0:02

Happy Saturday, everybody. Our network

0:04

has another new podcast that might appeal

0:06

to our listeners. It is Food three sixty

0:09

with Mark Murphy, which combines history and

0:11

food culture and food science to take

0:13

a really comprehensive look at the way we eat

0:15

and to go along with that theme and the

0:17

start of summer, today's classic returns to

0:19

our story of good humor versus

0:22

popsicle and all the twists and turns

0:24

of the rivalry between those two frozen

0:26

treats. Stay tuned at the end of

0:28

the show for a peek into Food three

0:30

sixty.

0:34

Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class,

0:36

a production of I Heart Radios How Stuff

0:39

Works. Hello,

0:45

and welcome to the podcast. I'm Trading

0:48

WI and I'm Holly Frying. So

0:51

I researched this episode in the middle of

0:53

the summer, in the middle of a

0:56

week plus of five temperatures above ninety

0:58

degrees which, yes, I know that is not terribly

1:00

hot everywhere. Please do

1:02

not email us with weather one upmanship

1:06

emailing us in solidarity

1:08

about how you are also hot. It's

1:10

fine, uh yeah,

1:12

thanks to various aspects of my apartment,

1:14

ninety degrees outside is really unbearably

1:17

hot inside, and I've also

1:20

done a run of researching very dour episodes

1:22

lately, so I Wish it

1:25

were colder has combined with

1:27

I wish these episodes weren't so devastating

1:30

to form today's subject, which is

1:32

about the time that Popsicle and Good

1:34

Humor could not stop suing one another

1:36

about who got to make which frozen

1:39

treats on sticks. I

1:44

love hot weather, so I do not wish it was

1:46

colder. Universe, don't listen to treacy.

1:50

But first we are going to start with the charming

1:52

origin stories of the two treats

1:54

in question, both of which have a hefty dose

1:57

of wholesomeness and Americana.

2:00

So first we're going to talk about popsicles.

2:02

So keep in mind frozen trees

2:04

themselves have been around a lot longer

2:06

than this, and you can listen to our episode

2:09

on the history of ice cream if you want those

2:11

details. To add to that, a

2:13

lot of origin stories of famous

2:15

iconic foods have become really romanticized

2:18

and have kind of an apocryphal element

2:20

to them, and that is the case with this one too,

2:23

because the details vary a lot

2:25

depending on who was telling the story, but

2:28

the basics are in five

2:31

Frank Epperson mixed soda powder and

2:33

water and left it outside his Oakland,

2:35

California home with the wooden stir

2:37

still in it overnight. When

2:39

you found it in the morning, it was frozen.

2:42

So that is a lot of serendipity happening

2:44

all at once, because it very

2:47

very rarely gets below freezing

2:49

in Oakland, California. And

2:52

Frank ate this frozen soda water on a

2:54

stick and behold it was delicious.

2:57

And he named it the epsicle, you know,

2:59

like Epperson plus icicle. He

3:01

was at this point eleven, and

3:04

like an eleven year old might be expected to

3:06

do, he made more of these, and he started selling

3:08

them to his neighbors because

3:10

really wasn't much more than a lemonade stand

3:13

asque cobby until Everson was a grown

3:15

man who was making a living in real estate.

3:18

In nineteen twenty two, he made some of his

3:20

frozen treats for a fireman's ball, and

3:22

at some point, reportedly on the advice

3:25

of his children, Everson also changed

3:27

the name from epsicle to popsicle. This

3:29

time it combined icicle with what his

3:31

children were calling him, which was pop. In

3:34

nineteen twenty three, Eperson teamed

3:36

up with employees of Low Movie Company

3:38

and launched Popsicle Company.

3:41

This company started selling popsicles at Neptune

3:43

Beach, which was a waterfront amusement park near

3:45

where Everson lived in California, and

3:48

soon he was licensing popsicles to be

3:50

sold at other amusement parks as well. On

3:53

June eleventh, four he applied

3:55

for a patent for his invention, which

3:57

was granted on August nineteenth of that year.

