20

common: Been Bengali loving physics and

5:22

going to school in Cook Cada

5:24

formally Calcutta and both of them

5:26

were really encouraged to explore their

5:29

academic interest as kids. People

5:32

with part of this community in India

5:34

let's all the prom more communities and

5:36

this is easy to like. Though it

5:39

at the time was like a reform

5:41

movement within Hinduism and part of their

5:43

principles involved focusing on education for girl

5:45

said limit. They both attended all girls'

5:48

schools, that's why so many felt comfortable

5:50

in a science classroom as a kid

5:52

and that likely provided the same cancer.

5:54

To be quite sure, he grew up

5:57

in a free India and be I

5:59

did no such. He did her work

6:01

in the early nineteen forties in

6:03

India, and that was actually when

6:05

India was still part of the

6:07

British Empire. So in that same

6:09

sex, it's really interesting because of

6:11

course there was not a lot

6:13

of funding that the British provided

6:15

for Indian scientists doing physics in

6:17

India because that funding was or

6:20

British scientists doing work in the

6:22

Uk. Despite that, people joined research

6:24

groups at Calcutta University in India

6:26

and so she worked with a

6:28

colleague of hers har Mentor his

6:30

name was even from On Bulls

6:32

and the two of them were

6:34

assault a very very early explorers

6:36

off this whole new area called

6:38

physics People would go on to

6:40

help discover not one, but. Two

6:43

fundamental particles. But

6:45

in those early days she was

6:47

just focus on throttling particle showers

6:49

of cosmic rays the high energy

6:51

radiation a particles from beyond the

6:53

solar system see use the Sydney.

6:55

Glad they would take these photographic

6:57

plates coated with these special emotions

6:59

and dig them up to the

7:02

mountain top and expose them to

7:04

these high energy cosmic rays. And

7:06

by looking at basically the the

7:08

tracks and their see send their

7:10

trajectory is they could cancel it's

7:12

properties of these particles like the.

7:14

Energy and from the energy than

7:16

the momentum and the direction of

7:18

curvature they could calculate the masses

7:20

of these particles. the more curve

7:22

the past the heavier the particle

7:24

so and light electron might look

7:26

like a straight line through a

7:28

photo Molson whereas a heavier proton

7:31

my curve downward and what she

7:33

found was a those tiny discrepancies

7:35

in some of what they were

7:37

seeing. These tracks very very small.

7:39

But. If you did

7:41

the calculation taking into account

7:43

the discrepancies the moscow the

7:45

particles that the calculated it

7:47

was more than what they

7:49

expect. it said was almost

7:51

like they found this new

7:53

heavy particle that nobody else

7:55

had actually. Detected that people couldn't

7:58

continue hunting for the plan. she had

8:00

a pause or research because she ran

8:02

at a funny but the technique that

8:04

she had developed and the calculations that

8:07

she had done. They did actually publish

8:09

the work in the series of for

8:11

papers in Nature which is of course

8:13

the top science journals. so her work

8:16

was well known even back then and

8:18

that's the the unheard of for papers

8:20

back to back in Nature is kind

8:22

of amusing and when the plan was

8:24

formally discovered years later in Nineteen Forty

8:27

Seven using this method, it wasn't people

8:29

who is credited. After the war

8:31

ended a British physicist name Cecile

8:33

Powell who didn't know about her

8:35

work user technique lot better Plates

8:37

had the fundings to confirm this

8:39

new particle which is called the

8:41

Pie Maize on the pilots and

8:43

for that discovery follow on the

8:46

Nobel prize. After her Pion research

8:48

she continued working on other projects

8:50

in particle physics. She moved to

8:52

the Uk and did her graduate

8:54

work at a British lab. Afterwards

8:56

be will help discover another fundamental

8:58

particle, the Neutrino. She. Worked

9:00

in. It's Hector deep in India's cold

9:02

gold mines. That's because neutrinos are hard

9:04

to catch a glimpse of and they

9:06

don't interact with electric fields or magnets.

9:08

In fact, most neutrinos in the universe

9:10

could pass right through the earth without

9:12

a trace. So. The best way

9:14

to see neutrino is to place a

9:16

detector deep underground so that the earth

9:19

itself concealed out all other particles. Then

9:21

wait and hope that one is. The

9:23

trillions of neutrinos passing through this planet

9:25

can interact with an Adam and leave

9:28

a little trace. And. Nineteen

9:30

Sixty Five, It finally worked. Atmosphere

9:32

neutrinos were detected in the mind

9:34

that people worked in. People.

