0:00

The other day I called Juan Rebojar.

0:03

And I live in Atisapan de Saragosa,

0:05

that is a suburb of Mexico City.

0:07

I called Juan because he's running out

0:09

of water. And we received water

0:11

only on Mondays. But obviously it

0:14

was not enough because in

0:17

my house, for example, we live

0:19

for people. And obviously there were

0:21

some days that we were not

0:23

able to have water at all.

0:27

We can't shower, we can't wash our

0:29

clothes. The basic activities

0:31

that a human needs, we

0:33

cannot fulfill. Because Juan City,

0:35

Mexico City, is also running

0:37

out of water. As

0:39

we understand, the situation has

0:41

not reached the peak. More

0:45

than 60 million people have of

0:47

the entire country's population without daily

0:49

access to water. We're

0:52

heading to the biggest city in North America to

0:54

find out more about their water crisis on Today

0:56

Explained. Release

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Switch to Today. That visible.com Great with service Individual

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plan for additional turned the network medical

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practice and see business. Is.

2:07

A. Say.

2:15

It's today. Explain, I'm Sean Ramos Or I'm

2:17

I'm standing in the center. Of

2:19

see you have a mini golf

2:21

the capital of Mexico with Moscow

2:23

camp on a map all the

2:25

bullshit researcher on to be a

2:28

environments water and energy or worse

2:30

your to talk about the water

2:32

crisis in Mexico City and where

2:34

are we right now Specifically we

2:36

are in. Downtown Mexico City, in in

2:38

front of their yes out of this

2:40

fall off Mexico City's main opera house.

2:42

and next we'll I mean apart the

2:44

Cds and the America has all the

2:46

spark immediately in the historical core. Of

2:48

Mexico City. What are we doing here?

2:50

Within to do a little tour or

2:53

another? Mexico City is specifically on the

2:55

sinking of the city because was will

2:57

be on top of a lake. and

3:00

what's ironic about the city being built

3:02

on top of a lake is that

3:04

it is running out of water. New

3:06

to tell our listeners how desperate the

3:09

water situation has become in Mexico City,

3:11

were wearing. A critical see play Some

3:13

of that nowadays most a neighborhoods. With

3:15

all them alcalde a few in

3:17

Mexico City's Ah regime recent engage

3:20

water because biggest the one season

3:22

in Mexico has to feel or

3:24

the first be Larissa on the

3:26

run waters they're responsible for more

3:28

or less seventy seventy five percent

3:30

of supply depending on on. The

3:32

bag and the month and the rest

3:34

is T Supply legacy. Some of them

3:36

scold the consumer less east and Boots

3:38

comes from six example of a to

3:40

the me in in neighboring states from

3:42

Mexico, they supply from twenty five to

3:44

thirty percent again depending on the months

3:46

and those dems are slowly getting them.

3:48

Into this because during the

3:51

rainy season of twenty twenty

3:53

three earrings were lower than

3:56

than useless. These. people sixty

3:58

percent depending on the muslim If

4:01

it doesn't start raining soon, as it is supposed

4:03

to, these six dams will run out of water

4:05

by the end of June. So

4:18

we have just reached our second stop here. We're

4:21

on a pedestrian walking

4:24

promenade in the center of the city,

4:27

not far from where we began, but

4:29

you have shown me the monument that

4:31

we are here to see. It

4:33

is a lion's head, and I was expecting

4:35

something big, but it's actually just about twice

4:38

the size of my own head, and it's

4:40

on the side of a building here. Why

4:43

did you want to show me this particular monument? Well,

4:45

this is one of the least

4:48

famous monuments in the city and maybe

4:50

in the entire country. Millions of

4:52

Mexicans sit every single day in the

4:54

marital promenade, and they don't know about

4:56

it. However, that

4:58

lion marks the 1629 to flood. That's

5:02

the altitude of water during those

5:04

times. The city was flooded for three years

5:06

from 1629 all the way to 1632, and people had to leave

5:11

Mexico City for three years. They

5:13

even considered abandoning it

5:16

permanently after the conquest

5:18

of the Aztec empire, the Tenochtitlan, which was the

5:20

Aztec city, was built on top of a lake.