4:01

The patent is for a quote frozen

4:03

Confectionery. His invention,

4:05

according to the patent, improved on other

4:08

frozen confectionery in that you could

4:10

eat it without using a utensil and

4:12

without contaminating it with your hands.

4:14

Plus it was easy to make without a lot

4:16

of complicated or hard to sanitize equipment.

4:19

To make a popsicle, according to the patent,

4:22

quote small containers which maybe

4:24

ordinary test tubes, are charged

4:26

with the liquid syrup from which the confection

4:29

is frozen, and the handlesticks are inserted

4:31

there into and pressed down into

4:34

contact with the bottoms of the containers

4:36

to overcome the buoyant effect of the

4:38

liquid. The syrup is then subjected

4:40

to intense refrigeration so that it is

4:42

frozen solid within a few minutes. The

4:45

test tube, confection, and stick are

4:47

thus frozen together into a rigid mass

4:50

from which the test tube container is removed

4:53

by drawing outward on the handle after

4:55

slightly loosening the container from the

4:57

confection. The patent also

4:59

advises using a sapless, tasteless,

5:01

porous wood for the sticks so that the syrup

5:03

freezes into it and the stick doesn't

5:05

just slide right out when you pull it, which

5:08

I know happens to me sometimes when

5:10

using classic popsicle not so.

5:15

Only a couple of months after this patent was

5:17

granted, Everson was low on money, and he

5:19

sold all of his patent rights to Popsicle

5:21

Corporation, which carried on expanding

5:24

the pop business without him.

5:27

At about this same time, a business called

5:29

Citrus Product Company was also selling

5:31

frozen flavored water pops. They

5:33

called them frozen suckers, which were marketed

5:36

as an alternative to soft drinks. This

5:38

may sound counterintuitive, you know how if

5:40

you suck on an ice pop, you can suck all the flavored

5:43

syrup out of it and just be left with ice. That

5:46

is probably the worst thing about popsicles,

5:48

But in the nineties this was actually a selling

5:50

points. Pops were sold as drinks

5:53

that had been in solid form.

5:55

I was totally missing this nuance

5:57

until I read the actual like

6:00

judges ruling in one of these lawsuits,

6:03

and then I was like, wait, wait a minute, you're

6:05

supposed to suck on it until all the sirrup

6:08

comes out and your left with just a stick of ice,

6:10

because I have always deliberately

6:13

not eaten them that way, because that bothered

6:15

me as a child, to have this chunk of flavorless

6:18

ice lift over. So

6:22

in Joelo of

6:24

the eponymous Joel Corporation or Joe

6:26

Loco, wanted to duplicate

6:28

the success of citrus products

6:30

solid beverages. Joe Loco was

6:32

a major supplier to bakers and confectioners

6:35

and it did a lot of business selling ingredients

6:37

to the ice cream industry. So Joel

6:40

thought he could combine his existing

6:42

business network with the patent that he knew

6:44

that Popsicle Corporation had and

6:47

sell lots of frozen pops.

6:50

So Joelo went to Popsicle Corporation

6:52

and eventually became its sales agent. And

6:55

that is the business arrangement that was in place

6:58

when Popsicle eventually faced off

7:00

against good humor bars, So

7:03

now for that story. Good humor

7:05

bars were the invention of Harry Burt

7:07

of Youngstown, Ohio. Bert

7:09

started off making candy, and one of his

7:12

first creations was the Jolly Boy

7:14

Sucker, which was basically a lollipop

7:17

in he figured out how to make a

7:19

chocolate coating that would stick to ice cream

7:21

and solidify. Bless

7:23

you, Harry Burt. He gave his daughter

7:25

Ruth some ice cream coated with this shell,

7:28

and she liked it, but she thought it was too messy.

