0:02

Hello and happy Saturday. As

0:04

we promised last week, today we are concluding

0:06

the story of Catherine de Medici, including

0:09

her connection to the St. Bartholomus Day

0:11

massacre. Look forward to Catherine

0:13

coming up again on our new episodes of

0:15

the show this week as well, And if you're

0:18

interested in hearing the other episodes that are referenced

0:20

in today's show, we'll have a link to all

0:22

the Medici episodes from both this super

0:25

series that these two episodes were part of and

0:27

from later hosts will have that in the show notes

0:29

of today's episode.

0:33

Welcome to Stuff you missed in History

0:36

Class from how Stuff Works dot Com.

0:45

Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm

0:47

Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowie. And

0:49

when we left Katherine de Medici in our previous

0:52

podcast, she was a grieving

0:54

widow. Her husband had just been killed

0:56

in a jousting accident, a terrible

0:58

jousting accident which going to take the opportunity

1:01

to relive one more time. He

1:04

receives a lance in the eye

1:06

through the brain and it takes him ten

1:08

agonizing days to die. So

1:11

that's where we left off and it's where we're gonna

1:13

pick up again. I can see why you want to relive up

1:15

Sarah. She's left as regent

1:18

for her sickly weak minded

1:20

fifteen year old son, Francis

1:22

the second, who ended up married to

1:25

Mary, Queen of Scott's which connects our

1:27

meta cheese series to our Tutor

1:29

Stuart series, which that's the key, that's why this is

1:31

a super series which we've been so

1:33

excited about. Um. But

1:36

Catherine replaces her cheery personal

1:38

symbol of a rainbow with that of a broken lance.

1:41

She starts wearing exclusively black

1:43

morning attire, usually with a white

1:46

ruff to set it all off for the rest

1:48

of her life, for the rest of her life. And and she

1:50

gets to work, and she effectively rules

1:52

France through three successive

1:55

sons who are a king until she dies just

1:57

shy of seventy years old. But don't

2:00

think there wasn't any trouble, because

2:02

there definitely was. The first

2:04

son, Francis, didn't live very long

2:06

at all. He died at sixteen, and

2:08

he was succeeded by his ten year old brother,

2:11

who became Charles the Ninth. And

2:13

Catherine took this opportunity to seize

2:16

full control of the regency using

2:18

her very excellent scheming

2:20

skills to remain in control of her

2:22

kid amid these jostling factions

2:24

in France. Yeah, and she promotes him to

2:26

majority at age thirteen, which is

2:29

a year earlier than normal. But she

2:31

she wanted a real king

2:34

of France because these factions

2:36

were so contentious at this time. And

2:38

she takes him on a grand progress

2:40

of the country and it's a big deal. It's twenty eight

2:43

months of traveling, moving between

2:45

chateau and tents and taking barges

2:48

and horses and having all these elaborate

2:50

festivals and banquets. And Catherine

2:53

is kind of an elaborate lady. Anyways. We learned

2:55

in Leonie Frieda's book Um

2:57

Catherine de Medici, Renaissance Queen of France,

3:00

that she keeps bears in her

3:02

retinue. And you know how much Katie and I love bears,

3:04

but a woman after and these

3:06

are kind of sad bears though they have pierced

3:08

noses and their their chain to

3:10

her leader, but they follow her around. I mean,

3:13

how crazy is that She's

3:15

also got a monkey a parent, and

3:17

an entire household of dwarves

3:20

who are brocades and fur and have

3:22

their own footman and tutors, which they

3:25

all hang out with her constantly. But

3:27

the point of this tour is is not just

3:29

to to show off and show off

3:31

how magnificent the crown is,

3:34

but to have the king meet and

3:36

mingle with his people, and to keep

3:38

the nobles entertained, keep them away

3:40

from their their country houses where

3:42

they could, I don't know, cook up

3:44

plans against the monarchy, and

3:47

um just try to bring the country back together.

3:49

And she's hoping that everyone

3:51

will ultimately rally around the king

3:53

and rally together for France. And

3:56

this is something the country really needs

3:58

at the time, right because when Henry

4:00

the Second died, he'd had the personal

4:02

loyalty of all of their nobles, and

4:05

once he was gone, the country is split

4:07

again by feuding noble factions.

