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1:33

Hello everyone and welcome to the

1:35

history of Byzantium Episode Two Hundred

1:38

and Eighty Seven. Count.

1:40

Baldwin. Of Flanders and hey,

1:42

know, The

1:45

city has former. President

1:47

has fallen. Once the lot in said

1:49

emptied Constantinople of it's movable wealth, it

1:51

was time to get down to business.

1:54

The. Business of annexing the Roman

1:56

Empire. Before.

1:59

they hit even taken the city. The

2:02

Crusaders had agreed what would happen when

2:04

they did. Abandoning

2:06

the cause of Jerusalem, they

2:08

managed to convince themselves that

2:10

conquering the entirety of Romania was

2:12

their new sacred duty. I

2:16

think we can all agree that bringing

2:18

these heretical Christians into line and under

2:20

the Pope's authority is now our number

2:23

one priority, and the best

2:25

way to achieve that is to steal all

2:27

their land and divide it amongst ourselves. Only

2:30

as their new landlords can we properly

2:32

correct their foolish ways. Agreed?

2:35

Agreed. Jokes

2:38

aside, it's interesting that the Latins intended

2:40

to take over the whole empire, rather

2:43

than dividing it up or dispensing

2:45

with its norms entirely. I

2:48

think this was driven by the Venetians,

2:50

who had gambled heavily on this mission

2:52

succeeding and couldn't risk

2:54

the Byzantines returning to power

2:57

and taking revenge. It

2:59

also suited the ideological fiction that

3:02

the reunion of Eastern and Western

3:05

churches was a serious motivation for

3:07

the Crusades' volunteers. They

3:11

didn't plan on running things exactly as the

3:13

Romans had done, as we'll see. Their

3:16

intention was probably for the Empire to

3:18

operate in a similar way to Utremit,

3:21

with different regions run by different

3:23

lords, but with one leader who

3:26

they all ultimately owed allegiance to.

3:30

The formal agreement reached in their camp

3:32

before the sack looked like this.

3:36

Once the city was taken, a

3:38

committee of six Venetians and six

3:40

Crusaders would elect a new Emperor.

3:44

If a Crusader was chosen as the

3:46

new Vassilefs, as was expected,

3:49

then a Venetian would become the

3:51

new Patriarch. The

3:53

former would receive the Imperial palaces at each

3:55

end of the city And

3:57

one quarter of all Roman land.

4:01

Then a second committee would convene, this

4:03

time made up of twelve A nations

4:06

and twelve Crusaders to agree how to

4:08

dish out the other three quarters of

4:10

bland. Finally,

4:13

everyone swore to remain in

4:15

Byzantium for another twelve months

4:17

in order to consolidate their

4:19

control over the empire. The

4:22

Leadership: We're well aware that many of

4:24

those who taken vows to travel to

4:26

Jerusalem would keen to get home. As

4:29

where the Venetian sailors but have lots

4:32

of people left. As soon as New

4:34

Rome was sacked then it would be

4:36

impossible to establish control over. So.