7:31

Bert's son, Harry Jr. Suggested

7:34

using the sticks from the the Jolly

7:36

Boys suckers to make an ice cream bar coated

7:38

with chocolate on a stick. This

7:40

became the Good Humor Bar, and soon Bert

7:43

was selling these bars from trucks and carts

7:45

that were equipped with freezers and bells, and

7:47

they were driven by men in clean white uniforms

7:49

who tipped their hats at ladies and saluted

7:51

gentlemen. These good humor men

7:53

became a summertime staple in the United

7:56

States from the nineteen twenties until the nineteen

7:58

seventies. Harry Burt

8:00

also made uniform molds and recipe

8:03

standards so that he could work with different manufacturers

8:06

to churn out the bars while ensuring that

8:08

people would get a consistent product no matter

8:10

where they purchased it from. This is

8:12

how a lot of businesses work today, but this

8:14

was a relatively new idea at this point.

8:17

Bert also applied for his own patent. It

8:19

was called a Process of Making Frozen Confections,

8:22

and he applied for it on January thirtietho.

8:25

It was granted him on October nine,

8:29

reportedly after he took a bunch of good Humor

8:31

bars to the patent office. But I couldn't find

8:33

substantiation for that. Bird's

8:36

patent described making a confection

8:38

that has a quote frozen body

8:40

portion or heart quote which

8:43

starts off soft or fluid, but it has

8:45

been hardened by refrigeration. Here's

8:48

how it describes this process.

8:50

Quote. To this end, a handle member,

8:52

which may or may not be of an edible substance,

8:55

is suitably attached to the frozen body

8:57

portion and utilized in the subsequent

8:59

up rations incident to the manufacture

9:01

of the confection, as well as by

9:03

the ultimate consumer when eating

9:06

the confection I

9:08

eat, I put a stick in it. Both

9:13

of these patents are in their own way charming.

9:15

But I find the popsicle one just

9:17

to be written in a more delightful way than

9:20

the Good Humor one. I

9:22

think most patents often

9:24

come off that way because they they're

9:26

trying to cover their bases and make sure everything

9:28

is accounted for, and sometimes the language gets

9:30

very stilted and quite as you said, charming.

9:34

Uh. The process for making a Good Humor bar

9:36

differed a little from the popsicle.

9:38

So the popsicle starts with liquid in a test tube,

9:41

a stick stuck in, and the whole thing

9:43

frozen, and then it's pulled out essentially

9:45

against a vacuum after some jostling.

9:48

The process of making a Good Humor bar starts

9:50

with the partially frozen ice cream in a container

9:53

which the stick goes into. There's

9:55

ideally a hole in the bottom of the container

9:57

which may be covered temporarily, which

9:59

allows else the air to come in when you remove

10:01

the bar, making that step easier, and

10:04

then it's frozen the rest of the way, removed

10:06

from the container and coated with an edible

10:08

coating that solidifies. So

10:11

there are definitely some similarities in these

10:13

two patents. Both the Good Humor and

10:15

popsicle patents tout the virtues of not

10:17

having to touch the product with your unsanitary,

10:20

gross hands. They also both

10:22

have a combination of sticks and vessels

10:24

and frozen deliciousness. There

10:27

are differences though, as well. Popsicles

10:30

at this point were mostly fruit flavored

10:32

waters and syrups, while Good Humor

10:34

bars were obviously ice cream.

10:37

Popsicles were thought of as solid

10:39

beverages, and Good Humor bars

10:41

were desserts, and

10:43

popsicles were shaped basically

10:46

like a cylinder, while Good Humor bars

10:48

were more like a rectangle, so the

10:51

typical consumer could

10:53

immediately figure out the difference

10:56

between a popsicle and a Good Humor

10:58

Bar without really having to think

11:00

about which was which. I've imagining

11:03

the person holding one of each and going I can't

11:05

tell. However,

11:09

these two companies had some legal bones

11:12

to pick, and we're going to talk about those after we have

11:14

a brief sponsor break.

11:24

So although Good Humor and Topical

11:26

did eventually face off against one another

11:28

in court, their first legal battles

11:30

were actually against other companies.

11:34

There was a lot of ice cream innovation

11:36

going on around the turn of the twentieth century.