4:09

Each of them wants control of this

4:11

young king. Yeah, they're loyal to the crown

4:14

still, but they don't have that personal loyalty

4:17

that they had to the to

4:20

Charles and Frances before him, to

4:22

their father. So the principal

4:25

nobles we're going to keep an eye on here are

4:27

the Geese family and they are the

4:29

ultra Catholics. And then there's

4:31

the Bourbon family, who are princes of the blood,

4:34

which makes them, uh, the

4:36

second family in France after the royal

4:38

family itself, and the Bourbons

4:41

are Protestant. So just remember

4:43

those two sides throughout this whole

4:45

thing, and the issues between

4:47

these two groups of nobles are

4:49

also representative of religious

4:51

issues in the country as a whole. So

4:53

we're gonna give you a little background on that to make

4:55

it easier to understand. Yeah,

4:58

the Reformation, of course got it start

5:00

in fifteen seventeen, two years before

5:02

Catherine was even born, um, when

5:04

Luther posted his ninety five theses,

5:07

and then the zealous Protestant John

5:09

Calvin is largely responsible for

5:11

spreading the new religion in France.

5:14

Um. And just to get a scale

5:16

of how quickly things happen here,

5:18

by the fifteen fifties we have the first

5:21

French Reformed churches, so this

5:23

takes off from forty years

5:25

for the whole thing. And Catherine's husband,

5:27

Henry the Second, who as we learned in our previous

5:30

podcast, was obsessed with his

5:32

foreign wars, was a little bit

5:34

too distracted to deal adequately

5:36

with these religious fractures, and he also

5:38

underestimated them and their power. And

5:41

then you know, right after he made his foreign

5:43

peace. He died with a lance in his eyes, so that

5:45

cut that short anyways, definitely. So

5:47

we're left with these weak child

5:50

kings and Catherine trying to patch

5:53

everything up, patch up these feuding

5:55

nobles and country

5:57

split by religious difference

6:00

is and she's trying to protect her children's

6:02

throne. She's trying to defend

6:04

her own religion. She's a Catholic of course, and

6:07

deal with the factions, and she can't please

6:09

everyone. Nobody can juggle all of that.

6:12

And contrary to Catherine's

6:14

later reputation as this crazed

6:17

ultra Catholic whose intent on spilling

6:20

Protestant blood, would like to do

6:22

a little myth busting here, because she really

6:24

strived for moderation whenever

6:26

she could, and she granted freedom of conscience

6:29

and limited access to worship, which

6:31

was a big, big deal. It's basically

6:33

separating sedition from heresy,

6:36

and no one is happy. Still. The

6:38

Catholics think she's capitulating or

6:41

maybe she'll even become a Protestant

6:43

horror of horrors, and the Huguenots

6:45

think that it's still not enough. Yeah. So

6:48

it's weird though, because this piece that she

6:50

tries to establish the freedom of conscience

6:52

and the limited access to worship is

6:55

what we end up with decades later,

6:57

after nine civil wars of her

7:00

jen Um, you end up with the

7:02

same thing. It's crazy. But

7:04

that's not to say that her reputation

7:07

for Florentine tactics,

7:09

which by we mean murdering people and

7:11

interest in the occult, wasn't deserved,

7:14

because even though she was a devout Catholic,

7:16

she relied heavily on medici,

7:18

astrologers, magic, and her own

7:21

dream visions another podcast theme.

7:24

She had consultations with Nostradamis,

7:26

but her main astrologers were the Florentine

7:29

Ruggieri brothers, who were magicians,

7:31

necromancers, and men who

7:33

are known for being very skilled in the black

7:36

arts. And just this weird magic

7:38

mirror story that Catherine supposedly

7:41

shortly after her husband died, she

7:44

um. She consults one of the Ruggieri

7:46

brothers. Um wants to have

7:48

him foretell her son's futures,

7:51

and in this mirror he pulls out,

7:53

she sees her son's faces circling

7:55

by, and Ruggieri tells her that

7:57

each circle they make will

8:00

stand for how many years they'll rule the kingdom.

8:02

She sees Francis go by once, her second

8:05

son, Charles the Knight, goes by fourteen

8:07

times, and then her third son, who

8:09

is later Henry the Third, goes by

8:12

fifteen times. In the final faith

8:14

she sees is Henry, Prince of Navarre.