4:42

Once the city was taken, it was time to

4:45

have an election. It would

4:47

obviously be one of the leaders of

4:49

the crusade who would be chosen to

4:52

become the new emperor. And since the

4:54

douche enrico down dello was blind in

4:56

his nineties and the head of another

4:59

state, it clearly wasn't going to be

5:01

him. Technically

5:04

the leader of the Fourth Crusade

5:06

was Boniface of month for at,

5:08

and he certainly thought a position

5:10

should be his. The

5:13

Italian had been a driving force

5:15

behind the diversion to Constantinople, and

5:17

he had family history here. Both

5:19

his brothers had held the rank

5:21

of Caesar and he was no

5:23

in pole position to go one

5:25

better. The

5:28

other leading nobleman world French,

5:30

Baldwin of Flanders, Louis of

5:32

Blow Off and Sue of

5:34

St. Paul. The

5:36

election that followed went against

5:39

Boniface. The Marquess of

5:41

Month for at quickly realized that he

5:43

was going to be frustrated. you

5:46

see the crusade a contingent was

5:48

dominated by men from france that's

5:50

where recruitment for this campaign had

5:52

been sent it and boniface it

5:54

only signed up later when the

5:56

original leader of the venture t

5:58

bo of show had

6:01

died unexpectedly. So

6:03

of the six Latin electors, at

6:06

most two were going to be Italians,

6:08

the rest were French. While

6:11

all six Venetian electors,

6:13

whatever their official protestations might be, were

6:15

going to vote the way Andalot

6:18

wanted them to. And

6:20

the Doge did not want the Marquess

6:23

of Montferrat. Boniface

6:26

was in his 50s. He

6:28

was an experienced political operator who

6:31

was already being hailed as Vassileves

6:33

by some Byzantines who remembered his

6:36

brothers and expected him to rule.

6:39

Montferrat is also just up the road

6:41

from Genoa, one of Venice's

6:44

only maritime rivals. There

6:46

was every chance that Emperor Boniface

6:48

might court the Byzantine people or

6:51

the Genoese to suit his own ends,

6:54

neither of whom the Venetians could trust.

6:57

Whereas a French Emperor would have no

6:59

such connections and would be more likely

7:01

to honor the agreements they had all

7:03

made back in their camp on the

7:05

Golden Horn, an agreement

7:08

which included the proviso that no

7:10

power at war with Venice would be

7:12

admitted into the Empire, a

7:14

veto which would allow Venice to

7:16

keep the Genoese and the Pisans

7:18

out of Byzantine harbors. Dandelos'

7:23

interactions with the other leaders led him

7:25

to believe that Baldwin, the Count of

7:28

Flanders and Hainau, was the

7:30

right man for the job. Baldwin

7:33

was born around 1172 in Valenciennes in northern France,

7:39

making him just 32 at the time

7:41

of the Fourth Crusade, a

7:44

much more pliable figure in Dandelos'

7:47

eyes. Baldwin's

7:49

family had many crusader connections, so

7:51

he took his mission seriously, and

7:54

everyone who wrote about him, including

7:56

Coniartes, acknowledged that he was a

7:58

genuinely pious knight. Faithful

8:01

to his wife, brave in combat and a

8:03

good leader. He was clearly

8:05

the popular choice amongst the French contingent.

8:08

He already had children back home who

8:10

would inherit his lands there. His

8:13

wife was on her way to New Rome, and

8:15

his brother Henry was on crusade with him.

8:19

So he seemed ready for the challenge, willing

8:22

to settle in these new lands, and

8:24

well supported by his family. He

8:27

was in no way a Venetian puppet. He

8:30

may well have won the election anyway, but

8:33

his respectful and deferential tone towards

8:35

the Doge impressed Dandolo,

8:38

and so the committee did not take long to deliberate.

8:42

It was announced to a huge crowd on

8:44

the 9th of May that

8:46

the Count of Flanders was to be the

8:48

new Roman Emperor. A

8:54

week later, Baldwin was led from the

8:57

great palace to the Achia Sophia to

8:59

be crowned. The Latins

9:01

employed many Byzantines in their new

9:03

administration who doubtless organised the coronation.

9:07

But the crusade leaders had all

9:09

been present when Alexios Angulos was

9:11

enthroned ten months earlier, so

9:13

they knew what the ceremony was supposed to look

9:15

like. Baldwin took

9:18

off the clothes of a knight

9:20

and put on imperial robes and

9:22

the red leather boots which marked

9:24

out a Vasilefs. He

9:26

entered the main body of the church and made his

9:28

way to the altar. He was

9:30

then anointed, as kings were in the

9:32

west, before a crown was placed on

9:34

his head. He was

9:37

also decorated with a huge gemstone

9:39

which had belonged to Manuil Comninos.