9:36

Had a great career, but she

9:39

was often snubbed for funding and

9:41

from meaningful research positions. She never

9:43

won any. Major awards.

9:47

So. These kinds of moments of

9:49

course do see who we

9:51

do remember and celebrate later

9:53

on and who we forget

9:55

and unfortunately see you as

9:57

of basically forgotten after. See.

10:00

Died. Do. You wish he

10:02

would have known about her when you

10:04

were a kid. Of course I mean

10:06

it's such an inspiring story. I've been

10:08

on one hand it's frustrating to hear

10:11

about all these challenges, but on the

10:13

other hand is the worst she did

10:15

in spite of all of these issues

10:17

is kind of stunning. She was unloaded

10:19

to fundamental particle discoveries, she worked in

10:21

the lab, all this other physicists name

10:23

black kid who also and on by

10:26

the way to win a Nobel prize.

10:28

Some of the worst as he did.

10:30

they're also perhaps. Contributed to that. So

10:32

this is the kind of woman who

10:34

we have lost to history. that's like

10:37

saying well what if he had never

10:39

heard off in Ohio Newton or something

10:41

says it's the bell the a big

10:43

loss. Susini. Might not have

10:45

grown up with people but she still

10:48

feel connected to are now All these

10:50

decades later. I hope that they do

10:52

the right those textbooks in India and

10:54

elsewhere to include her. Anyone who

10:56

face the kinds of selling to

10:58

see that and was able to

11:00

have an entire career at the

11:02

level she did must have been

11:04

absolutely passionate about physics and to

11:06

me that is a Real Links

11:08

That's Last Field, a special place

11:11

for her and my heart as

11:13

the same way for me. I

11:15

can't imagine doing anything else to

11:17

suckle. That's the real link. Finding.

11:19

Be pie and all these other women

11:21

was pandemics therapy. For so he me. She.

11:24

Felt so isolated but had this rich

11:26

group of historical friends she could turn

11:28

to whenever she started writing. These women

11:30

were in my head that they were

11:33

talking to me. They were showing me

11:35

all these wonderful adventure they had. They

11:37

treated entire fields of new research lab

11:39

research into dark matter. What happened with

11:42

the Evolution of the universe? How did

11:44

the universe begin? Those kinds of big

11:46

questions and so I felt like they're

11:49

almost like whispering in my head. Side

11:51

wasn't really alone and they were all

11:53

such strong. Inspirational characters who could

11:55

basically continue what they wanted to

11:57

do and focus on their passion

11:59

despite challenges that really spoke the

12:01

media rape and Emmy because of

12:03

cause that's what we were all

12:05

going through. When she'll see Me

12:08

thinks about Be Hot or the

12:10

Navajo a Minute ship Rock or

12:12

Ten Seung Woo she's reminded of

12:14

their power. They were rule breakers.

12:16

They were innovators. They had straight

12:18

and that's why they succeeded. and

12:20

I'm sure women now have strength.

12:22

Women in the future will have

12:24

strengths. We will survive despite whatever

12:26

you know. Life so that us

12:28

no doubt. but imagine. These women

12:30

without all these challenges what they could

12:33

have done. So he fits into this

12:35

history between be past time in physics

12:37

and her own. Sixty years later the

12:39

world has changed but she'll he has

12:42

had roadblocks to So I hope that

12:44

the community as a whole will mobilize

12:46

and ask, why is it said We

12:48

have this culture where women still have

12:51

to struggle to survive. How can we

12:53

change that? And by looking at expenses

12:55

of these women who are certainly some

12:57

of the more successful stories. Looking

13:00

at their experiences will tell

13:02

us perhaps. What? We can do

13:04

better today. Thank. You so

13:06

much so Heaney for talking to me. I've

13:09

learned so much. Thank you so much for

13:11

having me on the show! I really

13:13

enjoyed talking with you. Before.

13:18

We had out quick shout out to or sure

13:20

we. We appreciate

13:22

you and me Think the subpoenas. Sure

13:25

it's a substitute or so. And if you're

13:28

a regular listener, we'd love for

13:30

you to join season. Enjoy the

13:32

show without sponsor interruptions. Find out

13:34

more at Plus.in pr.org. Slasher. This

13:38

episode was produced by Margaret Three Male and edited

13:40

by Britain Hansen and are show runner. Rebecca

13:42

Ramirez Rebecca. Check the fax.

13:44

The audio engineer was David

13:46

Greenberg. I'm Regina Barber. Thanks

13:48

for listening to some Ways

13:50

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