11:39

Ice Cream cones debuted at the very end of

11:41

the eighteen hundreds and waffle cones

11:43

came on the scene. Just after that, Eskimo

11:45

Pies came out, and

11:48

there were lots of different companies tinkering

11:50

with various other frozen concoctions.

11:52

However, when it came to frozen treats

11:55

on sticks, Harry Burt really thought

11:57

his patent covered all of them.

11:59

It just scribed a process of making a frozen

12:01

treat on a stick, not a product made

12:04

from that process, So regardless

12:06

of exactly what that end product looked

12:09

and tasted like, he considered the act

12:11

of making it his own invention. Bert

12:14

soon filed suit against Citrus

12:16

Products of Frozen Sucker fame,

12:19

who we talked about before the break. Originally

12:22

these two businesses were actually on pretty good

12:24

terms. Citrus Products did not think

12:26

that they're frozen suckers were patentable,

12:29

that didn't really consider it to be unique enough

12:31

to require or uh

12:33

lead to a patent. But since Harry

12:36

Bird did have a patent, it thought

12:38

it had better cover all of its bases

12:40

by working out a licensing agreement. However,

12:43

the two companies couldn't agree

12:45

on terms after repeated attempts,

12:47

and on August

12:50

filed suit against Citrus Products

12:52

claiming patent infringement and unfair

12:55

competition in trade. Citrus

12:58

Products intended to take this suit to

13:00

trial, hoping that the court would set

13:02

some limits on what Bert's patents did

13:04

or did not cover. Burt himself

13:07

claimed that it was quote so broad that it

13:09

is impossible to make the suckers without infringing

13:12

the same, but in n at

13:15

Bert's request, the suit was dismissed.

13:18

Meanwhile, Popsicle Corporation was waging

13:20

its own legal battles against other companies

13:23

that were making frozen pops on sticks.

13:26

First came Cold Cake Company in New

13:28

Jersey and mb ice Cream Company

13:30

in Texas. In all

13:33

of these companies had non

13:35

standard spelling. Cold

13:37

Cake Company was spelled with k's instead

13:40

of seeds for cold and cake an MB ice

13:42

Cream Company ice has spelled I s E and

13:44

cream is spelled k R E a m.

13:47

A Court upheld Popsicles patent

13:50

on November twentie of that year, and the following

13:52

year It's filed suit against the more companies,

13:54

including several Philadelphia businesses,

13:57

and Horn ice Cream Company of Maryland

13:59

and Robert Mayor of New York, neither of which

14:01

is spelled weirdly at all. It

14:04

turned out that both Horn ice Cream and

14:06

mb ice Cream were affiliated with

14:09

Citrus Products. Citrus Products

14:11

said it was actually Mby ice Cream that

14:13

developed the frozen sucker in the first place.

14:16

So at this point both Harry Burt and

14:18

Popsicle Corporation had, in one

14:20

way or another, sued Citrus Products.

14:23

While Bert eventually had his suit dismissed,

14:25

Popsicle and Citrus settled out of court.

14:28

Then, in February of the

14:30

two major players in our story finally

14:33

faced off in court against each other when

14:35

Bert filed suit against Popsical Corporation

14:37

in the U. S. District Court of Southern

14:40

New York. That October, the

14:42

two companies reached a legal agreement

14:44

together. In this agreement,

14:47

they agreed not to sue each other anymore. Popsical

14:49

Company got the rights to make cylindrical frozen

14:52

things on sticks out of syrups, water,

14:54

ice, and shervets, and Bert got

14:56

to make rectangular frozen things on sticks

14:58

out of ice creams and frozen custards. This

15:01

cut Citrus Products out of the frozen

15:04

pop game, so in ninety

15:06

seven it worked out a deal to join Joe

15:08

Loco in acting as Popsicles

15:10

agents. So we wound up with in

15:13

the syrupy fruity

15:15

frozen cylinder Camp Joe

15:17

Loco Citrus Products and Popsicle

15:19

Company working together, and in the rectangular

15:21

ice cream bar on stick Camp Good

15:23

Humor. These businesses

15:26

spent the next several years making their

15:28

specified varieties of frozen treats.