8:17

So it's really spooky and kind of

8:19

a bad uh, a bad

8:21

omen for Catherine. She also

8:23

had a guy in her life, Metro Renee,

8:25

who mixed up potions

8:28

for her and supposedly poison

8:31

gloves and poison rouge. And

8:34

although it's likely that Catherine had

8:36

people taken out, you know, had her own little hit list,

8:38

she probably didn't poison any fellow

8:41

queens with poison gloves. But this

8:43

is the kind of stuff that earns her her nickname

8:46

the Black Queen. And that

8:48

massacre were about to discuss,

8:51

Yeah, that's a really big part of it. We're

9:01

gonna set the stage for the massacre. While

9:04

there are eventually nine wars of religion

9:06

in France at the time of the massacre, which

9:09

is in fifteen seventy two, we've only had

9:11

three so far, and the wars

9:13

have polished off the main Bourbon

9:15

Protestant leaders, leaving two

9:17

young princess figureheads. And

9:19

that's the Prince de Conde and

9:22

Henry of Navarre, who we've already mentioned

9:24

um and Catherine has just arranged

9:26

a peacemaking marriage kind of I

9:29

think, uh the Yorks and the Lancasters

9:31

sort of like that, between Henry

9:33

of Navarre and her daughter Margaret, who is

9:35

known as Margot. And this

9:38

marriage is going to unite the Vala

9:40

family, the royal family with the Bourbons,

9:43

so that's uniting the senior in the

9:45

junior branches of the royal line.

9:47

And it's also going to unite the Catholics and the

9:50

Protestants, because of course Margot

9:52

is a Catholic, Henry of Navar is a Protestant.

9:54

So it's this great um

9:57

symbol of peace and goodwill,

9:59

and thousands of people are going to come

10:01

into Paris, nobles, regular people

10:04

of both religions to see

10:06

the nuptials. And we

10:08

have another important player in

10:10

this setup. Since the Bourbon Huguenot

10:13

leaders are dead, we have a guy named

10:15

Admiral Gaspar, the second Coligni,

10:17

at the head of our movement. He

10:20

had just returned to court about a year

10:22

earlier and had begun currying

10:24

favor with the king, and

10:26

his uncle had been a great trusted

10:29

adviser to Henry the Second.

10:31

So yes, so guess Bar's

10:33

idea is that maybe he can take on a

10:36

similar role with Charles the Ninth,

10:38

who, as a young man, is starting

10:41

to get ready to take on more responsibility,

10:43

take over some of it from his mom and

10:46

upstage his younger brother's glamorous

10:48

military reputation. So Gaspar

10:51

has a plan, and he's hoping

10:53

that it will bring him personally

10:55

closer to the king, but he's also

10:57

hoping that it will give the Huguenots

10:59

more recognition, more rights,

11:02

more respect in France. And the plan

11:04

is to take French Catholics

11:06

and French Huguenots and together

11:09

fight the Spanish in the Netherlands.

11:11

And the wedding ceremonies that are going

11:13

on in Paris offer the perfect opportunity

11:16

for Gaspard to discuss

11:18

this plan with Charles and to

11:20

try to get his approval. But unfortunately

11:23

for him, Coligni is very

11:26

unpopular with the other members of the

11:28

court. The very Catholic Gee

11:30

family doesn't want war with Spain

11:32

and they hate Collini because they consider

11:35

him responsible for a murder

11:37

in their family, the murder of Francois

11:39

de Guise ten years earlier, and

11:41

Catherine doesn't want war with Spain either. She thinks

11:43

it could be disastrous, and she doesn't

11:46

like Collini's influence on her son.

11:48

So this isn't just a religious

11:51

issue. It's a it's a mixture of

11:53

personal vendettas and political

11:56

problems. But going into this, we

11:58

have two things happening, this big marriage

12:00

between Margot and Henry and the arrival

12:03

of Coligny to attend the wedding and discussed

12:06

the plans for the war against Spain. So

12:09

Catherine had long banned the

12:11

Geezes from enacting their revenge

12:13

on Collini for this murder.

12:15

He may not even have been involved by the way

12:17

his name got roped into it, and yeah,

12:20

he probably didn't have much to do with it. But

12:22

then she lifts this band so he's

12:24

basically back on a possible hit list,

12:27

and approves the plan to

12:29

assassinate him the day after the

12:31

wedding ceremonies end, So

12:33

we have a brief interlude here of

12:36

the happy peacemaking wedding.