5:23

The Spaniards, given the conquest that they had, had

5:25

to rebuild the city on top of the lake,

5:28

but they had to deal with all the complexities that

5:31

combined with building a city on top of

5:33

a lake. The waters were

5:35

dirty. It was unhealthy,

5:37

and for centuries, the

5:39

city had to cope with floods. How

5:42

did they do that? They drained the Tezcoco

5:44

lake. In the end, we are sitting

5:46

on top of a lake. The waters of

5:48

the former lake are below us. It's

5:50

funny to hear you talking about these

5:52

historic periods where Mexico City had more

5:55

water than it knew what to do with,

5:57

because of course now we're in a situation

5:59

where whether they're desperate shortage.

6:02

Well, first of all, it's demographics. Mexico City is

6:04

one of the largest cities in the world with

6:07

more than 22 million inhabitants

6:09

in its metropolitan area. Second

6:11

of all, there is no rivers or

6:13

lakes in the city that facilitate recharging

6:15

the aquifers because they are all underground,

6:18

where there used to be rivers, now we have

6:20

highways. And recently, the poor

6:23

maintenance of pipeline infrastructure, Mexico

6:25

City's pipelines are old, they might be as

6:27

old as 50 years, and

6:30

of course that has consequences because

6:32

more or less, there is no

6:34

exact year, around 40% of

6:36

water is lost in the pipeline

6:38

system due to the poor state

6:41

of infrastructure. And finally, we have

6:44

climate change. Climate change

6:46

has increased the frequency and

6:48

the severity of droughts, and

6:51

now we're in 2024 and we are still experiencing a drought.

6:53

We're gonna leave this watermark lion's

6:55

head, and I want you to show

6:58

me what this looks like now, this

7:00

water shortage, this sinking city. Can we

7:02

go there next? Let's do it. This

7:11

is the La Profeza Church, one of

7:13

the most important baroque churches in Mexico

7:15

City. It is from the

7:18

18th century, but what is happening here is

7:21

excusing. It uses, from

7:23

the perspective, the entire church excusing

7:25

the largest streets. This

7:27

tower here, you can kind of tell that it's pulling

7:29

away almost from the church, it looks like. Exactly,

7:32

the tower, but also the main body of the

7:34

church, it's

7:36

tilting towards the city, and

7:39

it's tilting because there's a water shortage. It

7:42

is tilting because the entire city is sinking,

7:44

and just to put this in perspective, every

7:46

year downtown Mexico City

7:49

sinks 10 to 12 centimeters, and I'm

7:51

always terrible at converting, but it's around

7:53

four inches each year. And

7:55

you can see it in the old part of the city

7:57

because these buildings have been sinking for the same time.

8:00

And if you see, for example, the

8:03

arch above the door, it is

8:05

cracking. Oh, that's right. You can see

8:07

the cracks in the stone. It is cracking, of course,

8:10

because of the sinkings. So

8:12

this is a tremendous challenge for engineers

8:14

because they have to reinforce, to strengthen

8:16

the foundations of the church and

8:19

of many buildings in this area because of

8:21

the sinkings. And how is it related to water?

8:23

Well, because the reason of these sinkings

8:26

is that it is the over exploitation

8:28

of underground water of Mexico City. We

8:31

extract more or less 40,000 liters, which is

8:33

10,000, 11,000 gallons. Every

8:39

second. Every second.

8:41

Every second, Mexico City's 20 million

8:43

plus inhabitants are extracting how much

8:45

water out of this ground? More or less 10,000,

8:47

11,000 gallons. And

8:51

that's more or less, let's say, two thirds

8:53

of Mexico City's water supply. The rest comes from the

8:55

dams we were talking about. But

8:57

what happens if you extract that much water and you

9:00

don't recharge the underground water

9:03

system? It happens

9:05

that materials can flow and

9:07

that compression causes sinkings. It

9:10

causes the city to sink. It causes

9:12

the city to sink and the city is

9:14

permanently sinking. And ultimately, there is nothing we

9:16

can do against that. And if

9:19

you see all of this footage here, they go off

9:21

and down when at the beginning it

9:23

was all flat. Okay,

9:31

hold on. You're going to have to help me

9:33

understand why we're stopping outside of an oxo. It

9:36

looks like a 7-11. We started

9:38

a Palacio de Beas Arte.

9:41

We walked to a centuries old monument

9:43

of a lion's head. And

9:45

then a centuries old church. And

9:48

now we are here outside

9:50

a convenience store. Why? We're

9:53

going all the way to modern Mexico. And

9:56

why a convenience store? Because Mexico

9:58

is the world's largest consumer store.