9:43

He sat on a throne for the rest

9:45

of the liturgy, holding a sceptre before being

9:47

led out of the church on a white

9:49

horse. He

9:51

returned to the palace to sit on

9:53

an ancient throne which the Latins believed

9:55

had belonged to Constantine I. There

9:58

he feasted his blood and was cast on the throne. men

10:00

before presiding over chariot races

10:03

and some jousting in the Hippodrome.

10:07

The Westerners were attempting to ape

10:09

Byzantine practice with a few tweaks

10:11

of their own in order to

10:13

legitimize their rule. They

10:16

had to get the quote-unquote Greeks on

10:18

board if they were going to make this

10:20

work, so it was

10:22

best to present Baldwin as just

10:24

another Roman Emperor who would respect

10:26

the traditions of men like Manowheel

10:29

and Constantine, a

10:32

figure who the local population should bow

10:34

down to and obey. The

10:40

second committee now got to work dividing

10:42

up the empire into fiefs for those

10:44

who'd risked their lives to capture such

10:46

a great prize. A

10:49

quarter of the empire belonged to Manowheel.

10:51

His lands included much of Thrace, as

10:54

in the approaches to Constantinople, which made

10:56

sense. The other sixteenths

10:58

of the empire was divided equally between

11:00

the Venetians and the Crusaders. There

11:04

was one major problem with this

11:06

division of course. None

11:08

of this land was actually in their possession.

11:11

It was all very well swapping territories like

11:13

trading cards, but you do actually have to

11:15

go and capture it all if you want

11:17

to collect its revenues. So

11:19

that was next on the agenda. Various

11:23

groups of Latins and Venetians headed

11:25

in different directions, depending on

11:27

where their assigned lands were, and

11:30

began a conquering. Spoiler

11:33

alert, but this is essentially why

11:35

the Latin Empire was doomed to

11:38

failure. The Fourth Crusade was not

11:40

actually a big enterprise. There

11:42

were a lot of sailors present, but the fighting

11:44

troops were small in number. If

11:47

they'd behaved like a true Roman

11:49

army and marched around the empire

11:51

as one, they might have been

11:53

able to hold it together. But

11:55

by splitting up in that acquisitive way

11:57

that the Latins were wont to do.

12:00

they diluted their strength. The

12:04

Emperor Baldwin decided to march

12:06

for Thessalonica. This would

12:09

allow him to tour his Thracian lands

12:11

and secure their surrender while also making

12:13

sure that the Empire's second city was

12:16

brought into the fold. This

12:18

was a sensible plan to make use of what

12:20

was left of the summer of 1204. As

12:25

he led his men out into Thrace, most

12:27

towns surrendered quickly. The

12:30

shell-shocked Byzantines were in no position to

12:32

resist. Troops were trained

12:34

to hold cities until the Emperor

12:36

arrived to relieve them, but with

12:38

Alexios Angelos Comlinos gone off to

12:40

Greece, Baldwin seemed to

12:42

be the only game in town. So

12:45

gates were flung open and Baldwin was

12:48

able to make ceremonial entrances into many

12:50

a Thracian city. This

12:52

pleased the Latin leadership as they were

12:54

able to make friendly contact with the

12:56

local Byzantine aristocracy whose support they would

12:59

need to keep the peace. It

13:02

was on this March that

13:04

Baldwin's agents found the blind

13:06

Motsuvlos, who was dispatched back

13:09

to Constantinople for judgment and

13:11

execution. When

13:14

the Vassillefs arrived at Thessalonica,

13:17

the city's leaders came out and offered

13:19

their surrender with a few conditions. They

13:23

were terrified that the Latins were here

13:25

to visit on them the same punishment

13:27

they had just meted out to Constantinople.

13:30

So they said they would happily accept a

13:32

Latin garrison and governor if the Emperor would

13:34

confirm them in their privileges.