15:31

That is, until Popsicle wanted to make

15:33

its products creamier. You

15:35

can imagine that might cause a problem, and we're going

15:37

to talk about that after we have a brief word

15:39

from a sponsor. Harry

15:49

Burke unfortunately did not get to

15:51

see much of his company's success. After

15:53

its first round of legal issues with Popsicle

15:55

were resolved, he died in and

15:58

left his business to his wife, Cora. She

16:01

sold basically everything related to

16:03

the Good Humor business except for the popsicle

16:05

licensing, to Midland Food Products

16:08

Company, which changed its name to Good Humor

16:10

Corporation. Cora Bert actually

16:12

later remarried and became Corrobert Roller,

16:15

and Good Humor was later sold to

16:17

MJ. Mihan. But

16:19

then came another big change, and that was

16:22

the Great Depression. Because they

16:24

were made of frozen waters and syrups, popsicles

16:26

were really pretty cheap to make. Good

16:28

Humor bars, on the other hand, started with ice

16:30

cream, which was just more expensive, so

16:33

Good Humor bars sold for ten cents apiece

16:36

and popsicles could go for half as much.

16:38

When financial times got tough, people who couldn't

16:41

afford ten cents for a Good Humor bar might be

16:43

able to pay half as much for a popsicle. According

16:46

to its ad campaigns, more than two hundred

16:48

million popsicles were sold in one

16:51

alone. Eventually,

16:53

though some of popsicles licensees

16:55

wanted to be able to sell some kind of cheap

16:57

competitor to Good Humor bars. Dairy

17:00

prices were falling, which made the idea

17:02

more feasible feasible than it had been

17:04

when Good Humor bars are first developed. So

17:07

in the fall of ninety one, Popsicle,

17:09

Joe, Loco, and Citrus Products all got together

17:12

and approached Good Humor with the proposed

17:14

revision to their nineteen twenty five agreement.

17:17

This trio of companies wanted to manufacture

17:20

products that more resembled

17:22

ice cream but contained less

17:24

than four point five percent butter fat,

17:27

also known as milk fat. Good Humor

17:29

would retain the rights to making products that contained

17:32

more milk fat than that. The

17:34

Popsicle Joe Loco Citrus

17:37

Alliance thought it had a strong case here,

17:39

since the agreement specified

17:42

that Popsicle could make sherbet based products.