10:00

per capita of bottled water. Mexico

10:02

City or Mexico the country? It's

10:05

the largest consumer in the world of

10:07

bottled water and someone's walking into this

10:09

oxo with a giant water cooler bottle

10:11

of water. That's a common thing in

10:13

Mexican cities. Why? Because

10:16

first of all, of the

10:18

shortage in the supply and second,

10:20

we're sourcing the quality of water.

10:22

Mexicans don't trust the water systems

10:25

to actually purify the water so

10:27

they drink bottled water on

10:29

a regular basis. And this is where they come

10:31

to do their refills. Some

10:34

of them come here to do their refills and some

10:36

of them get it at home. These

10:38

water trucks, you can

10:40

find them in all the streets of

10:43

Mexico. They go with the Garafones, this

10:45

large bottled water. They

10:47

take the empty one and they leave at the door,

10:49

the new one. Okay,

10:54

Oscar, you've given me a good tour here.

10:56

We started with the floods, then we got

10:58

to the sinking city. Now

11:00

we've been to the oxo where

11:03

everyday Mexicans come to get their

11:05

water. Tell me what this

11:07

crisis looks like for everyday Mexicans.

11:09

To put it in an example,

11:11

in most buildings there, after 10

11:13

p.m., they'll shut down the water

11:17

and resume it probably at 6 a.m. Most

11:20

of the Chilangos, most in the area of

11:22

Mexico City are suffering from this kind of

11:24

rationing. Is it just in poor neighborhoods or

11:26

is it the rich too? This

11:29

crisis has democratized the shortages

11:31

of water, rich neighborhoods

11:33

in the western parts of the

11:36

city which traditionally enjoy the constant

11:38

reliable quality supply. Now

11:40

that they have spent days without water and

11:42

that has never happened in the past. And I guess

11:45

the question I have to ask now

11:47

is what is the government doing about

11:50

this? Because I'm sure they don't

11:52

want to have to constantly ration water

11:54

for everyone and I'm sure they

11:56

don't want this city to sink beyond

11:59

repair. To solve the immediate

12:01

crisis, they are drilling new wells

12:03

to find water in northern Mexico

12:05

City and they are supplying

12:07

from other states with pipes. And

12:10

in the long term, what should

12:12

be done is, first of all, modernize

12:15

the pipeline system, although it is complicated and costly,

12:17

it has to be done. Second,

12:19

to harness all of

12:21

the available water we have, rain

12:24

water, treated water, and find uses

12:26

for that in order not to

12:29

over-explicate the dams or the underground

12:32

waters. And

12:34

finally, well, we need to

12:37

nudge inhabitants, to nudge businesses,

12:39

to have a much more

12:41

rational use of this resource. How

12:44

do Mexicans view this issue

12:47

politically? Do they support

12:49

conservation policies? Do they

12:51

support government spending on new

12:53

water projects? They're electing a new mayor

12:55

of Mexico City in June

12:57

and a new president of the country in June. And

13:00

people want to hear, okay, how are you going to solve, how

13:02

are you going to handle this issue, and

13:04

what solutions will you propose? So now

13:06

it's an electoral issue and

13:08

citizens will demand actions to the next

13:10

government. Well,

13:14

I wish you luck, Oscar, in

13:16

your water crisis. Thank you so much for my

13:18

today. Thank you. Thank you. Thank

13:21

you. Thank you. Thank you.

13:26

Oscar Ocampo, he's the energy and

13:28

environment coordinator at the Mexican Institute

13:30

for Competitiveness, who's also a heck

13:32

of a tour guide. Mexico

13:35

City is not the first to face a Day

13:37

Zero water crisis, and it won't be the last.

13:40

But we can learn from the rest of the world

13:42

when we're back on Today's Sand. I

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17:00

Explain is back. Long, long

17:02

time listeners of the show might recall

17:04

we've talked about a day zero situation

17:06

before. It was way back on the

17:08

fourth ever episode of the show in

17:10

February 2018. So

17:13

there's this situation in Cape Town

17:16

where they might run out of

17:18

water, which sounds crazy, Peter. It

17:20

is crazy. It's unprecedented, one could

17:22

say. We've never seen a major

17:25

city have to literally turn off the taps before.