13:37

Presumably this meant local officeholders would

13:40

maintain their rights and no new

13:42

taxes would be levied. Baldwin

13:45

was happy to oblige and respectfully

13:47

stayed in his camp. The

13:51

only hostility felt during Baldwin's March

13:53

was from Boniface of Montferrat. The

13:56

Marquess disgruntled at his election defeat had asked for

13:58

a few days to come. asked to be

14:01

given Thessalonica in compensation. But

14:03

Baldwin refused, pointing out that the

14:06

committee had assigned those lands to

14:08

other people. He

14:10

was similarly short with the Byzantine aristocrats

14:12

he met during his journey.

14:15

Many of them attempted to curry favour

14:18

with the new emperor and asked if

14:20

he would appoint them to various governorships,

14:22

but again Baldwin said no. He

14:25

had to make sure all his supporters

14:27

and the Venetians received what was owed

14:29

to them. He couldn't yet assign lands

14:31

to the locals or it might create

14:33

a mess. In

14:37

both cases this meant trouble. Boniface

14:40

threw a huge strop, as we'll

14:42

hear about next week. The

14:45

Latin leadership acted quickly to put a stop

14:47

to this conflict and in the end Baldwin

14:49

appeased Boniface by giving him most

14:52

of Greece, including Thessalonica.

14:57

Meanwhile the Byzantines were less than

14:59

impressed with their new overlords. As

15:03

Baldwin warmed himself by a fire

15:05

back at the palace, the Romans

15:07

spent the winter talking sedition. The

15:11

officials who'd opened their doors to

15:13

Baldwin felt they had no choice.

15:15

With their patron, Alexios Angelus Comninos,

15:17

gone, it was not clear who

15:19

they owed their allegiance to and

15:22

they had one eye on the Bulgarian

15:24

border. The

15:27

revived Bulgarian Empire had dealt the

15:29

Romans blow after blow during the

15:31

past two decades and the Czar,

15:33

Calajan, had taken advantage of the

15:36

arrival of the Fourth Crusade, sending

15:38

raiding parties into Thrace and seizing

15:40

forts south of the Hymnus Mountains.

15:44

Most of the Romans there hated the

15:46

Bulgarians. They had been suffering from

15:48

their attacks for a generation now. So

15:50

despite the sack of Constantinople, many

15:52

Byzantines were willing to welcome the

15:54

Latins in if they

15:57

could protect them from their northern enemy. But

16:01

now, doubts were growing about the

16:03

quote-unquote Emperor Baldwin. He'd

16:05

refused to embrace the local Byzantine

16:07

aristocracy. He'd given no assurances that

16:10

they could keep their lands, titles or salaries.

16:13

The tiny garrisons he'd left behind filled

16:15

no one with confidence. As

16:18

you know, the Crusaders didn't have that many men

16:20

to spare. The commander,

16:23

Reneur de Tri, for example,

16:25

occupied Philippopolis, a city of

16:27

thousands, with just 120 knights. They

16:31

would all have had attendants and squires and so on,

16:33

but for smaller fortresses, the

16:35

Latins were probably sending 20 to 100 men

16:38

only. It

16:41

was not an intimidating occupation. Roman

16:44

men began to think, what

16:47

if instead of joining with the Latins to

16:49

fight the Bulgarians, we join

16:51

the Bulgarians and annihilate the

16:53

Latins? That

16:56

seemed inevitable, so we might as

16:58

well pick the winning side. The

17:01

Tsar had spent some time in Constantinople.

17:03

He was not an entirely foreign figure.