12:38

On August fifty two,

12:41

Margot and Henry Nvar marry outside

12:43

of Notre Dame, and then she has a mass

12:45

inside with her brother by proxy

12:48

because of course Henry, as a Protestant,

12:50

cannot take part in a mass, and

12:53

she wears an ermine trimmed crown

12:55

and a coat with a thirty ft train. We just thought

12:58

we'd throw in a few we like fashion details

13:00

before things get really bloody here. And

13:03

the festivities gone for days, you know, kind

13:05

of like the wedding we talked about earlier

13:07

of Henry the Second and Catherine Um

13:10

just grand festivities, days

13:12

and days of them, and Colleeny

13:14

himself isn't a big party or so, he's

13:17

not really taking part in a lot of this celebration,

13:20

and he doesn't even really want to be there. In fact,

13:22

his wife's just had a baby. But he's

13:24

hanging around so that he can talk to the king

13:27

about this Spanish expedition

13:29

he'd like to get going, and he's becoming

13:32

increasingly angry because Charles

13:34

keeps putting him off and putting him off, and

13:36

eventually he warns him that they might soon

13:39

be discussing civil war rather

13:41

than foreign war if he doesn't get his

13:43

meeting, and he also

13:45

hears the plot might be hashing. I mean, you

13:48

know, word is going to spread in these times, but

13:50

it doesn't bother him too much. He's gonna

13:53

stick around in Paris because he really wants

13:55

to talk to Charles. So Friday

13:57

August the celebrations

14:00

end and Coligny is out on a walk

14:02

when the gee assassin strikes

14:05

and it's a shot from a window above

14:07

the street, but right at that

14:09

moment, Colony bends down to

14:11

adjust his shoe, so the shot

14:14

misses him. It just strikes his

14:16

arm, breaks it and almost shoots off his

14:18

finger, but he's not killed. There's

14:21

a lesson there, maybe to always tie

14:23

your shoe, I'm not sure. But the Huguenots,

14:26

of course, are enraged by this

14:28

incident, and Charles, who didn't know about

14:30

it, promises that he'll find the parties

14:32

involved, not realizing of course,

14:34

that his mother is behind it. And

14:37

remarkably, Coligny stays

14:39

in town instead of leaving, which

14:41

I would have done, because he trusts Charles

14:44

and trusts that he'll figure this

14:46

out and set things right, believes him well,

14:48

and fleeing would have been a huge insult

14:50

to the King once he asked him to stay. And

14:52

by this point too, things are starting to

14:55

get kind of scary in Paris.

14:57

The Huguenots are obviously

15:00

furious that their leader has

15:02

had this assassination attempt, and

15:04

the Catholic Parisians are starting to get

15:06

kind of angry too. I think they're tired of

15:09

the Huguenots being around. This party has

15:11

gone on too long by this point.

15:14

But Catherine's involvement in this

15:16

failed assassination attempt cannot

15:19

be found out, so she meets

15:21

with nobles secretly to determine

15:23

what to do next, and their decision

15:26

is to kill all of the Huguenot nobles

15:29

and captains who are still

15:32

in Paris, which makes you wonder how

15:34

they came to such a radical decision.

15:36

And this is where things get a

15:38

little bit dicey. Historically, supposedly

15:41

the Royalists, you know, Catherine and her

15:44

nobles, had heard that the Huguenots

15:46

were about to attack them, so

15:48

in order to avoid a coup,

15:50

they decide, okay, well will attack first.

15:53

But later historians have said that it's probably

15:56

unlikely there was a major Protestant

15:58

coup in the works this time, although

16:01

I watched an interesting video from

16:04

historian Barbara at Diefendorff at Boston

16:06

University, and she said it didn't

16:08

really matter if

16:11

the Protestants were actually going to stage a coup

16:13

or not. Just the fact that Catherine

16:15

and the other nobles thought it might happen

16:18

was enough to to warrant their

16:20

strike in their eyes at least. And

16:22

this is there. Let me think about it. You have all

16:25

of the powerful Huguenots in your

16:27

own capital, some of them them are staying in

16:29

your own palace to love, and

16:32

in a few days they're all going to go home, back

16:34

to their own palaces, maybe

16:37

raise their own armies. If they're planning a coup,

16:40

it's the time to strike. This is reminiscent

16:42

of the Pozzi conspiracory reminiscing.