17:45

Today, sherbets are made with about one to

17:47

three percent milk fat, and frozen dessert

17:49

manufacturers generally agree that sherbets

17:51

do include milk fat. But in ninety

17:54

one, there wasn't a legal definition or

17:56

even a working industry definition for what

17:58

sherbets actually were, and a

18:00

lot of people use the term synonymously with

18:03

sorbet, which is a frozen, fruity dessert

18:05

which generally includes no more than a

18:07

trace of dairy. So

18:09

the Popsicle argument was, we can

18:11

make these dairy based bars based

18:14

on our original licensing agreement,

18:16

because that says we can make frozen treats

18:18

out of sherbet. The Good Humors

18:20

car counter argument was that's

18:22

not what sherbet means, and we

18:24

are the only ones who can make dairy based ice cream

18:27

bars on sticks. Of

18:29

course, Good Humor was also protecting its own

18:31

interests here. It was on the verge of launching

18:33

its own, less milk fatty version of the Good

18:36

Humor bar, called the Cheerio Bar, which

18:38

would cost five cents and be more like a frozen

18:40

ice milk bar than a frozen ice cream

18:42

bar. The result

18:45

of this attempt at agreement was that Popsicle

18:47

just went ahead and gave its licensees

18:49

permission to start making a so called milk

18:52

popsicle, regardless of how the Good Humor

18:54

company felt about it. The milk

18:56

popsicle had four point four eight percent

18:59

butterfly butter fat, so it

19:01

was barely under the line

19:03

that it had presented to Good Humor as the

19:05

upper threshold for products it was interested

19:07

in making. The milk popsicle

19:10

also departed from the cylindrical

19:12

shape that had been outlined in those first Popsicle

19:15

patents. Instead, the milk popsicle

19:17

was shaped for like a keystone. Unsurprisingly,

19:21

Good Humor took Popsicle to court, claiming

19:24

infringement on two fronts, for sure

19:26

making a popsicle with milk in it, and then

19:28

for making a rectangular popsicle. When

19:31

it came to presenting their evidence in court, the

19:33

heart of the two companies arguments was exactly

19:35

how you define sure of it? They

19:38

pulled in definitions from dictionaries,

19:40

they talked to ice cream industry experts,

19:42

and also thirty two different

19:44

state regulators on how you

19:46

defined ice cream in different

19:49

states, but in the end,

19:51

none of that really mattered, and Judged John

19:54

Jay Neild based his ruling on something

19:56

else, entirely with the two companies

19:58

believed when they had signed their agreement in the

20:00

first place. He pointed out that Popsicle

20:03

had been making its products with water based

20:05

mixtures, not milk based mixtures, for

20:07

six years with no problems. He

20:10

didn't get into the issue of the shape of the bar at

20:12

all. Judge Neils issued an

20:14

injunction against the Milk Popsicle on

20:17

ninety two. If you read

20:20

his his court ruling, his

20:22

tone is basically, are you too serious?

20:25

You've been fine for

20:28

six years and

20:30

now you are deliberately doing this thing

20:33

that's obviously not what you've been doing.

20:36

Go to your room, like, didn't we solve this

20:38

problem six years ago? So

20:43

uh? The judge did not resolve the differences

20:45

between Good Humor and Popsicle, and both

20:47

of them appealed each for

20:49

different reasons. Good Humor wanted

20:51

the court also to find that

20:54

the milk popsicle was a rectangular

20:56

shape and that was a problem. Popsicle

20:59

wanted the court find that their definition

21:01

of Sherbet was legitimate. I

21:07

love this, And the thing is, I know that

21:09

when you're talking about this on the scale

21:11

of big business, this is a

21:14

very real and serious battle.

21:16

But just the idea of someone putting

21:18

so much money and effort and research

21:20

into arguing over what sherbet is the

21:23

lights and and makes me giggle.

21:25

The fact that they got expert testimony

21:28

from thirty two different states state regulators

21:30

about what serbant is. That sounds like the most

21:33

pedantic food conversation

21:35

ever in a court of law, which

21:37

I actually would love to read through the whole thing

21:39

at some point. But the Third Circuit

21:42

Court of Appeals affirm Judge Neild's ruling,

21:45

still declining to weigh in on what sherbet

21:47

is or how the milk popsicle was shaped.

21:49

However, before the court had a chance

21:51

to actually render this opinion, Good

21:54

Humor Impopsicle signed a new agreement

21:56

on April seven of ninety three. The

21:58

two companies agreed to baseically do what

22:00

they've been doing for six years, making

22:02

popsicles out of mostly water or syrup and

22:05

making Good Humor bars out of dairy

22:08

misfortunately. I

22:10

guess, depending on whose side you're on, it

22:12

was not a total loss or popsicle

22:15

Joel suggested that Popsicle used

22:17

this keystone shaped mold to create

22:19

a popsicle with two sticks in it, which

22:21

could be split and shared. That would let

22:23

customers get more of their gradt of their

22:25

Great Depression dollars by basically

22:27

giving them two popsicles for everyone.

22:31

And as a side note, that two stick version

22:33

went off the market in the mid nineteen

22:35

eighties and it was replaced with a one stick version

22:38

of roughly the same size, as

22:40

hilariously reported in the New York Times

22:43

quote small children it seemed couldn't look

22:45

fast enough in alternating sequences

22:47

to keep one or the other stick from dripping.

22:50

Has meant that children were getting two popsicles

22:52

rather than sharing them with a friend or sibling, or

22:55

they were just eating them without breaking them apart. First.