17:29

We talked about day zero in Cape Town

17:31

when they were in the crisis, but they

17:33

averted that crisis. So for our friends in

17:36

Mexico City, we wanted to get a reminder

17:38

of how exactly they did that. So

17:40

we reached out to Samantha Kuzma at the

17:43

World Resources Institute. So what happened is they

17:45

got rain. They

17:47

got rain and that really... Classic

17:49

solution. Classic solution. The

17:52

rain came through. So during the crisis,

17:54

what Cape Town did well is

17:57

they had a lot of consumer awareness,

17:59

right? They had these campaigns,

18:01

Day Zero itself is a campaign to

18:03

draw attention to this issue so that

18:05

people can understand what's happening. And so

18:08

with that consumer awareness, you saw behavioral

18:10

changes where people were changing the way

18:12

they were using water, they were conserving

18:15

it more, and that did help create

18:17

a longer runway until Day Zero. But

18:19

ultimately, it is the rain

18:21

that helped alleviate that crisis. And

18:24

it wasn't just Cape Town that had a

18:26

crisis like this. It was Sao Paulo in

18:28

Brazil, Chennai in India. We asked Samantha if

18:30

these cities all just hunker down and pray

18:32

for rain, or if there are real lasting

18:35

solutions here. So I'd love to

18:37

point to Las Vegas as a great example

18:40

of a good water... Let's do it.

18:42

Vegas! Vegas. And

18:44

I think it surprises people. It's...

18:47

They're not what you think of when you think of like

18:49

conservation necessarily, right? No. People think

18:51

of Vegas as like an unsustainable place. Yeah.

18:53

Yeah. They're in the middle of the desert. But

18:56

the reality is they have to think about

18:58

water. There is no Las Vegas without water.

19:00

You've seen the fountains outside the casinos, right?

19:03

So what they do is they

19:06

invest heavily in recycling wastewater. So every

19:08

drop that's being used is going back

19:10

into the system, and they're finding ways

19:13

to clean it and reuse it. And

19:15

they've also invested in policies and regulations,

19:17

things to curb, say like finding a

19:19

green lawn in Las Vegas. It's not

19:21

a good use of water. They're

19:24

receiving water from the Colorado River. And

19:27

we've seen in the news how contentious that

19:29

is, that river is over allocated.

19:31

And so they realize they can't completely

19:33

rely on that resource. And so they've

19:35

thought about how to rely on other

19:37

types of resources. Is

19:43

there an international Vegas? Yeah.

19:46

Singapore, a country, a city

19:48

state is another shining

19:50

example of water resource

19:52

management. So similar

19:54

to Las Vegas, this is a place that

19:56

does not have a lot of water resources

19:58

within their borders. receive

20:00

a lot of their water from

20:02

Malaysia. So, Lake Las Vegas recycling

20:05

wastewater is a huge resource

20:07

that they're using to keep water

20:09

within their systems. The sewage is

20:11

pumped from underground and purified. It's

20:13

then sent about around, where the

20:15

remaining bacteria are sent out through

20:17

ultraviolet rays. The government says

20:19

the recycled water has caused more than 150,000 scientific

20:22

tests, and its quality meets the World

20:27

Health Organization's guidelines. Before

20:29

we move on, sorry. When people

20:31

hear recycling wastewater, I'm sure they

20:33

wonder, recycle

20:35

it for what? It depends on

20:38

the level of treatment. So, you

20:40

absolutely can take wastewater and treat

20:42

it back to potable levels where

20:44

we could drink it. Like, that

20:46

technology exists. So, poop water is

20:48

what you're saying, basically. Yeah, come to a

20:50

water conference and you will see, like,

20:53

poop mascots. We're all about that water

20:55

recycling. Hi, I'm Patrick, and I'm a

20:57

piece of poop. And I want to

20:59

tell you all about what happens to

21:01

me as I go through Eastern Municipal

21:03

Water District's wastewater system.

21:07

So, like, at a water conference,

21:09

people are all gung-ho about poop

21:11

water. But what about when

21:13

you tell people, hey, by the way,

21:15

that's treated sewage that you're drinking right

21:17

there? Do you think that

21:19

the communications probably should be better than calling

21:22

it poop water? There is the

21:24

stigma, right? And so, you also

21:26

see examples where instead of

21:28

using it for, like, drinking water, that water

21:30

could be used to water our lawns or

21:32

to be in the fountains, right? So, it's

21:36

not necessarily going straight back into our

21:38

faucets, into our bridal filters. Okay,

21:44

what else is Singapore doing? Other

21:46

than recycling wastewater, they're implementing

21:48

things like nature-based solutions. So,

21:51

maintaining their wetlands,

21:53

their marshlands, having their

21:56

rivers be surrounded by natural landscapes.