16:45

Okay, so they've made their decision, but

16:47

they need the king's approval to go through

16:50

with it. And they break to him that actually

16:53

they were behind the plot the whole time and

16:55

convince him that the Huguenots are about

16:57

to try to pull this coup. And he's

17:00

basically bullied into giving

17:02

his assent to execute a select

17:05

list of people to kill, and

17:08

he supposedly says kill them all, kill

17:10

them all, or maybe one of the geezes

17:13

says that later as a

17:15

direct quote of the king. But um,

17:18

we should emphasize that his

17:21

ascent is to kill the people on the

17:23

list, and just the people on the it's

17:25

not consent to the massacre that

17:28

ends up happening. The

17:37

killings are planned for the early morning

17:39

on St. Bartholomew's Day, August, and

17:42

they're to be carried out by the King's royal

17:45

bodyguards and GIS troops. At

17:47

the same time, militiamen would be guarding the

17:49

city's gates and barges would block

17:51

the sin so they're shutting off the city,

17:54

and the signal would be the three am bell

17:56

of the Palais de Justice. But the

17:58

massacre starts and it earlier when a

18:00

bell rings out from a different church,

18:03

and the first one to be killed is COLLEENI,

18:06

one of the first major major

18:08

leaders, and he's very disdainful

18:11

of his Geese guard assassin.

18:13

He says, I should at least be killed

18:15

by a gentleman and not by this boar,

18:18

and then he's run through with the sword thrown

18:20

out the window, alive and later beheaded,

18:23

and at the louver there's all out

18:26

slaughter going on. Henry of Navarre had

18:28

woken up early. He couldn't sleep, decides

18:31

to play a little game of tennis with his friends

18:33

while he waits for Charles to wake up, and

18:35

on the way to the tennis courts, he and his friends

18:37

are stopped by the King's men

18:40

and separated. His companions are probably

18:42

all taken away and killed immediately,

18:45

but Navarre is locked up with his cousin,

18:47

the Prince of Conde, for safety.

18:49

These two are going to be spared. They're not going to be killed

18:52

in this massacre of Protestants. The

18:55

Huguenots staying in the palace are dragged

18:57

from their beds and have their throats slit.

19:00

Some try to hide some time to run

19:02

in the courtyard, but they're shot down by archers

19:04

or pushed toward the line of Swiss

19:07

guards. And a sad note

19:09

about katherine daughters Margot Um.

19:11

She's now, of course, the wife of a Huguenot,

19:14

and she's in the middle of all of it. Yeah,

19:16

her sister had tried to warn

19:18

her something was going on, didn't give her details

19:21

of the plot, but had begged her

19:23

mother to let Margot stay with them for

19:25

the night, and Catherine wouldn't

19:27

allow it because she figured if her if

19:29

her daughter didn't return to the Huguenot

19:32

apartments Um, the Protestants

19:34

might realize something was up. So yeah, Margot

19:36

is in the middle of all this. She's actually in bed

19:39

when one of her husband's men

19:41

comes running in covered in

19:43

blood and clings to her for dear

19:45

life being pursued you know, by

19:48

an assassin right behind him. The guy actually

19:50

spares his life, and Margot

19:52

personally petitions for a couple more

19:55

of her husband's men. But

19:57

by five am, nearly all

19:59

of the major French Protestants

20:02

have been killed, so the list has

20:04

been killed by five By five am,

20:07

but the killing doesn't stop with

20:09

the list. The rest of the populace

20:11

gets involved. Lots of French

20:13

Protestants have brought their families into

20:15

town for the wedding and they can't escape.

20:18

Their homes are rated, their children are killed,

20:20

their bodies are thrown in the river, and

20:23

personal issues that have absolutely nothing

20:25

to do with religion were also settled in the chaos.

20:27

Because if everyone's getting killed,

20:30

who's going to know? If you kill your creditor,

20:33

or your enemy or your wife, it's

20:35

a good time to take care of things.