22:58

There's a similarly exasperate ated

23:00

sounding quote in this in

23:03

this New York Times article that talks

23:05

to one of the Popsicle executives and it's

23:07

like, Hey, doesn't this mean you all

23:09

aren't in favor of sharing? Uh?

23:12

And he has a similarly are you kidding

23:14

me? Kind of tone and talks about how like

23:16

the weight of the two stick popsicle

23:18

was this much, but each of the

23:21

single stick popsicles it's

23:23

replacing it is this much. So it's basically

23:25

the same thing, just already

23:27

broken in half for you. So

23:33

in our last extremely silly twist, M

23:36

J. Mihans sold Good Humor to the Thomas

23:38

J. Lipton Company, a division of Unilever,

23:41

in nineteen sixty one. Then

23:44

Unilever bought the popsicle brand in

23:46

nine six years after the

23:49

death of its inventor, Frank Epperson. So now

23:51

these two former adversaries who

23:53

went to court repeatedly to decide who

23:55

got to make what out of frozen stuff on sticks,

23:57

are now both part of the same business.

24:05

Oh, Popsicles and Delicious

24:07

Nous break. Maybe

24:09

the popsicle people will be here today and I

24:11

can go have a popsicle after this. Well,

24:14

and that's another thing that I learned about researching

24:16

this. If we're talking about King of Pops,

24:18

which is an Atlanta um

24:21

artisanal Delicious pop

24:24

creator, popsicle is still a trademark.

24:27

So that is why when you go to their website

24:29

everything is described as pops and not

24:31

as popsicles. I didn't know

24:33

this. Apparently you know lever sometimes

24:36

will aggressively defend it's

24:38

popsicle trademark well, and it

24:40

is funny because I think a lot of people it's kind of

24:42

like that Kleenex thing where people call all tissues

24:45

Kleenex, where most people call all

24:47

frozen treats that

24:49

are not dairy, specifically

24:51

on sticks popsicles, but that

24:54

is a trademark name. Thank

25:01

you so much for joining us on this Saturday.

25:03

If you have heard an email address

25:05

or a Facebook you are l or something similar over

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the course of today's episode, since it is

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from the archive that might be out of date now,

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you can email us at history podcast

25:15

at how stuff Works dot com, and you can find

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us all over social media at missed in

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History and you can subscribe to our

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you listen to podcasts. Stuff

25:32

You Missed in History Class is a production of I Heart

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Radios How Stuff Works. For more podcasts

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for my Heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app,

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Apple podcasts, or wherever you listen

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to your favorite shows. I'm

25:46

Mark Murphy. I'm a chef, restaurateur,

25:48

and all around curious guy with a true

25:50

interest in all things food. I've been cooking

25:53

for over thirty years. I've worked in

25:55

and owned a number of restaurants, but my experience

25:57

is a judge on Food Networks Shop for the past

25:59

ten has really piqued my curiosity

26:01

in the food culture. I believe there's a story behind

26:03

every meal, a story behind every person

26:06

who makes it, a story behind each ingredient

26:08

used, and I want to know everything I can about

26:10

it, and that's why we're here. My new podcast,

26:13

Food three sixty will take an all encompassing

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look at the world of food, bringing history,

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science and culture to the table. You'll get

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behind the scenes stories from my friends in the industry

26:22

and dig into why we eat the way we do.

26:24

I would say the restaurants are like nucular

26:26

particles. After five years, they start losing their

26:28

their mojo and you have to re energize

26:30

them. Being a restaurant worker, being a chef

26:33

is the biggest privilege of my life. To be able to

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do that all over the world. It's

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hard, but it's also one of the things

26:39

that actually gets me up in the morning. Truthfully,

26:42

I'm able to separate, for the most part,

26:44

my personal likes and dislikes from

26:46

if a dish is successful

26:49

in its preparation and judge if

26:51

it has merit. And I

26:53

think a lot of it also comes from the chef's intention.

26:56

The most important thing for me is

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not my writing ego. It's

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getting people to cook delicious food. Be

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