17:07

It was a high-risk strategy, but

17:09

some even pondered whether Callaghan would

17:11

make a better Emperor than Baldwin. War

17:16

with Bulgaria was the last thing

17:18

the fledgling Latin Empire needed, but

17:20

unfortunately the new Vasilefs had already

17:23

alienated the Tsar. Callaghan

17:25

wrote to Baldwin after the sack,

17:27

in friendly terms, offering some

17:30

kind of alliance in exchange for land. The

17:33

Tsar had recently accepted the Pope's authority,

17:35

so this seemed an ideal moment for

17:38

the Latins and Bulgarians to stand over

17:40

the corpse of Byzantium and embrace one

17:42

another. But the

17:45

Latins seemed to have inherited all the

17:47

Roman prejudices against the Northern Kingdom. Meeting

17:51

the Vlax and their Cuban allies

17:53

as barbarians, unworthy of

17:55

normal courtesies. Baldwin

17:58

informed Callaghan that all

18:00

imperial territory south of the Hymas

18:02

was his, and that

18:04

any Bulgarians found squatting there would

18:07

be removed. In

18:11

February 1205, a

18:13

Roman rebellion broke out in Thrace. It

18:17

was centered on Adrianople, where

18:19

Byzantine soldiers slaughtered their Latin

18:21

garrison and invited the Bulgarians

18:23

into the country. Several

18:26

nearby forts followed suit.

18:30

Greatly alarmed by this, Baldwin put out a

18:32

general call to arms and marched north as

18:34

quickly as he could. This

18:37

was another mistake. Not

18:39

only were Boniface's men off in Greece,

18:41

but many of his own troops, including

18:43

his brother Henry, were over the water

18:45

in Anatolia, trying to capture the fiefs

18:47

that had been assigned to them. Though

18:51

they responded to the call, Baldwin did not

18:53

wait for them to catch up. Instead,

18:56

he and the Doge each led contingents

18:58

north to snuff out the rebels. Two

19:02

Thracian towns surrendered when the Crusaders

19:04

approached, and at Arcadiopolis, they

19:06

encountered some of the Czar's Cuban allies

19:08

and drove them away. A

19:11

swift direct response was the Latin way, and

19:13

it seemed to be walking. Baldwin

19:16

and Dandolo arrived at Adrianople at the

19:19

end of March. Adrianople

19:21

was the largest fortress town in

19:23

Thrace, and the prime recruiting ground

19:25

for Roman foot soldiers. The

19:27

Latins threw themselves into the siege with

19:30

typical enthusiasm. They began to

19:32

undermine the walls and were so focused

19:34

on their siege works that they seemed

19:36

unaware that the Czar and his army

19:38

were approaching. Calian

19:41

was wary of the Latin threat, but

19:43

when his scouts informed him of the

19:45

numbers he faced, he began to relax.

19:49

The Latins had perhaps a couple of

19:51

thousand men, while the Bulgarians

19:53

may have had double or even tripled that

19:55

number. They also knew the terrain

19:57

back to front, while the Latins were fresh off

19:59

the... boat and distracted by their siege.

20:04

Callegan sent in his Cumans to skirmish with

20:06

the enemy and try to draw them out

20:08

of their position. He was

20:10

very surprised at how easy this proved to

20:12

be. On the 13th April the steppe riders

20:15

approached the Latin encampment and peppered

20:17

them with arrows. Baldwin's

20:20

knights eagerly chased them away, pushing

20:22

their mounts hard in a fruitless

20:24

pursuit as the lighter-armed nomads dashed

20:26

back to the safety of their

20:28

camp. Intrigued

20:31

by the recklessness of their

20:33

actions, Callegan decided to test

20:35

Crusader resolve the next day.