20:37

Nobody will notice. Um. So

20:40

Charles obviously was not intending

20:43

for this level of bloodshed

20:45

to happen, and he asks the people of Paris

20:47

to please stop, and they

20:49

don't. It goes on for three days, and

20:51

then it spreads to the provinces, where

20:54

it goes on until October. And Katie

20:56

and I were talking about what sort of message

20:58

would that be. You have a guy

21:01

rides out and says they're killing everyone in Paris,

21:03

you should do that where you are. We're not sure how

21:06

that works. The final tally is

21:08

a bit up in the air. A Catholic apologist

21:10

puts it at only two thousand, a Huguenot

21:13

puts it at seventy thousand, but it's

21:15

likely that there were at least three thousand

21:17

people killed in Paris alone, and

21:19

a few senior Huguenots do manage

21:22

to escape. A few people have decided that

21:24

they might want to move their quarters across

21:27

the river, you know, just in case trouble

21:29

broke out between all the Catholics and

21:32

all the Huguenots that were in Paris at once,

21:34

and a few of them ended up being

21:37

able to escape, and uh

21:39

they were the seeds for new

21:41

rebellion. So the aftermath

21:44

is that the Valvois cannot get

21:46

their story straight about

21:48

what happened. Charles is telling contradictory

21:51

tales to the Protestants,

21:53

he says that it was a popular uprising

21:56

organized by the Geese. You're just a personal vendetta,

21:59

y'all. And then to the Catholics,

22:01

he says it was something that he specifically

22:03

ordered to prevent a conspiracy against

22:06

the crown. But of course some

22:08

Catholics, like Philip the Second in Spain

22:10

and the Pope in Rome see

22:13

it initially as oh, great France

22:15

has finally started a religious war,

22:18

and they're really happy.

22:20

Philip even does a little jig supposedly,

22:22

which seems very unlike him.

22:25

Um. But they realized pretty

22:27

quickly that no, it wasn't a religious

22:29

for it was politically motivated, and

22:32

stop being so congratulatory.

22:35

And many Protestants had

22:37

been sticking to the line that they were loyal

22:39

to the king, thinking that

22:41

he just had bad advisors, that it wasn't him.

22:44

But now they decide that they can't be loyal

22:47

to the man who accepts responsibility

22:49

for the massacre, understandably, and

22:51

the Huguenots throw off Calvin's views

22:53

towards royal allegiance, which makes

22:56

rebellion justifiable. Now, so

22:59

we have the is pamphlet battle that begins

23:01

too, and this is probably must of the engravings

23:04

you've seen. Maybe Catherine standing there

23:06

in black over piles of dead babies.

23:08

This is from this time period, and Charles

23:12

is depicted as a maniacal king who

23:14

laughed when he watched his people killed

23:17

from his window. Or maybe he's

23:19

this emotionally disturbed man

23:21

who is manipulated by his foreign

23:23

mother, who's the Black Queen, and

23:26

who is not just foreign, she's Italian,

23:28

which makes it doubly bad.

23:31

So ultimately we just have these caricatures

23:33

of these people instead of who

23:36

they really were, and Catherine de Medici has retained

23:38

this reputation throughout much of history.

23:41

Charles was haunted by the massacre,

23:43

actually and chronically ill. He died

23:45

soon afterward, and his brother became

23:48

Henry the Third, and Catherine,

23:50

always involved in her children's

23:52

lives, continues to promote

23:54

her son's thrown This is her favorite son too,

23:56

by the way, and mainly her

23:59

role for since he is a full grown

24:01

man, is to rein him in from

24:03

his kind of dangerous inclinations sometimes.

24:05

But she dies in fifteen eighty

24:08

nine, and eight months later he's

24:10

murdered by a deranged

24:13

friar and he dies

24:15

without children. So the crown

24:18

goes to a junior branch of

24:20

the family, the Bourbons, and his

24:22

cousin, Henry of Navarre. Henry the Fourth,

24:25

he was the groom at the pre massacre

24:28

wedding festivities, who's married to

24:30

Margot Valvois. But Margot

24:32

and Henry, who were never interested

24:34

in each other in the first place, to be honest, ultimately

24:36

annul their marriage, which allows Henry

24:39

to make a new match, and with this

24:41

new wife he goes on to found

24:43

the Bourbon line of kings that ends nearly

24:45

two hundred years later with Louis

24:48

the sixteenth and the French Revolution. And

24:50

who is his wife, Marie de Medici.

24:53

Of course, thank

25:00

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25:02

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