21:59

Actually, there's a lot of for managing our

22:01

water resources. It can help clean

22:03

our water, it can

22:05

help store flood water, recharge

22:07

our aquifers. We really just

22:09

could never replicate that with human-built systems. So

22:12

as climate change is making our weather more

22:15

volatile, we find that human-built systems

22:17

like dikes, levees, dams aren't built

22:19

to handle those conditions, right? They

22:22

were built under very specific climate

22:25

assumptions from our historic past. And that

22:27

means that they're not really resilient to

22:29

the problems that we'll be facing in

22:31

the future. For some reason,

22:33

water is something that we take

22:35

for granted, and as a result,

22:38

we overexploit the resource,

22:40

right? We use more than

22:42

what is renewably available, and that is

22:44

true all over the world, in all

22:47

countries, in all economies. It's consistent. And

22:50

the issue is that, you know, climate

22:52

change isn't actually creating that crisis. It's

22:54

a human-driven crisis. But what climate

22:56

change does is it makes

22:58

it more severe. In

23:01

the case of Mexico City, climate change is literally

23:03

turning up the heat on the water shortage.

23:06

I read this great article by

23:08

an organization called iSciences, where they

23:10

compared this current drought to two

23:13

recent droughts in Mexico City's history,

23:17

one that was about two years ago, one

23:19

that was 10 years ago. And what they

23:21

found was a major difference that we're seeing

23:23

is heat, the intensity of heat. I

23:26

believe like a week ago, Mexico City

23:28

recorded its highest ever heat record. When

23:30

it's hotter, we require more

23:32

water. We're thirstier as

23:35

people. Our crops and food are

23:37

thirstier. They require more water. Our

23:39

electricity to power our ACs, that requires

23:41

water, right? So in all fronts, the

23:44

demand for water goes up in high

23:46

heat. But at the same time, we see less

23:49

supply, right? There's more evaporation happening

23:51

on our lakes and reservoirs. And

23:54

that's a really big issue. The hope

23:56

and our message is that it is

23:58

always cheaper. more and

24:00

more affordable to be proactive about these

24:02

things. To make those decisions now

24:05

before the crisis, you're going

24:07

to save so much effort, so much money.

24:10

You're going to protect your economy and your people

24:12

if you do that now. What

24:17

we find is it's typically

24:20

the places that don't usually face

24:22

water challenges that are most vulnerable

24:24

to them, because they have no

24:27

mechanism for response. So

24:29

Seattle, I think, is a place that is normally

24:32

seen as a very wet climate.

24:34

It's the Pacific Northwest. They're

24:36

actually going through a drought right now. Just

24:39

look at their electricity. Washington

24:42

has massive hydropower that right now they

24:44

can't produce, because there's not enough water.

24:46

And so they're having to turn back

24:48

to fossil fuels to create that electricity.

24:50

But in the Seattle example, you've got

24:53

their sort of backs against the walls.

24:56

And what do they do? They revert to

24:58

fossil fuels. That's

25:01

not necessarily where

25:03

we want to see cities heading, right? No,

25:06

but I think that highlights the

25:10

fact that water is so embedded in

25:12

all of these other policy decisions that

25:14

we're making. So the reason I

25:16

think that sends alarm bells off is because,

25:18

wait, we're not supposed to be going

25:21

back to fossil fuels. We're supposed to be

25:23

going towards more renewable things. So

25:26

as we're thinking about renewable energy, we have

25:28

to also be thinking about water and making

25:30

sure we have the water to actually produce

25:33

that renewable energy. You see that happening? Are

25:35

we going to get there? I hope it happens.

25:38

I think it needs to happen. And

25:40

we're starting to see some momentum that

25:42

way. So last year, the UN held

25:44

their first water conference in 50 years.

25:47

That's a start. We need

25:50

a lot more momentum

25:52

behind it. Like a big wave. Like

25:55

a big freshwater wave

25:57

that doesn't hurt anyone. That's true. Samantha

26:13

Kuzma, she's all about that high

26:15

quality H2O. She's

26:17

the aqueduct lead at the

26:19

World Resources Institute. Our

26:21

show today was produced by Jesse Alejandro

26:23

Cottrell. We were edited by Matthew Colette,

26:25

mixed by Patrick Boyd and fact-checked by

26:28

Laura Bullard with help from Anuk Tussaud.

26:31

For their help on this one, we

26:33

thank Adam Williams in Mexico City and

26:35

Craig Sheridan in Johannesburg, an international effort

26:38

today. That's an excellent point. Hi,

26:59

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