20:38

His Cumans repeated their tactics

20:40

exactly, even retreating from the

20:42

onrushing Latins along the same road they

20:44

had used the day before. Baldwin

20:47

urged his men on, determined to get

20:49

to grips with the nomads. In

20:51

one-on-one combat there was no doubt who

20:53

would emerge victorious, but that's why you

20:56

don't chase men from the steppe. They

20:58

have no intention of giving you what

21:00

you want. With

21:02

the Latins exhausted and strung out along

21:04

the road, the Tsar led his army

21:06

in to surround them. Geoffrey

21:09

of Vilhadevan, one of the

21:11

crusade top brass, wrote afterwards

21:13

about the horrible scene. Knights

21:16

were cut down in their hundreds. The

21:19

Latin instinct was to stay and fight and

21:21

prove your bravery, but they

21:23

were by now a disorganized rabble and

21:26

many began to break away from the

21:28

fighting and ride back to Adrianople, a

21:31

shameful act in Geoffrey's eyes. He

21:34

describes it as flying back to camp,

21:37

and in a rather moving line he

21:39

concludes, quote, There

21:41

on the field remained the Emperor

21:43

Baldwin and Count Louis, who

21:45

would never fly. The Emperor

21:48

was taken alive and Count

21:50

Louis was slain. Horrified

21:56

and shocked, Dandlo organized a retreat

21:58

under the cover of darkness. As

22:01

the Latins made their way south, they

22:03

ran into the reinforcements they should have

22:05

waited for. Our

22:08

historian Coniates does not crow at

22:10

this Latin humiliation because, as he

22:13

notes bitterly, it merely

22:15

left the field open for the Cumans

22:17

to terrorize the native population. Robert

22:21

of Clary and Latin Knight wrote that it was

22:23

punishment for the Crusader leaders holding

22:26

back treasure for themselves after

22:28

the sack of Constantinople. It

22:32

was certainly an unmitigated disaster for

22:34

the new Latin Empire. The

22:36

Bulgarians ran riot in the aftermath. Their

22:39

alliance with the Romans saw most of Thrace

22:41

throw off Latin control. The

22:44

Crusaders held barely half a dozen forts by

22:46

the end of summer. And

22:49

worse was waiting for the doge when

22:51

he returned to Constantinople. It

22:53

had been a year since the sack of the city.

22:57

The Crusaders vows had expired. Seven

23:00

thousand pilgrims were loading their

23:02

possessions onto Venetian ships and

23:04

preparing to sail home. The

23:08

Latin leaders harangued them for abandoning the

23:10

enterprise in its hour of need, but

23:12

the rank and file had had enough. They

23:15

had been lied to and manipulated, forced

23:17

to sack Christian city after Christian city

23:19

in the name of a Crusade. They

23:22

were homesick and they were leaving. In

23:27

desperation the remaining leaders wrote to

23:30

the Pope to beg for reinforcements.

23:33

A year after their glorious conquest

23:35

of New Rome, the

23:37

Latin Empire seemed moribund.

23:43

As for the Emperor, no one

23:45

knows what became of him. The

23:48

most reliable sources suggest he was

23:50

taken back to Turinovo and

23:52

kept as a somewhat honored guest. But

23:56

twelve months later he was dead. Caloian

23:58

wrote to the Pope. simply saying that he

24:01

died in captivity. Perhaps

24:03

he'd suffered wounds on the battlefield.

24:05

Perhaps he was executed. Coniati's

24:08

claims he had his limbs cut off and

24:10

was thrown into a ravine for the birds

24:13

to chew on, though that

24:15

has the air of a Byzantine revenge

24:17

fantasy. The

24:19

Latins agreed that he was

24:21

gone and chose a new emperor

24:23

the following year, but

24:26

not everyone could accept this. Nineteen

24:31

years later, a man

24:33

living alone in the forests near

24:35

Valenciennes was recognized as

24:38

the long-lost Count of Flanders

24:40

and Hainau. The

24:42

emperor had returned home. People

24:46

flocked to see their long-lost

24:48

lord, and though various

24:50

physical and behavioral discrepancies were

24:52

pointed out by those who'd

24:54

known Baldwin, these were easily

24:56

dismissed. He had been a

24:59

prisoner and vagabond for years, trapped

25:01

amongst Greeks and Slavs. No

25:03

wonder he seemed different. Could

25:06

it be that Baldwin, guided

25:09

by God, really had survived

25:11

and returned to his homeland to

25:14

restore justice? Sadly

25:17

not. The fake Baldwin

25:19

was executed the following year, but

25:22

such was the legend of Baldwin,

25:24

Count of Flanders and Hainau, the

25:27

first Latin emperor of Constantinople, that

25:29

it took a long time for his

25:32

memory to fade. Paycast

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26:03

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